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Introduction
Higher order thinking skills include critical, logical, reflective, metacognitive, and creative
thinking. They are activated when individuals encounter unfamiliar problems, uncertainties,
questions, or dilemmas. Successful applications of the skills result in explanations,
decisions, performances, and products that are valid within the context of available
knowledge and experience and that promote continued growth in these and other
intellectual skills. Higher order thinking skills are grounded in lower order skills such as
discriminations, simple application and analysis, and cognitive strategies and are linked to
prior knowledge of subject matter content. Appropriate teaching strategies and learning
environments facilitate their growth as do student persistence, self-monitoring, and open-
minded, flexible attitudes. An important but challenging part of mathematics teaching is
providing students with opportunities to engage in Higher Order Thinking. These include
students asking thoughtful questions, participating in student-student and student-teacher
substantiate conversations, applying existing knowledge, understanding and skills to
closed and open problems or investigations and learning activities that deepen
understanding of concepts.
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BLOOM’S TAXONOMY
One of the most important aspects of setting tasks and asking questions is to know what
level of thinking you are requiring from your students.
In 1958, Benjamin Bloom created his thinking taxonomy for categorizing the level of
abstraction of questions that commonly occur in the classroom.
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A main goal of educators today is to teach students the skills they need to be critical
thinkers. Instead of simply memorizing facts and ideas, children need to engage in higher
levels of thinking to reach their fullest potential. Practicing Higher Order Thinking (HOT)
skills outside of school will give kids and teens the tools that they need to understand, infer,
connect, categorize, synthesize, evaluate, and apply the information they know to find
solutions to new and existing problems. Consider the following example to distinguish
between memorization of facts and actually engaging in thoughtful ideas:
‘After reading a book about Martin Luther King or studying the Civil Rights era, you could
choose to ask a child a simple question such as “Who is Martin Luther King, Jr.?”. When
answering this question, the child can simply provide facts that s/he has memorized.
Instead, to promote critical thinking skills, you might ask them “Why do you think that
people view Martin Luther King, Jr. as a hero of the civil rights era?” to elicit a more well
thought-out response that requires them to apply, connect, and synthesize the information
they previously learned.
In Bloom's taxonomy, for example, skills involving analysis, evaluation and synthesis
(creation of new knowledge) are thought to be of a higher order, requiring different learning
and teaching methods, than the learning of facts and concepts.
Higher order thinking involves the learning of complex judgmental skills such as critical
thinking and problem solving. Higher order thinking is more difficult to learn or teach but
also more valuable because such skills are more likely to be usable in novel situations (i.e.,
situations other than those in which the skill was learned).
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“Technology alone cannot move learners to higher order thinking skills, but some
applications are more suited for this task than others” (Burns, 2006). Burns classifies
applications into “Lower-Order and Higher-Order Applications”. How an application is
used by an educator determines whether it is a lower or higher order application. An
example of this is the use of the Internet. If used as an electronic textbook it would be a
lower order application as only lower order skills are used if the learner does not validate,
question, or evaluate, the information obtained. When learners engage in online
collaboration they would be using higher order thinking skills and therefore the Internet
would be used as a higher order application (Burns, 2006).
Lower order applications offer few opportunities for the development of higher order
thinking skills. Educators should avoid using presentation software all the time. When
using power point to present research the information has to be reduced to “sight bite”
(Burns 2006) and the focus is on the attractiveness of the presentation. At high school level
a Power point presentation does not necessarily lead to deep complex learning. It is
important for educators to be aware of all these pitfalls when they plan to integrate
technology and computers into the curriculum.
According to Wilson (2000) lower order skills, such as reading and writing are
taught very well at schools. These skills are used to build higher order thinking skills.
Today the labor market demands people with higher order thinking skills. These skills are
of vital importance because it is impossible to remember all the information we need for
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future use. Today information grows exponentially and therefore individuals need to learn
to navigate all this information. Many educators believe that detailed knowledge will not
be as significant to tomorrow's workers and citizens as the ability to learn and make sense
of new information. According to Resnick (1987) all individuals, not just the elite, have
the ability to become adept at thinking.
Education Reform
It is a notion that students must master the lower level skills before they can engage in
higher order thinking. However, the National Research Council objected to this line of
reasoning, saying that cognitive research challenges that assumption, and that higher order
thinking is important even in elementary school. Including higher order thinking skills in
learning outcomes is a very common feature of standards based education reform.
Many forms of education reform, such as inquiry-based science, reform mathematics and
whole language emphasize HOTS to solve problems and learn, sometimes deliberately
omitting direct instruction of traditional methods, facts, or knowledge. HOTS assumes
standards based assessments that use open-response items instead of multiple choice
questions, and hence require higher order analysis and writing. Critics of standards based
assessments point out that this style of testing is even more difficult for students who are
behind academically. The Texas Republican Party expressed their opposition to the
teaching of certain HOTS by including the following item in their 2012 Party Platform:
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Definition of Thinking
The second edition of the dictionary hall states think is working with brain to make a
decision. According to the fourth edition of the dictionary hall, thinking is to use common
sense to solve something. According to Fraenkel, JR, 1980, however, states that thinking
is the formation of ideas, remodeling experience and organizing information in a particular
form. According to Nickerson, Perkins and Smith, 1985, think is a collection of skills or
mental operations used by an individual. According to Beyer, BK, 1991 defines thinking
as the human ability to form concepts, to reason, or to make the determination.
Critical thinking is the term that most people associate with higher-order thinking skills
and is characterized by careful analysis and judgment. According to the National Council
for Excellence in Critical Thinking (Scriven and Paul 1987), “Critical thinking is self-
guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in
a fair-minded way. People who think critically consistently attempt to live rationally,
reasonably, empathically”. In other words, when a critical thinker is posed with a problem,
his or her learning is prompted. The thinker is committed to thinking logically about a topic
and refuse to jump a conclusions. He or she struggles to put away the biases that come so
naturally and endeavors to look at a situation in a new way so that it can be analyzed and
evaluated in a logical manner. And, the thinker reflects on what he or she learned. John
Dewey (1916) described reflective thinking as an active, persistent, and careful review of
something that is believed. The active learner does not just accept information passively;
he or she looks for evidence to support the information. If no evidence is found, the piece
of information cannot be believed. Instead of being told what to think, a person must think
for himself or herself and give good cause for the conclusions that are reached. Reflective
thinking is critical thinking. It is taking control of learning and being continually conscious
and committed to asking why.
Creative thinking is also a higher-order thinking skill and is equally as important as critical
thinking. In the book Curriculum 21: Essential Education for a Changing World, Heidi
Hayes Jacobs (2010) says that curriculum should go beyond giving tools for reasonable
and logical thinking. Curriculum should also nurture creativity in all learners. Inventing
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and synthesizing characterize creative thinking. Create means to bring something valuable
into existence that was not there previously. It is the process or bringing about a new idea.
Michael Michalko (2006), author of Thinker toys: A Handbook of creative-Thinking
Techniques, says, “Creativity is not an accident, not something that is genetically
determined. It is not a result of some easily learned magic trick or secret, but a consequence
of your intention to be creative and your determination to learn and use creative-thinking
strategies” (Introduction XVII). Creative thinking is active work.
Convergent/Analytical thinking involves bringing facts and data together from various
sources and then applying logic and knowledge to solve problems or to make informed
decisions. Convergent thinking involves putting a number of different pieces or
perspectives of a topic back together in some organized, logical manner to find a single
answer. The deductive reasoning that the Sherlock Homes used in solving mysteries is a
good example of convergent thinking. By gathering various bits of information, he was
able to put the pieces of a puzzle together and come up with a logical answer to the question
of “Who done it?”
Fact
Fact
Fact
Answer
Fact
Fact
Fact
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Divergent / Creative thinking, on the other hand, involves breaking a topic apart to explore
its various component parts and then generating new ideas and solutions. Divergent
Thinking is thinking outwards instead of inward. It is a creative process of developing
original and unique ideas and then coming up with a new idea or a solution to a problem.
Inductive thinking is the process of reasoning from parts to the whole, from examples to
generalizations. This type of thinking is something we are rather good at, especially as it is
our main mechanism for learning about the world. According to S. Ian Robertson (2013)
Inductive thinking refers to the extent to which we can make reasonable generalizations
from our specific experiences. This thinking is an extremely powerful thinking mechanism
since it underpins almost all learning. It allows you to learn fairly quickly to make new
types of inference that you have never made before.
Deductive thinking is the type of reasoning moves from the whole to its parts, from
generalizations to underlying concepts to examples. It is the process of reasoning from one
or more general statements regarding what is known to teach a logically certain conclusion
(Johnson-Laird, 2000). It often involves reasoning from one or more general statements
regarding what is known to a specific application of the general statement. This type of
thinking is based on logical propositions which is basically known as an assertion, which
may be either true or false. It is very useful because it helps people connect various
propositions to draw conclusion.
Closed questions are questions asked by teachers that have predictable responses. Closed
questions almost always require factual recall rather than higher levels of thinking. It is
involved a statement or question that followed by a rating scale. Robert D. Reid (2009)
said, closed questions provide a "don't know" or "no opinion" response where appropriate.
Closed question provides the respondent with options from which to select a response. It
is much easier to collect and analyze information in this type of question.
Open questions are questions that do not have predictable answers. Open questions almost
always require higher order thinking. Which is David C. Bojanic (2009) said, open question
does not provide the respondent with any options, categories, or scales to use in answering
this question. These questions ae valuable fo obtaining information for exploratory
research, o in instances when the researcher is not sure what the response might be. This
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type of questions are used to build a rapport and obtain information that is easy for the
respondent to provide.
A set of techniques used to stimulate creative or "out of the box" thinking. Applying lateral
thinking techniques is a deliberate strategy to interrupt normal, linear thought patterns, to
facilitate the transition between patterns, and to widen the range of possibilities.
Base on Edward DeBono’s concepts of lateral thinking include the following
characteristics:
The purpose of using lateral thinking technique is to stimulate creative thinking during
brainstorming, visioning, and reengineering sessions while helping project teams relate to
One another and affiliate. The benefit of using lateral thinking technique is that it stimulates
out of the box thinking in group sessions.
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These following strategies are offered for enhancing higher order thinking skills. This
listing should not be seen as exhaustive, but rather as a place to begin.
Categorize concepts
Students should be guided to identify important concepts and decide which type of concept
each one is (concrete, abstract, verbal, nonverbal, or process).
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each inference
Students should be explicitly taught at a young age how to infer or make inferences. Start
with "real life" examples. For example, when a teacher or parent tells a child to put on his
coat and mittens or to get the umbrella before going outside, the adult may ask the child
what that might mean about the weather outside. When students are a little older, a teacher
may use bumper stickers or well-known slogans and have the class brainstorm the
inferences that can be drawn from them.
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Cooperative learning
Many students who exhibit language challenges may benefit from cooperative learning.
Cooperative learning provides oral language and listening practice and results in increases
in the pragmatic speaking and listening skills of group members. Additionally, the National
Reading Panel reported that cooperative learning increases students' reading
comprehension and the learning of reading strategies. Cooperative learning requires that
teachers carefully plan, structure, monitor, and evaluate for positive interdependence,
individual accountability, group processing, face to face interaction, and social skills.
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Use resources
Several resource books by Robert Sternberg are available on higher order thinking. The
following books should be helpful and are available at local bookstores or online.
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5. How many ways can we use models to determine and compare equivalent fractions?
6. How would you compare and order whole numbers, fractions and decimals through
hundredths?
7. How are common and decimal fractions alike and different?
8. What strategies can be used to solve estimation problems with common and
decimal fractions?
9. How are models used to show how fractional parts are combined or separated?
10. How do I identify and record the fraction of a whole or group?
11. How do I identify the whole?
12. How do I use concrete materials and drawings to understand and show
understanding of fractions (from 1/12ths to 1/2)?
13. How do I explain the meaning of a fraction and its numerator and denominator, and
use my understanding to represent and compare fractions?
14. How do I explain how changing the size of the whole affects the size or amount of
a fraction?
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Differences between Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and Lower Order
Thinking Skills (LOTS)
Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) is the ability to think beyond rote memorization of
facts or knowledge. Rote memory recall is not really thinking. Higher order thinking skills
involve actually doing something with the facts that we learn. When students use their
higher order thinking skills that means they understand, they can find connections between
many facts, they can put them together in new ways and they can manipulate them. Most
importantly they can apply them to find new solutions to problems.
Lower Order Thinking Skills (LOTS) is the foundation of skills required to move into
higher order thinking. These are skills that are taught very well in school systems and
includes activities like reading and writing. In lower order thinking information does not
need to be applied to any real.
There are several differences between HOTS and LOTS which are:
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There are 6 levels of questions. The first three levels are considered lower order questions
and the final three levels are considered higher order. Higher order questions are what we
use for Critical Thinking and Creative Problem Solving.
Recognize, List, Describe, Retrieve, Name, Find, Match, Recall, Select, Label, Define, Tell
• What is...?
List of key words: Compare, Contrast, Demonstrate, Describe, Interpret, Explain, Extend,
Illustrate, Infer, Outline, Relate, Rephrase, Translate, Summarize, Show, Classify
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Level 3: Apply – Solve problems by applying knowledge, facts, techniques and rules
in a unique way
• Illustrate how the belief systems and values of the characters are presented in the
story.
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List of key words: Award, Choose, Defend, Determine, Evaluate, Judge, Justify,
Measure, Compare, Mark, Rate, Recommend, Select, Agree, Appraise, Prioritize,
Support, Prove, Disprove. Assess, Influence, Value
• Do you believe...?
List of key words: Design, Construct, Produce, Invent, Combine, Compile, Develop,
Formulate, Imagine, Modify, Change, Improve, Elaborate, Plan, Propose, Solve
• What do you imagine would have been the outcome if... had made a different choice?
I-Think
According to Richard Cummins (CEO of TSI) and Nick Symes (Global Trainer of
TSI), i-Think program has three main objectives:
I-Think program is conducting in schools based on these objectives. I-Think program have
eight types of thinking maps. They are:
1. Circle Map
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Key Words and Phrases : List, define, tell everything you know, brainstorm,
identify, relate prior knowledge, describe, explore the
meaning
Design : The topic is in the middle, smaller circle. Everything
you know about the topic is in the larger circle. A box
that may be included, around the entire map is a “Frame
of Reference” that is used to answer the question “How
did I learn this?” (The frame of reference can be used
around any of the maps.
Example : What are the topics under Mathematics?
Algebra
Integration Calculus
Matrix Percentage
Whole Number
KPM Website
Form 5 Text Book
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2. Bubble Map
Loving Patience
Discipline
Clever
Math’s
Teacher
Knowledgeable
Confident
Strict
Hard-
working
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No
4 equal Sides right
side (4) angles
2 sets of No
Square Trapezoid
parallel Shapes equal
side sides
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4. Tree Map
Equation in the
Equation in general
gradient form:
form:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
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5. Brace Map
RM 0.05
RM 0.25
RM 0.10
RM 0.05
RM 0.25 RM 0.10
RM 1.00
RM 0.05
RM 0.25
RM 0.25
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6. Flow Map
If the number is
5 or greater,
increase the
Identify the number to be
number to be Go to the right if
the number rounded
rounded
If the number is
4 or less, do not
change the
number to be
rounded
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7. Multi-Flow Maps
Create a study
group Become tutor for
mathematics
subject
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8. Bridge Map
Relating Factor: Any points located in _____________ will always have ________
coordinates.
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Conclusion
Thinking is the heart of all learning. Thinking makes things that have yet to be perceived
possible, thinking facilities and enhances our ability to perform and produce and pass on
such vital information to others who would then do the same. There many types of thinking,
students should choose the best method to solve their problem. Students need to make
significant academic gains only to catch up with other students and have more life
opportunities. One way to help students is to provide the opportunity to lead, engage, and
motivate students toward higher-order thinking. Malaysian Education System helps
students gain knowledge, but now we need a transformation create thinking generation.
With i-Think program, students will become lifelong learners, equipped with the right skill
sets to take on the challenges of the 21st century. As a conclusion, HOTS is an alternative
that can improve the Malaysia education quality and all parties must take part in order to
gain the best outcome of this program.
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