Glossary - Contents

Glossary A - B .............................................................................. GL2

Glossary C - D ............................................................................. GL3
Glossary F - L .............................................................................. GL4
Glossary M - P ............................................................................. GL5
Glossary R - Z ............................................................................. GL6

DIGITAL THEORY - GLOSSARY

GL1
Glossary A - B
Acknowledge
A computer response to requests for
servicing from peripheral units.
Acknowledgement indicates the CPU
is available for processing request.
Address
A label, name or number that
designates a memory location.
Algorithm
The sequence of operations which
defines the solution to a problem.
Analogue
A quantity which changes continuously
rather than in jumps, e.g. temperature,
speed. In order to record such values
in a digital computer, readings are
taken at intervals which might be very
short such as every microsecond,
though could be each hour or each
day. The conversion from continuous
change to particular values is done by
a suitable analogue digital converter.
DIGITAL THEORY - GLOSSARY
Analogue Digital Converter (ADC)
A device that is able to convert a
continuously varying signal, such as
voltage, into a series of numbers. It
does this by sampling the voltage at
regular intervals (say 10 times a
second) and changing its digital output
accordingly. For example, when a
computer is used to switch on and off
a heating system it must be able to
measure the temperature. Electrical
thermometers provide varying
voltages (analogue) which have to be
converted into a series of digits (a
binary number) for the computer.
Asynchronous
Not occurring at the same time, or not
exhibiting a constant repetition rate;
irregular.
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
A means by which decimal numbers
are represented as binary values. A
commonly used BCD code is the 8421
code, where integers in the range 0-9
are represented by the four bit binary
codes 0000 - 1001.
GL2
Binary Bus
The base two number system. All One or more conductors used as a
numbers are expressed as powers of path over which information is
two. Only two symbols (0 & 1) are transmitted.
required to represent any number.
Byte
Bit
A sequence of eight adjacent binary
A binary digit. digits operated upon as a unit.
Boot
To start your computer with the
operating system in place. The word
boot comes from the phrase "to pull
yourself up by your bootstraps". When
you turn on your computer, it
automatically reads the instructions
that it requires to get up and running.
The files your computer requires to
get started are normally on the hard
drive. If your computer has only floppy
drives, you have to insert a start-up
disc into the drive before turning on
your computer. If your computer has a
system fault a boot disc maybe
required to start your computer.
Glossary C - D
CD ROM (CDR)
Short for Compact Disc Read Only
Memory (CDR). A storage technology
that uses the same kind of discs you
play in an audio CD player. The discs
are made of hard plastic and measure
about 4½ inches in diameter. Instead
of music, CD ROM discs store
computer files and programs. A single
disc can store over 600 megabytes of
information, which is almost equivalent
to a complete set of encyclopedias
and Manuals. In fact, CD ROM discs
are commonly used for storing
encyclopedias and manuals, complete
with tests, full colour photos,
illustrations and sounds. Just think of
that bookcase full of encyclopedias
you just bought for yor children - all on
a single disc! And, with the proper PC
equipment, the encyclopedia can even
talk. Look up Lion and you may hear a
lion roar; turn to India and you may
hear a native Indian speak. We now
have complete Aircraft Maintenance
Manuals on one CD ROM.
As the term CD ROM implies, you can
only read information from the disc
into your computer. You cannot save
programs or files to the CD ROM disc.
DIGITAL THEORY - GLOSSARY
CD Read/Write CDRW
Available for personal storage of
programmes and files and are used
with CD burner drives on most modern
PC equipment.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The unit of a computing system that
controls the interpretation and
execution of instructions; includes the
ALU.
Cursor
An on screen marker that shows
where key strokes will appear. In most
programs, the cursor appears as a
blinking underline or rectangle.
Data
Numerical information which can be
processed by a CPU.
Data Bus
A multiple bit line for transferring
data from one unit to another.
GL3
Digit Digitise
An of the figures 0 to 9, though note The process of converting an analogue
that the number 747 has three digits quantity to a digital one. For example,
but only two different characters. To a digitising a picture by scanning
computer a digit is part of an item of involves dividing it into small areas
data. (dots) and allocating values for
brightness and colour which are then
recorded as (digital) data.
Digital
Digitiser
Changing in discrete jumps and not
continuously like analogue quantities.
A device which converts analogue
For example, the time on a digital
signals into digits; that is, an A to D
clock where the number changes by
converter (Analogue to Digital).
one each second. The two state
system used by digital computers only
Disc
allows for discrete values to be stored,
though these can be made more
A flat circular plate covered in magnetic
accurate by using more digits to record
material which is able to store data on
each value, e.g. the thousandths of a
concentric tracks. As the disc spins a
second shown by the digital time on
read/write head travels from edge to
the television screen at sports events.
middle selecting only the required
tracks. Each track is divided into
Digital Computer
sectors.
This type of computer only works with
data represented in a digital form,
usually binary 0s and 1s. It differs from
the analogue computer in that it can
store large amounts of data and can
calculate very accurately.
Glossary F - L
File
A collection of data records treated as
a single unit.
Firmware
A Read Only Memory (hardware)
containing instructions (software).
Flag
A status bit which signals the state of
the processor, i.e. accumulator
overflow or accumulator contains zero.
Some flags may be tested and thus be
used for determining subsequent
actions.
Floppy Disc
A removable flexible magnetic disc
used for supplying and storing data for
a microcomputer.
Handshake
Interactive communication between
two system components, such as
between the CPU and a peripheral;
often required to prevent loss of data.
DIGITAL THEORY - GLOSSARY
Hard Disc Store
A disc sealed into its unit. As the disc
is not removable, the read/write head
is extremely close to its surface and
tracks can be densely packed together.
Because of precision engineering, a
hard disc has far greater capacity than
a floppy disk, typically thousands of
megabytes for micro equipment. As
with floppies, data and programs can
be added, revised and removed with
software commands. Hard discs are
also known as Winchester disc drives.
Hardware
Physical equipment; mechanical,
electrical, or electronic devices.
HIRF - High Intensity Radiated Fields.
Icon
In graphics environments, such as
Microsoft Windows and the
Mackintosh interface, icons represent
programs, windows and files. Instead
of typing a command to run a program
or typing the name of a file to open, you
select the icon (usually by double
clicking on it with the mouse).
GL4
Input Least Significant Digit (LSD)
Information received by a computer. Refers to the right most digit of a
number.
I/O
List
Abbreviation for input/output.
A data structure in which each element
I/O Port contains a pointer or pointers to other
elements in the list.
A point at which a computer receives
information from other devices and
through which the computer transmits
information to other devices.
Label
A character string used by the
assembler to represent the address
of the memory location assigned to
the instruction where the label is
defined.
LAN
Local Area Network - see Network.
Least Significant Bit (LSB)
Refers to the right most bit of a binary
word.
Glossary M - P
Memory
A store for data or program instructions
made up of the main store and its
backing store. Sizes are measured in
bytes and are given as so many K
meaning kilobytes. For example, a
512K RAM microcomputer.
Menu
A screen list that is presented to the
user with the alternatives labelled, for
example A, B, C, D. The user can
select by pressing one key.
Microcircuit
A specialised electronic circuit
composed of elements which are
fabricated and interconnected to make
them inseparable and miniaturised.
DIGITAL THEORY - GLOSSARY
Microcomputer
A computer system with a
microprocessor plus the memory and
interface hardware necessary to
perform calculations and specified
information transformations. The
system is physically small since the
processor function is on one or a small
number of chips; hence, the term
microcomputer.
Microprocessor
A computer central processor
fabricated as one or a small number of
integrated circuits.
Monitor
Software or hardware that observes,
supervises, controls, or verifies
system operation.
Most Significant Bit (MSB)
Refers to the left most bit of a binary
word.
GL5
Most Significant Digit (MSD)
Refers to the left most non zero digit,
or the one which contributes the largest
quantity to the value of a number.
Network
Two or more computers that are
connected by a special
communications link. Networked
computers are usually connected by
high performance cables. In a Local
Area Network (LAN), the connected
computers are in a single office or
building.
Non Volatile
References used to explain the type of
memory location that information is
stored in; Non Volatile Memory
(information) will be saved in the event
of a loss of power (see Volatile).
Output
Information transmitted by a computer.
Partitioning
The process of assigning specified
portions of a system or hard drive
responsibility for performing specified
functions.
Peripheral
A device or subsystem external to the
CPU that provides additional system
capabilities.
Port
A device or network through which
data may be transferred or where
device or network variables may be
observed.
Priority
A preferential rating. Pertains to
operations that are given preference
over other system operations.
Program
A group of instructions which causes
the computer to perform a specified
function.
Glossary R - Z
RAM Volatile

Random Access Memory. Reference used to explain the type of

memory location that information is
ROM stored in, Volatile Memory (information)
will be lost in the event of a loss of
Read Only Memory. power (see Non Volatile).

Routine Word

A group of instructions that causes A unit of data that can be stored in a

the computer to perform a specified single addressable memory location.
function, e.g. a program.

Scratch Pad

The term applies to memory that is

used temporarily by the CPU to store
intermediate results.

Software

The means by which any defined

procedure is specified for computer
execution.

Synchronous

Occurring at the same time or

exhibiting a constant repetition rate.

DIGITAL THEORY - GLOSSARY

GL6
Number Systems
Decimal Numbering Systems ................................................................ NS2
Binary Numbering System ..................................................................... NS4
Octal Numbering System ...................................................................... NS6
Hexadecimal Numbering System ........................................................... NS8
Binary to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion ........... NS10
Binary to Octal and Octal to Binary Conversion ................................... NS12
Binary Coded Decimal - BCD .............................................................. NS14

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS1
Decimal Numbering Systems
The most familiar numbering system you are familiar with is the decimal
system, it is referred to as a base ten system. It most likely evolved from the
fact that we have ten fingers.

In our base ten numbering systems there are ten numerals; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, and 9. There is no numeral for ten, since it uses the numeral 1 for one ten
and zero for no ones.

In the diagram it shows the numeral 6,354 which is read six thousand three
hundred and fifty four. This number indicates that there are six thousands, three
hundreds five tens and four ones.

This review of basic decimal numbers is necessary to prepare for other

numbering systems used on aircraft systems. The terms and concepts should
become familiar to the Aviation Maintenance Technician.

Some terms that may be encountered are Most Significant Digit (MSD) and
Least Significant Digit (LSD). The MSD is the digit that represents the largest
value and therefore has the greatest significance, in our example the number
6 is the MSD. The LSD is the number that has the lowest value or the smallest
significance, in our example the number 4 is the LSD.

In our decimal numbering system we write the MSD on the left and the LSD is
at the right.

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS2
Decimal Numbering System

DECIMAL DIGITS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

6,345 SIX THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY FOUR

6 3 5 4

103 102 101 100

THOUSANDS HUNDREDS TENS ONES

6 X 103 3 X 102 5 X 101 4 X 100

6 X 1000 3 X 100 5 X 10 4X1

6,000 + 300 + 50 + 4 = 6,354

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS3
Binary Numbering System
The binary numbering system was developed with the birth of the computer. It
is referred to as a base two numbering system. Binary was devised because
an electrical circuit basically has two states, on and off.

The binary system has only two numerals; 0 and 1. These represent the
electrical states of on and off.

In our base ten numbering system, when we count up to the last numeral we
carry a 1 over to the next column to left. The same procedure is used for the
base two system.

When we count in binary, we start at 0, then 1, then 10. But we do not call this
numeral ten. It represents 1 two and 0 ones.

In the diagram below we have the binary numeral 110101. Notice that the only
numerals used are 0 and 1. Instead of using the powers of ten, we are using
powers of two. Thus, the values for each column are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc.
In binary, the MSD is on the left and the LSD is on the right. This is the same
as the base ten numbering system.

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS4
Binary Numbering System

BINARY DIGITS

0 1

110101 BINARY CONVERSION TO DECIMAL

1 1 0 1 0 1

25 24 23 22 21 20

1 X 25 1 X 24 0 X 23 1 X 22 0 X 21 1 X 20

1 X 32 1 X 16 0X8 1X4 0X2 1X1

32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 53

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS5
Octal Numbering System
The octal numbering system was developed because the binary system
numbers became too long. Octal is a base eight numbering system used in
microcomputer programming.

The octal numbering system has eight digits; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. If you have
ever set a transponder code, you may have noticed that the only digits available
are 0 through 7, the transponder code is a octal number.

In octal the numeral 10 is not called ten, it signifies that we have 1 eight and no
ones. So the decimal equivalent to octal 10 is the number 8.

In the diagram we have the octal numeral 7643, which is converted into decimal
numeral 4,003. In octal the powers of eight are used. Thus, the values for each
column are 1, 8, 64, 512, etc.

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS6
Octal Numbering System

OCTAL DIGITS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7643 OCTAL CONVERSION TO DECIMAL

7 6 4 3

83 82 81 80

7 X 83 6 X 82 4 X 81 3 X 80

7 X 512 6 X 64 4X8 3X1

3,584 + 384 + 32 + 3 = 4,003

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS7
Hexadecimal Numbering System
The hexadecimal numbering system is also used by microcomputer program-
mers. It uses a combination of numbers and letters and is referred to as an
alphanumeric number system. Hexadecimal us a base sixteen numbering
system.

The hexadecimal system has sixteen digits; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C,

D, E and F. Since we have no numerals for ten through fifteen, this system uses
the letters A through F. You can recognise a hexadecimal number if it contains
9 or the letters A through F.

The numeral 10 in hexadecimal is not called ten, it signifies that we have 1

sixteen and 0 ones.

In the diagram, we have the hexadecimal numeral A8F5 which is converted to

the decimal numeral 43,253. In hexadecimal, the powers of sixteen are used.
Thus, the values for each column are 1, 16, 256, 4096, etc.

Sometimes a hexadecimal number is referred to as a hex number for short.

To convert from a decimal number to a hexadecimal number see page 15.

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS8
Hexadecimal Numbering System

HEXADECIMAL DIGITS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
(10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

A8F5 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

A 8 F 5

163 162 161 160

10 X 163 8 X 162 15 X 161 5 X 160

10 X 4096 8 X 256 5 X 16 5X1

40,960 + 2,048 + 240 + 5 = 43,253

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS9
Binary to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion

To convert from a binary number to a hexadecimal number use the following To convert from a hexadecimal number to a binary number just reverse the
procedure: above process.

First start by grouping the binary number into groups of four, starting from the First convert the hexadecimal number to a decimal number.
LSD.
Then convert the decimal number to a four digit binary.
Then convert these four digit binary numbers into their decimal equivalents.
Then combine the groups of four binary equivalents.
Then convert these decimal numbers into hexadecimal, if they are larger than
9. You now have the binary conversion.

You now have the hexadecimal conversion.

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS10
Binary to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion

BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 E 1 3 C

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 E 1 3 C

1 0 8 1 5 5 15 1 3 14

A 8 F 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

A 8 F 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS11
Binary to Octal and Octal to Binary Conversion
Binary to Octal Conversion Octal to Binary Conversion

To convert from a binary number to an octal number use the following To convert from an octal number to a binary number just reverse the above
procedure: procedure.

First start by grouping the binary number into groups of three, starting at the First convert the octal number into its three digit binary equivalent.
LSD.
Combine these binary numbers into the binary conversion.
Then convert each group into its octal equivalent.

Combine these numbers into the octal conversion.

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS12
Binary to Octal and Octal to Binary Conversion

BINARY TO OCTAL OCTAL TO BINARY

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 5

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 5

3 4 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

3 4 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS13
Binary Coded Decimal - BCD
A Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a way for the computer to use a binary Decimal to BCD Conversion
number and easily convert it to decimal. A BCD looks very similar to a binary
number. To convert from a decimal number to a BCD number just reverse the above
procedure.
BCD to Decimal Conversion
First convert the decimal number into its four digit binary equivalent.
To convert from a Binary Coded Decimal (BCD( number to a decimal number
use the following procedure: Combine these binary numbers into the BCD conversion.

First start by grouping the BCD number into groups of four, starting at the LSD.
Then convert each group into its decimal equivalent.
Combine these numbers into the decimal conversion.
A BCD numeral is not the same as a binary numeral value, it may look similar
but it may not be the same decimal value. For example; the BCD numeral 1001
0100 0110 is equivalent to 946 in decimal, the binary number 100101000110
is equivalent to 2,374 in decimal.

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS14
Binary Coded Decimal - BCD

BCD CONVERSION TO DECIMAL DECIMAL CONVERSION TO BCD

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 7 3 8

9 4 6 7 3 8

9 4 6 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS15
For Your Notes

DIGITAL THEORY - NUMBER SYSTEMS

NS16
Logic Gates
Introduction to Digital Systems ..............................................................LC2
Digital Logic and Memory ......................................................................LC4
Digital Logic - AND Gate .......................................................................LC6
Digital Logic - OR Gate .........................................................................LC8
Digital Logic - Inverter ......................................................................... LC10
Logic Statements ................................................................................ LC12
Solid State Devices ............................................................................ LC14

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC1
Introduction to Digital Systems
Advances in technology have made possible the use of digital techniques for
control, data transfer and display of aircraft parameters on the new generation
aircraft. Microcomputers within the aircraft systems perform the operations
previously performed by individual components. This has allowed the reduction
of system size and weight while increasing system functional capacity. In
addition, the operating speed of the microcomputer makes possible system
self testing during normal operation.

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC2
Digital Logic and Memory
Digital computers are made up of two basic types of components; logic (or
switching) elements and memory elements. These elements each have two
alternative conditions or states. Because of this, they are referred to as binary
components. Their two operating conditions are either a logic high (binary 1)
state or a logic low (binary 0) state. These devices are usually grouped together
to form binary words as a representation of a data value.

Binary Device Conditions

The alternative conditions in binary devices are either of two normal operating
conditions such as on/off positions on a switch or energised/de-energised
conditions of a relay. In each case one condition is designated as a high and the
other condition as a low.

Memory Devices

Storage of binary data is done in memory devices. These devices are usually
solid state components. A transistor latch stores binary values as either a low
voltage level (0) or a high voltage level (1). The control line allows the gating of
new values into the latch.

Binary values stored in magnetic cores are represented by the direction of the
magnetic flux in the core.

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC4
Digital Logic and Memory

SWITCH RELAY
ONE
ONE
DATA ZERO DATA
ZERO

ON
CONTROL

OFF
ON/OFF
ENERGISED/DE-ENERGISED
TRANSISTOR LATCH

INPUT

CONTROL OUTPUT

+VDC/GROUND

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC5
Digital Logic - AND Gate
The AND gate is a logic device with two or more binary inputs and one binary
output. For the output to be high all inputs must be high. Any combination of
inputs that include a low, results in the output being low. The function of the AND
gate is similar to two relays with normally open contacts in series. The only time
that the circuit is closed through the contacts is when the input to both relays
is high. Any other input condition results in an open circuit across the contacts.

A truth table is a tabulation of all possible input combinations and corresponding

outputs of a logic device. The truth table for the AND gate shows that a binary
1 only exists on the output when all inputs are binary 1.

An application for the AND gate is a safety device which allows the operation
of a motor control only when both hand and foot switches are closed. The timing
diagram shows the relationship between these inputs (switches) and the
output (motor).

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC6
Digital Logic - AND Gate

SYMBOL FUNCTION TRUTH TABLE

+ X
A
B X
A B X
0 0 0
A
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

HAND
SWITCH
EXAMPLE

MOTOR
CONTROL 1
POWER HAND SWITCH
FOOT 0
SWITCH
M 1
FOOT SWITCH
0

1
MOTOR
0

TIME

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC7
Digital Logic - OR Gate
The OR gate is a logic device with two or more binary inputs and one binary
output. The output of this gate is high if any input is high. Any combination of
inputs that includes a high results in the output being high. The function of the
OR gate is similar to two relays with normally open contacts in parallel. The
circuit is closed through the contacts when the input to either relay is high. A low
input to both relays is the only condition which results in an open circuit across
the contacts.

The truth table for the OR gate shows that a binary 1 exists on the output when
any input is a binary 1. A binary 0 exists on the output only when both inputs are
binary 0.

An application for the OR gate is to provide illumination of an indicating light by

either a lamp test switch or a pressure sensor. The timing diagram shows the
relationship between these inputs (lamp test and sensor) and the output (light).

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC8
Digital Logic - OR Gate
SYMBOL FUNCTION TRUTH TABLE

X
A A
B X
A B X
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
+ 1 1 1
B

LAMP
TEST

EXAMPLE

POWER

1
PRESSURE
0
HIGH
PRESSURE 1
LAMP TEST
0
1
LIGHT
PRESSURE
0
SENSOR
TIME

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC9
Digital Logic - Inverter
The inverter (or NOT gate) is a logic device with one input and one output. The
output logic condition is always the opposite of the input logic condition. A high
on the input produces a low on the output. A low on the input produces a high
on the output.

Symbology

The inverter function is represented by a triangle with a circle on the input or

output when the function is shown separately from other logic symbols in a
diagram. When the inverter function is included on the input or output of other
logic symbols, it is shown only as a circle attached to that point on the other
device.

Functions

The isolated inverter function is similar to a relay with normally closed contacts.
The circuit is closed through the contacts when the input to the relay is low. The
circuit is open through the contacts when the input to the relay is high.

An inverter function on the output of an OR gate is similar to two relays with

normally closed contacts in series. The circuit is open through the contacts
when the input to either relay is high. A low input to both relays is the only
condition which results in a closed circuit across the contacts.

An inverter function on one input of an OR gate is similar to two relays with

contacts in parallel. One set of contacts is normally closed. The circuit is open
through the contacts only when the input to relay A is low. Any other input
condition results in a closed circuit across the contacts.

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC10
Digital Logic - Inverter
SYMBOL FUNCTION TRUTH TABLE
+ X
A X A A X
0 1
B X
1 0

+ X TRUTH TABLE

A A
X A B X
B
0 0 1
0 1 0
A
X 1 0 0
B B
1 1 0

+ TRUTH TABLE
A
X A
A B X

B 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
X 1 1 1
A B
X
B

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC11
Logic Statements
The logic relationship between inputs and outputs of logic circuits is many
times expressed in statement form. In these expressions the symbol +
represents an OR relationship and the symbol represents an AND relation-
ship. The inverter function is represented as a line over the portion of the
statement to be inverted.

A complete logic statement may used to show important relationships. For

example, a warning may be generated if there is low oil pressure or an over
temperature on an engine that is running. The logic statement for this condition
and an equivalent logic circuit are shown.

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC12
Logic Statements

OR AND NOT

A+B=X A B=X A=X

A A
X X A X
B B

(OIL PRESS + OVER TEMP) (N2 > 30% = WARNING

OIL PRESS
OVER TEMP

N2 > 30% WARNING

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC13
Solid State Devices
Solid State Switches

Solid state switches are devices which provide either an open or closed circuit
between its terminals based upon the logic condition on its control line. The
symbol for a solid state switch is similar to that of a mechanical switch.

The input to the control line may be shown as an output from a logic gate or as
a logic statement. Unless otherwise noted, the solid state switch symbol is
shown with a low logic level on its control line.

Digital Time Delays

Digital time delays are devices which provide specified time delays on digital
lines. The symbol used shows the time delay specified. The input side of a
digital time delay is shown by two parallel lines on that end of the symbol. A
symbol with no binary designator on its input provides the same time delay for
changes from both 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.

If a binary 1 is shown on the input, only changes from 0 to 1 are delayed.

Changes from 1 to 0 are not delayed.

If a binary 0 is shown on the input, only changes from 1 to 0 are delayed.

Changes from 0 to 1 are not delayed.

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC14
Solid State Devices

CONTROL
LINE

A
B
3 SEC

(1)

1 1 SEC

(2)

A B

0 .5 SEC

(3)

SOLID STATE SWITCHES DIGITAL TIME DELAYS

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC15
For Your Notes

DIGITAL THEORY - LOGIC GATES

LC16
Data Busses
Data Busses ........................................................................................ DB1
Data Busses and ARINC 429 .............................................................. DB2
DITS - Data Transmission Characteristics .......................................... DB3
ARINC 429 Data Word ......................................................................... DB4
ARINC 429 Digital Format .................................................................... DB5
ARINC 629 ........................................................................................... DB6
ARINC 629 System .............................................................................. DB7
Bus Cable ............................................................................................ DB8
Global Bus Cable ................................................................................. DB9
Bus Cable Installation ........................................................................ DB10
Bus Coupler ....................................................................................... DB11
Data Structure ................................................................................... DB12
Message Structure ............................................................................ DB13
ARINC 429 - 629 ................................................................................ DB14
Data Identification/Recognition Comparison Example ........................ DB15

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB1
Data Busses and ARINC 429
Data Busses
Data busses are the systems used for transmission of data from one compo-
nent to another. The data can be in the form of electrical or fibre optic signals,
serial or parallel format.
Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) has established many standards for
aircraft electric and electronic installations. Among these specifications are the
standards for data transmission busses and their format. Some of these will be
discussed in this section.
The AMT needs to be familiar with the basic concepts, so that an understanding
of the operation, functions and limitations can be known.
There are many specifications for aircraft electronics published by Aeronauti-
cal Radio Incorporated (ARINC). These specifications establish standards for
many aspects of aircraft electronics and instruments. One of the standards
covers digital data transmissions, which is specification 429.
DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES
DB2
ARINC 429
ARINC specification 429 covers the standards for transmission of data be-
tween components, transmission medium, data format and others.
The transmission medium is a pair of twisted wires with shielding around them.
This wiring is referred to as the ARINC 429 data bus.
ARINC 429 is a 32 bit serial data bus. Signals flow in only one direction on a bus.
If two components required to transfer data between them., there would have
to be two busses, one for sending information one way and the other for sending
information back. Each bus would have its own transmitter and receiver.
The information transmitted is 32 bits long, sent one bit at a time. The digital
signal uses -10 volts for a logic 0 and +10 volts for a logic 1.
ARINC 429 is designed to operate at a low speed of 12-14k bits per second and
at a high speed of 100k bits per second, for transmission of information that
must be updated rapidly. These two speeds cannot be mixed on a bus.
DITS - Data Transmission Characteristics
TWISTED PAIR

TRANSMITTING
SYSTEM
RECEIVING
SYSTEM

SHIELDING

A A
B B
C
A
B
D C

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB3
ARINC 429 Data Word
The ARINC 429 digital data word consists of 32 bits. The data word has five Data Field
basic parts:
Bits 11 through 29 (or 28) comprise the data field, this contains the specific data
Label assigned to a label. This information fits certain parameters can be in many
Source/Destination Identifier (SDI) different binary codes. The Most Significant Bit (MSB) is at bit 29 and the Least
Data Field Significant Bit (LSB) is at bit 11. If the data does not require all the available bits,
Sign Status Matrix (SSM) binary 0 or pad bits are used to fill the field.
Parity Bit
Sign Status Matrix
Label
Bits 30 (29) and 31 comprise the Sign Status Matrix (SSM), this identifies the
Bits 1 to 8 comprise the label, this identifies the information contained in the data characteristics of a word (+, -, north) and its status (no computed data, test).
word (magnetic wind direction, EGT).
Parity
Source/Destination Identifier
Bit 32 is the parity bit, the bit value will give odd parity. Odd parity means that
Bits 9 and 10 comprise the Source/Destination Identifier (SDI), this is used the sum of all logic 1s in the data word equals an odd number. This bit is used
when it is necessary to indicate the source of where the information is to be to check the transmission efficiency, since this is a one way bus.
directed (1, 2, 3).
Synchronisation

SDI - SOURCE/DESTINATION IDENTIFIER To enable the receiver to identify the beginning of a transmission, the data word
SSM - SIGN STATUS MATRIX is synchronised by a minimum 4 bit time gap.
P - PARITY
LSB - LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT
MSB - MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT

P SSM : DATA SDI LABEL

MSB LSB

32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

DIGITAL DATA WORD = 32 BITS

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB4
ARINC 429 Digital Format
The ARINC 429 data word is transmitted using +10 volts for logic 1 and -10 volts
for logic 0. The voltage returns to zero between each HI or LO.

This return to zero method allows for self synchronizing of the system. To
signify the beginning of a data word, a four bit null exists between data words.

+10V HI

0V NULL

-10V LO

0 1 4 BIT A 0 1 1 1 0 0
INTERVAL

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB5
ARINC 629
The ARINC 629 data bus is a high speed, two way, multiple terminal digital data
bus. Up to 120 terminals can be connected to the bus, which is a twisted pair
of wires that can be up to 100 meters long.

The bus operates at 2 megahertz which allows 100,000 20 bit words to be

transmitted each second. Each terminal can send a message that contains up
to 31 word strings and each word string can have 256 words.

Bus Cable

The data bus cable is a pair of twisted wires that are not shielded. The bus
allows any terminal to transmit and receive on a single cable. Each terminal is
clamped onto the cable by a bus coupler that does not require cutting into the
bus cable. There are bus terminators at each end of the cable.

Bus Couplers

The bus couplers are referred to as current mode couplers because they use
the method of inductive coupling. This is similar to attaching a timing light to the
spark plug wire when adjusting your car's timing. Each LRU or LRM that
requires to be connected to the bus uses a current mode coupler.

Stub Cable

Each LRU or LRM is connected to its coupler by a stub cable. The stub cable
contains two sets of shielded twisted pair of wires. One pair is used for
transmitting and the other for receiving. The stub cables can be up to 40 meters
long.

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB6
ARINC 629 System

DATA BUS
CABLE ASSEMBLY
DATA BUS
TERMINATOR
LRU

LRU

CURRENT MODE
COUPLER COUPLER
COUPLER

STUB COUPLER
CABLE

DATA BUS
AIRCRAFT TERMINATOR
TERMINAL DESCRETES
CONTROLLER
LINE REPLACEABLE
UNIT NO.1
SERIAL INTERFACE
MODULE

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB7
Bus Cable
The ARINC 629 data bus cable consists of an unshielded twisted pair of wires.
The wires are #20 AWG and are bonded together continuously along their
length.

At each end of the cable are attached a 130 ohm impedance matched resistor.
These resistors are an integral part of each bus cable. The cables can be up
to 100 meters long and have no provisions for field splicing.

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB8
Global Bus Cable
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: UNSHIELDED LOW LOSS CONTROLLED
IMPEDANCE TWISTED PAIR.

CONDUCTOR SIZE: No 20 AWG 19 STRANDS No 32 40µ INCH SILVER

PLATED (.040 NOM DIA).

INSULATION MATERIAL: LOW DIELECTRIC CONSTANT TEFLON EXPANDED PTE/

PTFE JACKET.

SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION: PAIR CONTINUOUSLY BONDED AT POINT OF METALLIC FOAM SHOCK

IDENTIFICATION CASE INSULATOR
CONTACT. LABEL
DATA BUS CABLE

PAIR IS CONTINUOUSLY
BONDED AT POINT OF CONTACT RADIUS CONTROL/STRAIN RELIEF FOAM
FAULT TOLERANT
INSULATION SEPARATORS
RESISTOR ASSY
PRIMARY LAYER
DATA

LENGTH = 3"
PRIMARY DATA DIAMETER = 5/8"

NOTE 1: LAY DIRECTION REFERS TO LEFT OVER RIGHT OR CLOCKWISE TWIST

FACING THE END OF THE CABLE AS SHOWN ABOVE.

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB9
Bus Cable Installation
Most ARINC 629 data bus cables are located within the electronics compart-
ment of the aircraft. Also, most of the bus couplers are located in the electronics
compartment, inside panels. The bus couplers are arranged in the panel with
the bus cable running through each row and turned to run through the next row. TERMINATION RESISTOR

There are some bus cables that must run the length of the aircraft to connect
units at the aft end of the aircraft to the electronics compartment. These cables TOP
may have production break splices done at the factory.

SPLICE IN LEFT AND RIGHT

SYSTEM BUS CABLES

BUS CABLE

TERMINATION
RESISTOR

TERMINATION TERMINATOR CLAMP

RESISTOR

BUS PANEL (COVER REMOVED)

(TYPICAL)

DATA BUS CABLE (TYPICAL)

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB10
Current Mode Coupler
The current mode couplers are used to connect each LRU or LRM to the data
bus cable. Most are found in panels in the electronics compartment arranged
in rows so that the bus cable can run through them. Up to 120 couplers can be
connected to a bus cable.

The coupler is a two piece assembly. The coupler is attached to the cable by
separating the halves, then separating the bus cable wires to fit over the coupler
inductor, then the coupler assembly is closed. The upper halve of the coupler
assembly has the electronics for putting data on the bus and taking data off the
bus and sending it to the LRU or LRM by the stub cable.

The stub cable is two sets of shielded twisted pair of wires. The stub cable is
attached to the coupler and the LRU by connectors.

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB11
Data Structure
ARINC 629 data transmitted in groups called messages. Messages are
comprised of word strings, up to 31 word strings can be in a message. Word
strings begin with a label followed by up to 256 data words. Each label word and
data word is 20 bits.

Only one terminal is allowed to transmit on the bus at a time. ARINC 629 uses
a time procedure to allow only one terminal to transmit at a time and allows each
terminal a chance to transmit. Basically, as each terminal powers up, it is put
on the bus. There are three types of timers used that allow this to happen.

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB12
Message Structure

PORTION OF FRAME
MESSAGE

ONE MESSAGE

2 WORD STRING n-1 n(<31)

2N BIT TERMINAL GAP

ONE WORD STRING WHERE 4 < N < 126

1 2 3
LABEL WORD DATA WORD M-1 M (<256)

4 BIT GAP
WORD PATTERNS

EXT LABEL DATA P

LABEL A
R

H-L SYNC L-H SYSNC L-H SYSNC

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB13
ARINC 429 - 629
This chart compares the ARINC 429 data word to the ARINC 629 data word.
ARINC 429 requires a different word for each type of information it sends.
ARINC 629 uses a word string that has a label followed by information that can
have up to 256 types of data. This permits faster transmitting or more
information on the bus.

ARINC specification 629 deals with the standards for this bus, this bus is also
referred to as the Digital Autonomous Terminal Access Communication
(DATAC) bus.

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB14
Data Identification/Recognition Comparison Example
ARINC 429 DATAC

LABEL PARAMETER LABEL WORD PARAMETER

POSITION
AIR DATA
230 TRUE AIRSPEED
230 1 TRUE AIRSPEED
231 TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE
2 TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE
233 STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE
3 STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE
234 BARO CORRECTION (MB) #1
4 BARO CORRECTION (MB) #1
235 BARO CORRECTION (IN OF HG) #1
5 BARO CORRECTION (IN OF HG) #1
323 FLIGHT PATH ACCEL
AIR DATA
330 BODY YAW RATE
331 BODY LONGITUDINAL ACCEL 330 1 FLIGHT PATH ACCEL

332 BODY LATERAL ACCEL 2 BODY YAW RATE

333 BODY NORMAL ACCEL 3 BODY LONGITUDINAL ACCEL

362 ALONG TRACK HRZ ACCEL 4 BODY LATERAL ACCEL

364 VERTICAL ACCEL 5 BODY NORMAL ACCEL

363 CROSS TRACK HRZ ACCEL 6 ALONG TRACK HRZ ACCEL

7 VERTICAL ACCEL
8 CROSS TRACK HRZ ACCEL

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB15
For Your Notes

DIGITAL THEORY - DATA BUSSES

DB16
Transmission of Electrical Signals

+V +V

ENERGY ABSORBING GLASS

LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX
LIGHT
EMITTING
DIODE
PHOTO
TRANSISTOR

LOW LOSS GLASS RECEIVER

HIGHER REFRACTIVE INDEX

TRANSMITTER

DIGITAL THEORY - FIBRE OPTICS

FO3
Inspection Criteria
General Visual Inspection (GVI) Connections

The general visual inspection (surveillance) is a visual examination of an Inspect connections for:
interior or exterior area, installation or assembly to detect obvious damage,
failure or irregularity. This level of inspection is made under normally available • Tightness
lighting conditions such as daylight, hangar lighting, flashlight or drop light and • Loose Lockwire
may require removal or opening of access panels or doors. Stands, ladders or • Damaged or Broken Wire and Shields
platforms may be required to gain proximity to the area being checked. • Damaged or Broken Connections
• Corrosion of Connector and/or Shields
Detailed Visual Inspection (DVI)
Criteria for connections:
The special detailed visual inspection for cable shielding and cable shield
termination shall consist of an intensive examination of a specific item(s), • All connections are to be tight and rigid.
installation or assembly to detect damage, failure or irregularity. The examination • If connector has lockwire, check for looseness, tighten if loose.
is likely to make extensive use of specialised inspection techniques and/or test • All wires/shields/ground leads must be intact.
equipment. Stands, ladders or platforms may be required to gain access to the • All connections are to be intact.
area to be inspected. • Corrosion of joints affecting shield grounding is not acceptable other
corrosion shall be rejected/accepted according to normal maintenance
For the B777, an additional level of DVI is necessary. Final determination of the practices.
Detailed Visual Inspection Procedure shall be developed by Boeing Customer
Services Division. It will be very similar in form to the following:

The DV inspection of the B777 shall consist of hands on inspection of the

following items:

Note: Do not disassemble the connectors or cable clamps when inspecting.

DIGITAL THEORY - HIRF PROTECTION

HF12
Inspection Criteria
The DV inspection of the 777 shall consist of hands on inspection of the
following items:

Note: Do not disassemble the connectors or cable clamps when inspecting.

Cabling

Inspect cabling for:

• Chafing
• Corrosion

Criteria for cabling:

Wire bundles must not be chafed by clamping, etc so as to disturb wiring,

shielding bundles are to be inspected for obvious signs of corrosion along
normally exposed access areas.

DIGITAL THEORY - HIRF PROTECTION

HF13