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Figure 1: 6 external loads and 8 points on which local stresses are studied in WRC-107
Figure 3: Longitudinal and circumferential bending stresses due to an external axial load
1-1-1-Membrane stress
Axial force, P, pushes the joint lines on which mentioned 8 points are placed in such a way a resistant force comes
up. As shown in figure 2, the joint line tends to move in both longitudinal and circumferential directions but because
of the resistance, two forces appear.
Users can refer to proper curves to extract by help of geometric parameters.
1-1-2-Bending stress
Axial load bend the junction line locally as shown in figure 3 and creates two bending moments at each 8 points: one
in circumferential direction, , and the other in longitudinal direction, .
The mentioned bending stresses which are defined as can be extracted by proper curves.
1-2-Local stresses due to longitudinal bending moment
Referring to figure 4, tends to push point A and pull point B. So, because of existing resistance against them, two
forces appear: one in longitudinal and another in circumferential direction. Actually these forces stem from
resistance of the adjacent area against the pushing and pulling. These forces which are shown in figure 4 as
create membrane stresses named as which can be calculated based on from suitable curves.
1-2-2-Bending Stress
As shown in figure 5, the longitudinal bending moment bends edges A and B locally in such away two bending
moments are created at the points A and B: a longitudinal bending moment, , and a circumferential bending
moment, . The relative stresses are defined as they are calculated by which are extracted
by proper curves.
1-4-Shear stresses resulting from external torsional moment ( ) and external lateral forces
The lateral forces including longitudinal and circumferential, named as respectively, as well as torsional
moment named as produce shear stresses which can be calculated based on the formula in WRC-107. These shear
stresses are clearly shown in figure 6.
1-5-Stress calculation summary table
The table 1 can be used to calculate the mentioned stresses when using WRC-107. In this table, all required stress
elements and their curves number are addressed for points . The direction (longitudinal/
circumferential), category (membrane/ bending) and the source load are clearly mentioned in the table.
Table 1: Local stresses stemming from 6 external loads with stress sources
WRC-107 is not applicable for all cases. Actually, because of some limitations blind use of WRC-107 may lead to a
dangerous design. Therefore engineers who use this method must be familiar with the restrictions. Some of these
limitations result from geometrical parameters which are used in the curves or the areas which are covered by them.
Some of these limitations are as follows:
WRC-107 is limited to stresses on shells not on nozzles. So, this method cannot be used for cases in which
maximum stress takes place on a nozzle instead of a shell. It maybe happens when the nozzle is not strong
enough comparing to the shell and so there is a possibility that the maximum stress goes to nozzle. In this case
WRC-297 maybe used instead.
When stiffness of a connecting pipe differs significantly from shell at the nozzle-shell junction, depending on
this difference, elastic characteristic of system and temperature difference, a plastic failure at the part of system
which has smaller stiffness may take place. Strain concentration factor is used and calculated to show this
possibility. WRC-107 says nothing about this factor. Finite element software such as Nozzle Pro or FE Pipe give
the factor in their results.
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