Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Soekisman Tjitrosoedirjo
Titiek Setyawati
Adi Susilo
i
ii
Early Detection and Rapid Response (ED & RR) Procedures for
Invasive Plant Species in Indonesia
© 2016 FORIS Indonesia, Forest Research and Development, Research
Development and Innovation, Ministry of Environment and Forest Indonesia
Contributor
Research Development and Innovation, Ministry of Environment and Forest
Indonesia, GEF Trust Fund 0515 UNEP-CABI
Cover
Sunardi
FORIS Indonesia
Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5
Bogor, Jawa Barat 16118
Phone/Fax: 0251 7520067
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ACKNOWLADGEMT AND DISCLAIMER
This activity was conducted as part of UNEP/GEF Project Trust Fund 0515
Removing Barriers to Invasive Species Management in Production and Protection
Forest of South East Asia. CABI is the Project Lead International Executing Agency:
The United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) is the Assisting International
Executing Agency. The Project National Executing Agency in Indonesia is Forest
Research and Development Center (FRDC).
The presentation of material in this document and the geographical
designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on
the part of any of the agencies involved, concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, or areas or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers of boundaries.
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AUTHOR DETAIL OF TASK TEAM DETAILS
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EXECITIVE SUMMARY
In the present day 1900 alien species that potentially become invasive in the
future, survive in Indonesia. Meanwhile new alien species keep coming and
potentially become invasive to. Invasive aliens plant bring huge problem as shown
by alang alang (Imperata cylindrica) and mantangan (Merremia peltata) cases. To
anticipate future problem good planning is needed so when an indication of new
invasive problem raise, tool and fund is already available. The planning is in the form
of regulation issued by government on Early Detection and Rapid Response
(ED&RR) to invasive plant. The policy needs identification instrument, verification,
planning evaluation and rapid Response. Identification instrument involves general
communities and competent institution in plant or weed identification such as
HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BIOTROP, HERBARIUM of FRDC, and other
herbaria. However, action flow has to be established to determine who will receive
report, who will identify, who will evaluate, who will plan and who will carry out rapid
Response. Cooperation among institutions is needed to carry out legislation on
early detection and rapid response.
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LIST OF ACRONIMS/ABBREVIATIONS
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLADGEMT AND DISCLAIMER iv
AUTHOR DETAIL OF TASK TEAM DETAILS v
EXECITIVE SUMMARY vi
LIST OF ACRONIMS/ABBREVIATIONS vii
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
1. Background 10
2. Background Policy 12
3. Early Detection and Rapid Response 13
a. Objectives 13
b. Concept 14
c. Detection and Reporting 19
d. Identification and Voucher Development 21
e. Rapid Evaluation 22
f. Planning 24
g. Rapid Response 25
REFERENCE 27
INDONESIAN VERSION 28
1. Latar Belakang 29
2. Latar Belakang Kebijakan 32
3. Deteksi Dini dan Tindakan Cepat 33
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1. Background
Indonesia, since the 15th or even 10th century, has experienced a period of
alien plant species arrival, which then successfully grow and reproduce in
Indonesia, especially in Java Island, such as teak (Tectota grandis). Teak is able
to grow and reproduce rapidly, and in the 17th century dominated vegetation in
Java Island. In the earlier period there was a proselytizing of Hindu religion and
then Budha, to Indonesia, carried out by people of India and Indochina
peninsula. The Hindu and Budha missionaries brought teak seedlings to the
local communities.
The planted teaks eventually become teak forest in Java Island. This was
the first succeed tropical forest plantation in the world planted by local people.
Dutch traders were very fortunate and grateful finding massive teak forests in
Batavia, since the Portuguese had reached Malaya in the previous century but
did not reach Java island especially Batavia. Dutch traders noticed huge
potential profits of teak forest exploitation. They made a trade agreement with
the local authorities to exploit the teak forests. The forest was then cut down and
the wood used to construct buildings, making ships (unfortunately teak wood is
not resistant to Toledo marine borer), and even fuelling cannonry. Finally Dutch
traders run out of teak wood and started to look for teak forests in neighboring
areas to east of Batavia stretching along the northern coast of Java Island. The
effort lead to conflict because the in power kingdom, Mataram, did not want to
sell their teak woods. With all the shrewdness, Dutch traders finally controlled
teak forests throughout Java Island. Teak forest management were carried out
seriously. Learning from the previous mistakes that lead to die out of teak
forests exploitation around Batavia, the forest management was taken over by
the Dutch government. Then Germany foresters were brought in to assist the
teak forest management. Various methods of cutting with minimum diameter,
clear-cutting, re-planting and so forth were tested, and teak wood trade were
regulated. During the First World War teak forest management was handover
from the Netherlands to the UK under T.S. Raffles’s leadership, which freed teak
trade that lead to destruction of teak forests due to over-cutting. After the First
10
World War, teak forest management was immediately returned to the
Netherlands again, and good teak forests recommence.
Inflows of foreign species continue intensely to Indonesia during Dutch
colonial rule. Even once many different European vegetable and fruit crops were
tested to grow at high altitude of mountain regions in Java Island such as Mount
Gede, Dieng, Ijen and many other places and apparently were failed except
vegetable planted at Cipanas. A forced planting model was executed to
indigenous peoples to cultivate alien plant crops such as coffee, tea, cocoa, in
addition to spices and sugar cane. The crops were traded internationally and
brought huge profit for the Dutch government. Importing seedling and
commercial crop planting in Indonesia such as coffee also brought weeds like
Erechtites valerianifolia. Importing alien plants for planting a commercial crop
can be unsuitable. For example Acacia nilotica was brought in to produce gum,
infect it was not so. Mikania micrantha was introduced for medicinal plant; on
the contrary, it proved to be a highly invasive plant species. Widelia trilobata
was imported for ornamental plants for the attractive yellow flowers, however, in
the wild it turned out to be an invasive weed, even in the forest it can grow
vigorously. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a well-known to general
public as aquatic weed either on the rivers or lakes in Indonesia. This invasive
weed was imported to the Bogor Botanical Garden by botanists for the curiosity.
The curiosity must be paid by the society because up till now the problem from
the weed cannot be overcome yet.
At present, there are more than 1900 species of alien plants in Indonesia,
300 of them were identified as invasive weeds and the rest might one day
become invasive to. Therefore, it is very important to document and manage
introduced plant to Indonesia whether intentional or unintentional, as well as it’s
potential as an invasive species to anticipate future problem. With no national
coordination for Early Detection and Rapid Response, some introduced plants
species keep reproducing and potentially become invasive with significant
impact that have to be paid by the society. For example, Revina humilis and
Asystasia micrantha brought in significant impact on palm plantation. The
impact would not be as big as now if Early Detection and Rapid Response
were implemented.
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2. Background Policy
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3. Early Detection and Rapid Response
It has been understood that the most effective strategy to control alien
invasive species is to prevent from entering Indonesian region. For those that
have already invaded Indonesia, serious control need to be carried out as early
as possible or when alien species is still small either in population or area
invaded. To carry out effective control methods for invasive weeds previously
invaded Indonesia, the concept of Early Detection and Rapid Response need to
be developed. Prevention and early control is the most efficient way to confront
a new type of invasive alien invasion. Decision of eradication or containment
based on a thorough risk analysis in the policy of Early Detection and Rapid
Response (ED&RR) will be highly beneficial for biodiversity protection,
preventing harm from alien invasive species.
a. Objectives
In line with the policy background, the objectives of ED & RR are:
1) To develop monitoring program (either from the literature or field) in
order to improve the base information of new invasive plant species in
Indonesia.
2) To develop coordinated report system of invasion in order to improve
communication and management of information about the new invasive
plant species.
3) Increase the awareness and involvement of the public to understand the
potential threat of invasive plant species.
4) Build capacity to evaluate the potential environmental, social and
economic impact and level of risk of new invasive plants in Indonesia,
as well as to explain the decision-making process in determining the
appropriate response for every new invasive plant species.
5) Management process development of predetermined Rapid Response
for various stakeholders.
6) Develop a list of invasive plants that are not present in Indonesia yet.
The prevention efforts and implementation of Early Detection and Rapid
Response will be given first priority if finally invading Indonesia.
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b. Concept
ED & RR goals against invasive plants are to minimize the
establishment and spread of invasive plant species by framework and
coordinated process of various partners both government and private to
build the system through:
1) Early detection and report of new alien invasive plants species to the
designated official
2) Identification and description of the new alien plant species above by
designated expert
3) Verification of suspected new invasive plant species based on national
and regional data
4) Creating herbarium as well as data of the invasive alien species to be
stored at the designated agency, either local or national level
5) Rapidly evaluate to confirm a new record of invasive plant species
6) Prompt action against invading new plant that stated as an invasive
species.
Goals above are not easy to be implemented because there are no available
agencies or institutions to accommodate the necessary expertise to carry out ED
& RR. For example, what ministry is available to accommodate ED & RR
institution? How to implement the six goals above; what is the technical guide look
like; who should carry out the tasks; and more importantly, who will provide
funding?
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Regulation of free trade (World Trade Organization/WTO) requires that
exporting countries have to provide a list of pest, diseases and weeds of the
exported crop including food crops, horticulture or forest product. Since
invasive plants bring negative impact, it also belongs to the category of pest
according to WTO regulation. Facilities to support WTO regulations in
Indonesia still insufficient for example herbarium collections of invasive
weeds or plants, collection of arthropod pests and pathogens have not been
adequate. Indeed Indonesia already has Herbarium Bogoriense for plant
herbarium collection, BIOTROP have weed herbarium collection, and
various laboratories also have a collection of various pathogens, and
arthropod pests that have been preserved, but all of them are not
satisfactory sufficient. Actually Indonesian Quarantine Agency have
received financial assistance from ACIAR Australia to build a collection of
"pest" in the form of herbarium or preserved pathogen colonies and
arthropod pests, but it was not materialized yet. Inadequate facilities will be
an obstacle in preparing ED&RR, for example where to store herbarium and
preserved various colonies pathogen and arthropod pests. Ideally, every
province has such institutions in addition of the existing facilities such as
herbarium center in Bogor, so that dispute (material difference "pest"), can
be resolved based on the existing collection in the export location, no need
to refer to the Herbarium Centre. In the international trade, dispute will be
expensive and take a long time to verify "pest". To carry out the above tasks
at forestry sector the flow chart in Figure 1 might be used.
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Figure 1. Flowchart of information in decision making process related to
regulatory policy of Early Detection and Rapid Response to manage
Invasive Plant Species
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Pattern described above is based on present conditions and has to be
provided with regional institution and has to be equipped properly so that
problems associated with invasive alien species or "pest" in WTO (World Trade
Organization) term will not happen in the future.
a. Volunteers or official observers as informant reported the presence of
invasive plants to the competent institution, such as the Herbarium
Bogoriense, Forest Research and Development Center (FRDC), Biotrop
(restricted only for weeds and invasive plants) or other competent institutions.
Reporting should follow defined protocols. For example:
1) Record plant location and environmental conditions
2) Take picture of invasive plant
3) Take sample collection of invasive plant including twigs, leaves and if
available flowers and fruit.
4) Preserve the sample into large size of 40 x 60 cm plastic bag with alcohol.
5) Pack and send the sample into the appointed agency.
b. The discovery of this invasive plant should be published on ED & RR web (if
available). ED & RR secretariat may be accommodated by FRDC.
c. The competent institution that received the report from the informant will
identify the sample voucher. If the sample is not representative enough the
agency could ask for more sample or visits the location where the invasive
species was found. The result of the identification should then be reported
back to the informant.
d. The informant precede the report to the relevant Directorate General, i.e. if
the area is production forest then should be reported to Directorate General
of Forestry Enterprise (DG FE) or if the area is protected areas then should
be reported to the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature
Conservation (DG FPNC).
e. To formulate policies to address the problem of invasive plants, the
Directorate General needs to collaborate with the Director General of Forestry
Research Development and Innovation (DG FORDIA). It is necessary to
establish a “Rapid Evaluation Committee” with members from professionals,
bureaucrats and legal experts because of the problem of invasive plants need
to address through technical, bureaucratically and legislation.
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f. FORDIA will find out where the invasive plant was found, if it is within the
plantation it will be sent to PUSPROHUT, if it is within the natural forest, it
will be sent to Forest Research and Development Agency (FRDC)
g. The research institution either PUSPROHUT or FRDC will scrutinize in depth
the invasive plants, and make a quick evaluation as a basis for
recommendations. Subsequently policy recommendation will be made jointly
by Forestry Research Development and Innovation Agency (FORDIA), the
Directorate General of Forestry Enterprise(DG FE) or Directorate General of
Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (DG FPNC) and regional
stakeholders where invasive plant was found
h. When it is declared as potential invasive plants and was known for the first
time in the location, eradication should be done rapidly. This action needs to
be planned carefully with a good planning of how to eradicate, who is the
executor and what is the institution to provide funds as well as how to monitor
the effectiveness of the eradication.
i. The result of early detection and rapid action is twofold, no invasive plants in
the field and a good written report. The report should then be sent to and
stored at PUSPROHUT and FRDC, secretariat of ED & RR (if any) and the
institutions that identified and stored the herbarium.
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c. Detection and Reporting
Essential step in addressing problem of invasive plants is to
determine location of existing invasive species. Local community should
be involved deeply to find new invasive plant since they are familiar with
flora living around their area.
Goal : Build a system of early detection and Rapid Response against
invasive plants
Objective : Establish a mechanism for early detection and reporting of
suspected invasive plants by the community and establish
formal networks for amateur and professional informant or
correspondent
Action 1. Build a network of early detection of new invasive plants
Developed professional cadres to execute active detection and
coordinate to volunteer network nationally. Network of volunteers
are expected to work and support detection at all levels.
Develop a national network of Early Detection (for forest areas) from
the amateur and professional plant lover throughout Indonesia to
detect and report new invasive plant species. The network should
include LIPI and Quarantine of plants, fish and animals, Ministry of
Commerce, ornamental plant traders, and others. The network should
build a web-based system to monitor trade of foreign plant species on
the internet. Promote the detection and reporting by residential
developers, owners of private and state plantation, large and small
farmers, timber concession, National Park managers, plant traders,
and so forth.
Action 2. Create comprehensive guide book and incorporate address
of the activist of ED & RR.
Create directory and web for ED & RR to accommodate information
and communication concerning invasive plant species
Action 3. Develop incentives for the plant lover
Formulate incentives program to encourage plant lovers to participate
actively in the network
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Action 4. Develop training programs and volunteer certification
Develop training programs and volunteer certification for detection of
targeted plant species
Action 5. Create a list of the target species
Create an image or portrait along with a short description for the
identification of invasive plants in different land systems (production
forest, conservation forest, protected forest, national parks,
plantations, water body, agriculture, etc.)
Develop a computer system to identify of the target species that
generate various risks to the particular land units (e.g., forest
production, forest conservation, national parks, etc.)
Action 6. Develop free WEB for the public
Create free access WEB for everyone to identify or compare the plant
they found with the one in the WEB
Action 7. Seeking support from local institutions to assign a staff as
a contact person
Ask the local institution (agriculture, forestry, quarantine, extension,
research, education and so forth) to assign a staff as a point of contact
in the network.
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d. Identification and Voucher Development
Rapid and accurate identification of the potential threat of invasive
plants is an important first step before determining the targets and
eliminate the associated threats.
Goal : Build a standard protocol for early detection, creating
specimens, identification/documentation, and verification,
standardize information, and reporting the suspected plants as
new invasive plants
Objective : Increase the capacity to quickly and effectively identify, create
voucher and prepare a report of suspected invasive plant
Action 1. Register the institutions that have herbarium collection and
coordinate to provide services to support the ED & RR
HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE
FRDC
BIOTROP
University of Andalas
University of Tadulako
and so forth
Action 2. Develop pocket guide to the invasive plant species for easy
identification
Develop friendly pocket guide with digital image and simple taxonomic
description for invasive plant species in Indonesia. The published
pocket guide book should be available free for ED & RR users.
Action 3. Determine the herbarium and laboratory for plant
identification
Ensure that one or more harbaria or plants diagnostics laboratories are
appointed to help to build a network of Early Detection and identify and
create vouchers of suspected invasive plant species.
Action 4. Identify difficult specimens
When the specimen is difficult to identify, contact biosystematics experts
to help identify specimens especially for first record suspected invasive
species either at provincial or national level.
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Action 5. Encourage to document data of the new species
Collaborate and coordinate to the local herbarium (if any) and core
herbarium (Herbarium Bogoriense) with botany experts in the field to
determine whether the suspected plant was really a new record for
provincial or national level.
Action 6. Encourage to document data of the new species
Support efforts to build web based data so that scattered data can be
accessed easily, for example, integrate herbarium data on LIPI (Bogor-
based, Herbarium), Unand, BIOTROP, and FRDC through internet
(online integrated data base system).
Action 7. Develop procedures to create and submit reports of new
invasive plants that have been confirmed
Develop protocols and procedures to submit reports of new invasive
plants that have been confirmed to the database of the members of the
ED & RR system.
Action 8. Submit the report of confirmed new invasive plants to the
designated official
Develop protocols and procedures to submit written report document of
new invasive plants that have been confirmed to the designated official.
e. Rapid Evaluation
As soon as a plant was identified and verified as a new invasive plant
that never existed before, a quick evaluation should be conducted
immediately to determine potential threats to various habitats followed by
determining the regulation status. The evaluation should be able to
determine quickly what to do and how to do it.
Goal : Cary out a quick evaluation based on accurate scientific
assessment of new verified invasive plants.
Objective 1 : Conduct ecological evaluation to determine the invasive
potential of the new verified plants.
Action 1. Develop an ecological evaluation process
Conduct workshops to develop ecological evaluation process to assess
invasiveness of new plants and the potential negative impact to the
economic system.
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Action 2. Implement ecological evaluation of the new invasive plant
Ensure that the Rapid Evaluation Commission obtains the necessary
data from the research in FRDC and PUSPROHUT and quickly
complete the task
Integrate with existing data from the literature and make sure that the
workshop are attended by participants from Quarantine, Profession
Association such as GULMA, PEI, PFI, Crops Life, HMPN, and local
government of the district and provincial levels.
Objective 2. Determine the appropriate regulation status for new
verified invasive plants
Action: Conduct Risk Analysis
Support efforts to analyze the risk of all the verified new invasive plants
Develop inter-regional cooperation on risk analysis and share the
results of invasive plants risk analysis.
Objective 3. Develop and coordinate technical assistance to rapidly
evaluate the new verified invasive plants
Action: Provide technical assistance to initiate rapid evaluation
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f. Planning
Effective planning requires a visionary approach that goes far beyond
today's limits and defines the long-term goal to reach prosperous of
Indonesian society. In the context of ecology, Rapid Evaluation
Commission, need to plan rapid Response management to help the public
to gain a healthier ecosystem in the long term through the prevention and
eradication of invasive plants.
Goal : Developing capacity to effectively plan legislation and rapid
Response management on new plants that were detected to be
potentially invasive.
Objective : Develop a standard approach to determine legislation and
appropriate management activities on the new verified invasive
plants.
Action 1. Develop a priority action system
Develop a priority action system for new invasive plant that is based on
the category of invasive potential on a particular habitat, distribution and
recommendation of regulatory action.
Action 2. Develop a database from the comprehensive evaluation
As soon as new plant species evaluated comprehensively on the
invasive and legislation status, data base evaluation need to be
developed and online accessible for the users such as managers of
national parks, conservation areas, logging concessions,
administrators, and others.
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g. Rapid Response
Once the rapid evaluation is completed and prompt quick Response is
recommended, affected stakeholders as well as relevant public officials
need to be organized to conduct big-scale campaign against invasive plant.
Rapid Response is action to quickly isolate, prevent reproduction and if
possible eliminate the invasive plant.
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Objective 4. Identify and remove the barriers to the implementation
of Rapid Response initiative
Action: Review the existing legislation.
If the regulations are not appropriate anymore, carry out research to
generate data to support changing the existing regulations so that Rapid
Response to new invasive plant could be done
Objective 5. Identify and implement monitoring protocols. Action 1:
Develop, test, and implement monitoring protocols
The Rapid Response Committee establishes monitoring protocols, test
and implement it.
Action 2. Conduct training of how to use the protocol.
Organized workshops for "train-the-trainer" how to use the monitoring
protocol
Provide training for the users of the monitoring protocol, in many
different locations to make sure the user apply the protocol correctly.
Action 3. Develop feedback methods of the Rapid Response
Develop mechanisms for reporting of post management monitoring
results and indicate to the networks that more action needs to be done.
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REFERENCE
Downey PO, SB Johnson, JG Virtue and PA Williams. 2010. Assessing risk across
the spectrum of weed management.CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture,
Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources: 2010/5 No. 038.
http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews
Tjitrosoedirdjo et al. 2010. Allocating priorities to invasive plant species for their
management in Indonesia. Jurnal & Tumbuhan Invasif Tropika. 2(1): 20-27
Virtue JG and Melland RL. 2003. The Environmental Weed Risk of Revegetation
and Forestry Plants. DWLBC Report 2003/02. The Department of Water, Land
and Biodiversity Conservation. (Available at www.dwlbc.sa.gov.au)
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INDONESIAN VERSION
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1. Latar Belakang
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pemerintah Belanda ke Inggris dibawah kepempimpinan T.S.Raffles, dimana
perdagangan kayu jati dibebaskan, yang berakibat rusaknya hutan jati karena
over-cutting. Setelah perang dunia pertama selesai pengelolaan hutan jati ini
segera dikembalikan ke pemerintah Belanda lagi, dan hutan jati kembali lagi.
Aliran masuknya species asing ke Indonesia terus berlanjut selama
pemeritahan kolonial Belanda, dengan sangat intens. Bahkan pernah bahwa
berbagai tanaman sayuran dan buah2an Eropa dicoba ditanam di daerah sejuk
di ketinggian Gunung di Pulau Jawa seperti Gunung Gede, pegunungan Dieng,
Ijen, dan banyak tempat lain, yang ternyata gagal, hanya sayuran didaerah
seperti Cipanas berhasil. Model tanam paksa diterapkan pada masyarakat
pribumi untuk menanam tanaman budidaya asing seperti kopi, teh, kakao,
disamping rempah2, tebu, dan lainnya dengan produksi yang diperdagangkan
secara internasional dengan keuntungan melimpah bagi pemerintah Belanda.
Importasi bibit tanaman budidaya dan penanaman secara komersial di
Indonesia seperti kopi ternyata juga terbawa gulma seperti Erechtites
valerianifolia. Usaha mendatangkan tumbuhan asing untuk ditanam menjadi
tanaman komersial dapat keliru, seperti Acacia nilotica, yang diharapkan dapat
menghasilkan getah “gum” ternyata tidak demikian, karena salah pilih species
tumbuhan; mendatangkan Mikania micrantha dengan harapan sebagai
tanaman obat ternyata merupakan tumbuhan yang sangat invasif. Tumbuhan
seperti Widelia trilobata yang diimport sebagai tanaman hias karena berbunga
kuning cantik ternyata ketika lepas ke alam bebas menjadi gulma invasif yang
dihutanpun dapat tumbuh hebat. Eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) adalah
gulma air yang tidak asing bagi pandangan masyarakat umum karena masalah
yang disebabkannya diperairan air tawar terbuka di Indonesia, baik di sungai
maupun danau. Gulma invasif ini didatangkan ke Kebun Raya Bogor olehkarena
keingintahuan ahli botani, dan ternyata keingintahuan itu harus dibayar mahal
oleh masyarakat karena sampai sekarang belum berhasil mengatasi masalah
yang ditimbulkannya.
Di Indonesia sekarang ini ada lebih dari 1900 species tumbuhan asing dan
kurang lebih 300 diantaranya ditengarai menjadi gulma invasif, dan lainnya
mungkin suatu saat akan menjadi invasif. Olehkarena itu adalah sangat penting
untuk mendokumentasikan dan menangani species tumbuhan asing yang
sudah ada di Indonesia entah sengaja atau tidak, dengan mempelajari
30
potensinya sebagai species invasif untuk mengantisipasi masalahnya
dikemudian hari. Tanpa ada koordinasi nasional untuk Deteksi Dini dan
Tindakan Cepat, beberapa spesies tumbuhan asing yang sekarang hidup bebas
yang berarti terus terinkubasi, suatu saat akan menjadi invasif tidak terdeteksi
sampai dampak besar ditimpakan kepada masyarakat. Kasus Revina humilis
dan Asystasia micrantha berdampak besar pada perkebunan kelapa sawit,
mungkin dampaknya tidak sebesar sekarang seandainya sudah ada Deteksi
Dini dan Tindakan Cepat.
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2. Latar Belakang Kebijakan
Deteksi Dini dan Tindakan Cepat adalah salah satu cita cita strategis yang
terintegrasi untuk membangun Strategi nasional menghadapi jenis Asing
Invasif. Strategi Nasional untuk menghadapi jenis asing invasif tertata dalam 7
cita-cita strategis diantara cita-cita itu yang pertama dan kedua merupakan yang
paling efesien, walaupun memerlukan input pemikiran yang dalam untuk
membangun sistem aplikasinya di masyarakat. Ketujuh cita-cita strategis itu
adalah:
1. Pencegahan Specses Asing Invasif masuk wilayah Indonesia
2. Deteksi dini dan tindakan cepat
3. Pengendalian dan mitigasi dampak
4. Restorasi
5. Peningkatan kapasitas baik institusi maupun SDM
6. Pengelolaan data informasi dan
7. Kolaborasi antar institusi baik secara nasional maupun internasional.
Cita cita strategis 7 juga sangat vital, karena untuk melaksanakan 1 dan 2
agar efisien diperlukan kolaborasi dengan institusi lain, darimana asalnya,
bagaimana mengenalinya, seperti apa status taksonominya, karakter
biologinya, dimana penyebarannya, berapa luas dan bagaimana
mengeradikasinya. Informasi tersebut diperoleh dari berbagai sumber yang
dikelola oleh institusi yang berbeda, karena itu diperlukan kerjasama, atau
kolaborasi. Species gulma invasif di Indonesia perlu disebarluaskan secara
internasional agar pemerintah negara lain sadar bahwa di Indonesia ada jenis
asing invasif. Kita juga memerlukan informasi serupa, yaitu jenis asing invasif
apa saja yang ada dinegara lain, dengan demikian kita bisa menghadapi
masalahnya ketika gulma invasif itu sampai di Indonesia.
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3. Deteksi Dini dan Tindakan Cepat
a. Objektif
33
6. Mengembangkan daftar tumbuhan invasif yang sekarang belum ada di
Indonesia yang menjadi prioritas pertama, sebagai usaha pencegahan
dan implementasi Deteksi Dini dan Tindakan Cepat apabila masuk
dalam wilayah Indonesia.
b. Konsep
34
misalnya.Sayang konsep ini hanya diimplementasikan sebagai dalam jangka
pendek saja.
Pengalaman selama ini terkait dengan masalah gulma baru, terutama
di PT Perkebunan Negara, gulma baru akan dikirimkan ke BIOTROP untuk
diidentifikasi, dan dimintakan saran pengendalian atau herbisida apa yang
efektif untuk mengendalikan gulma baru tersebut.
Pola perdagangan bebas (World Trade Organization), menuntut negara
pengekspor melengkapi setiap hasil bumi apakah tanaman pangan,
perkebunan atau kehutanan dengan daftar “pest” dan istilah “pest” ini meliputi
pengertihan hama, penyakit dan gulma. Terkait dengan tumbuhan invasif
yang diimplikasikan menyebabkan dampak negatif, maka tumbuhan invasif
juga termasuk kategori pest dalam pengertian WTO. Dalam perspektif WTO
dari segi perangkat pendukung WTO, Indonesia tertinggal jauh, seperti
koleksi herbarium gulma atau invasif tumbuhan, koleksi hama arthropoda
maupun pathogen belum memadai; memang Indonesia sudah punya
Herbarium Bogoriense tempat koleksi herbarium tumbuhan, BIOTROP
mempunyai koleksi herbarium gulma, dan berbagai laborium juga
mempunyai koleksi koloni berbagai pathogens, maupun hama arthropoda
yang sudah diawetkan, tetapi belum memadai ; bahkan Badan Karantina
Tumbuhan Indonesia pernah mendapat bantuan dana dari ACIAR Australia
untuk membangun koleksi “pest” dalam bentuk herbarium atau awetan koloni
pathogen dan hama arthropoda, tetapi itu belum terealisasi. Kendala dalam
menyusun DDTC, misalnya lokasi atau tempat herbarium dan berbagai
awetan koloni pathogen maupun hama arthropoda. Idealnya setiap propinsi
mempunyai institusi seperti itu, disamping yang sekarang sudah ada seperti
Pusat Herbarium di Bogor itu, sehingga kalau terjadi dispute (perbedaan
materi “pest”, kemudian dapat diselesaikan berdasarkan koleksi materi yang
ada dilokasi tempat ekspor, tidak harus mengacu pada Herbarium Pusat),
dalam perdagangan internsional ini akan mahal dan memerlukan waktu
lama, untuk meverifikasi “pest” yang menjadi dispute itu.
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Untuk melaksanakan tugas diatas barangkali untuk sektor kehutanan
pola seperti dibawah ini dapat dipakai:
Disimpan di
Web. DDTC
HERBARIUM
BOGORIENSE
Hasil di lapang
8
1
7 6
6 7
Deteksi dini dan laporan Evaluasi singkat Verifikasi, evaluasi cepat
Perumusan kebijakan
Kawasan produksi 7
oleh volunter atau Dirjen BUK
6
pemantau 3 Penelitian Tindakan
dilapang
Kawasan konservasi Pusrohut pemberan
oleh volunter atau Dirjen PHKA
tasan dan/
pemantau 3 eradikasi
Puskonser 7
tumbuhan
4 invasif
2 1
Klarifikasi
6
Identifikasi 5
Badan Litbang
PUSKONSER Kehutanan
Herbarium 7
Bogoriense
BIOTROP 2
1 Hasil berupa dokumentasi tertulis 8
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Pola yang digambarkan diatas berdasarkan kondisi yang ada sekarang,
tetapi perlu dilengkapi sarana institusi didaerah agar dimasa mendatang,
masalah terkait dengan sarana IAS atau “pest” dalam pengertian WTO tidak
terulang menjadi masalah lagi.
1. Volunter atau pemantau resmi melaporkan keberadaan tumbuhan
invasif pada Lembaga yang kompeten yang ada, seperti Herbarium
Bogoriense, Puskonser, Biotrop (khusus untuk gulma dan tumbuhan
invasif) atau Lembaga lain yang kompeten. Pelaporan memakai protokol
yang telah disiapkan, seperti dimana tumbuhan itu ditemukan, serta
keadaan lingkungan terkait, bagaimana cara mengumpulkan contoh
materi hidup tumbuhan invasif tersebut meliputi ranting, daun, bunga
syukur ada buah, mengawetkan secara sederhana dalam kantong plastik
besar ukuran 40 × 60 cm dengan alkohol, memaket dan mengirimkan ke
lembaga yang ditunjuk, baik juga kalau dilampirkan potret. Penemuan
tumbuhan invasif ini juga perlu dipasang di Web nya DDTC kalau sudah
dibentuk. Mungkin sekretariat DDTC dapat diakomodasikan di
PUSKONSER.
2. Lembaga yang dilapori akan memeriksa contoh, mengidentifikasi dan
membuat herbarium spesimen. Sekiranya contoh yang dikirimkan tidak
cukup, lembaga itu bisa saja minta dikirim lagi atau mengunjungi tempat
dimana tumbuhan invasif itu dilaporkan untuk memperoleh kepastian
adanya tumbuhan itu. Setelah jelas identifikasi tumbuhan ninvasif itu
lembaga itu akan mengirimkan informasi itu kepada pelapor.
3. Pelapor akan meneruskan kepada Dirjen terkait, yaitu kalau di kawasan
produksi dilaporkan ke BUK (Badan Usaha Kehutanan) sedang yang
berada dalam kawasan dilindungi seperti Taman Nasional, Taman
Wisata, dilaporkan ke PHPA.
4. Untuk menformulasikan kebijakan untuk mengatasi masalah tumbuhan
invasif, Dirjen perlu berkolaborasi dengan Badan Litbang. Barangkali
perlu dibentuk suatu komisi evalusi cepat dengan anggota dari
kalangan profesional, birokrat dan ahli hukum karena masalah tumbuhan
invasif perlu diatasi melalui legislasi, teknis maupun birokratis.
5. Badan Litbang Kehutanan akan mempelajari dimana tumbuhan invasif
itu, kalau berada dalam kawasan hutan tanaman maka akan dirimkan ke
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PUROHUT, sedang kalau berada dalam kawasan hutan alam akan
dikirim ke Puskonser.
6. Lembaga penelitian itu apakah PUSKONSER atau PUSROHUT akan
mengkaji dengan detail tumbuhan invasif itu, dan melakukan evaluasi
cepat sebagai dasar rekomendasi untuk membuat kebijakan bersama
dengan Dirjen BUK maupun PHPA, Badan Litbang Kehutanan, dan
pemangku kawasan dimana Tumbuhan Invasif itu ditemukan.
7. Ketika tumbuhan itu dinyatakan berpotensi invasif dan baru pertama kali
dikenal didaerah itu, lalu diputuskan untuk eradikasi yang harus
dilakukan dengan cepat. Tindakan ini perlu direncanakan dengan
cermat, dibuat perencanaan yang memadai bagaimana dieradikasi,
siapa yang mengeksekusi dan siapa yang menyediakan dana serta
bagaimana monitoring dan evaluasi untuk memastikan eradikasi itu
efektif.
8. Hasil deteksi dini dan tindakan cepat ini ada dua yaitu di lapang yang
dapat dilihat nyata tidak ada lagi tumbuhan invasif itu dan dokumentasi
tertulis dengan cermat, lengkap harus diproduksi dikirimkan ke
PUSKONSER atau PUSREHUT, dan disimpan di sekretariat DDTC (
kalau ada) serta dikirimkan kepada Lembaga yang mengidentifikasi dan
yang menyimpan herbariumnya.
c. Elemen Dalam Pelaksaan DDTC
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d. Deteksi dan Pelaporan
39
Aksi 3. Kembangkan insentif untuk para penyayang tumbuhan.
Buat design insentif untuk para penyayang tumbuhan agar menjadi aktif
dalam jejaring
Aksi 4. Kembangkan program pelatihan dan sertifikasi volunter
Kembangkan program pelatihan dan sertifikasi volunter untuk deteksi
species tumbuhan yang ditargetkan.
Aksi 5. Buat daftar species target.
Buat gambar (potret) dilengkapi dengan keterangan singkat untuk
identifikasi tumbuhan invasif diberbagai sistem lahan (hutan produksi,
hutan konservasi, hutan lindung, Taman nasional, perkebunan, perairan,
pertanian)
Kembangkan suatu sistem komputer untuk identifikasi species target
yang menimbulkan di berbagai resiko pada unit lahan tertentu (e.g.,
hutan produksi, hutan konservasi, Taman Nasional, dll.)
Aksi 6. Pembangunan WEB site gratis untuk umum
Ciptakan WEB yang setiap orang bisa mengakses untuk
membandingkan tumbuhan yang mereka temukan dengan yang ada
dalam WEB itu.
Aksi 7. Mencari dukungan dari lembaga daerah untuk menjadi contact
person
Minta staf daerah (dinas-pertanian, kehutanan, perairan, karantina,
penyuluh, berbagai lembaga penelitian, lembaga Pendidikan, kontraktor
pengendali gulma hama maupun penyakit (kalau ada) untuk menjadi titik
kontak dalam jejaring kerja ini.
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e. Identifikasi dan Pembangunan Voucher
41
Aksi 4. Mengidentifikasi spesimen yang sulit.
Ketika specimen sukar diidentifikasi hubungi ahli biosistematika untuk
membantu mengidentifikasi specimen yang sulit diidentifikasi padahal
terduga invasif dan sebagai record pertama baik di propinsi maupun
secara nasional.
Aksi 5. Verifikasi tumbuhan baru propinsi maupun nasional.
Berkoordinasi dengan herbarium daerah (kalau ada) dan herbarium
pusat (Herbarium Bogoriense) dengan ahli bitoni di lapang untuk
menentukan apakah betul specimen itu baru dipropinsi itu atau baru
secara nasional.
Aksi 6. Dorong untuk mendokumentasikan data jenis tumbuhan anyar.
Dukung usaha untuk membangun data online untuk membuat data yang
tersebar dapat diakses, misalnya data yang ada di LIPI (Herbarium
Bogoriense, Herbarium Unand, BIOTROP, Puskonser dll.
Aksi 7. Kembangkan prosedur untuk membuat dan menyerahkan
laporan tumbuhan anyar yang telah dikonfirmasikan
Kembangkan protokol dan prosedur untuk menyerahkan laporan
tumbuhan anyar yang telah dikonfirmasikan kepada database anggota
sistem DDTC
Aksi 8: Serahkan laporan tumbuhan anyar yang telah dikonfirmasi
kepada pejabat yang ditunjuk.
Kembangkan protokol dan prosedur untuk menyerahkn file dokumentasi
tertulis tumbuhan baru kepada pejabat yang ditunjuk.
f. Evaluasi cepat
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Objektif 1. Melakukan evaluasi ekologis untuk menentukan potensi invasif
dari tumbuhan anyar yang sudah diverifikasi.
Aksi 1. Kembangkan proses evalusi ekologis
Menyelenggarakan lokakarya pengembangkan proses evaluasi ekologis
untuk mengevaluasi keinvasifan tumbuhan baru yang mungkin akan
menginvasi habitat yang ada dan potensi dampak negatifnya pada
sistem ekonomi.
Aksi 2. Melaksanakan evaluasi ekologis tumbuhan anyar
Pastikan bahwa komisi evaluasi cepat memperoleh data yang diperlukan
dari penelitian di PUSKONSER maupun PUSROHUT dan cepat
menyelesaikan tugasnya.
Integrasikan dengan data yang ada dari literatur dan pastikan dalam
lokakarya ada peserta dari Karantina, Himpunan Profesi seperti GULMA,
PEI, PFI, dari Crops Life, HMPN, dan pemerintah daerah kabupaten
maupun propinsi.
Objektif 2. Tentukan status regulasi yang memadai bagi tumbuhan invasif
baru yang telah diverifikasi
Aksi: Lakukan Analisis Resiko
Dukung usaha melakukan analisis resiko terhadap semua tumbuhan
invasif anyar yang telah diverifikasi
Kembangkan kerjasama antar daerah tentang analisiss resiko dan
berbagi informasi tentang hasil analisis resiko tumbuhan invasif.
Objektif 3. Kembangkan dan koordinasikan bantuan teknis untuk
mengevaluasi dengan cepat tumbuhan invasif anyar yang telah
diverifikasi
Aksi: Sediakan bantuan teknis untuk menginisiasi evaluasi cepat
Bangun kader specialis bantuan teknis untuk menyediakan bantuan di
lokasi ataupun di di tempat jauh untuk evaluasi cepat dari tumbuhan baru
yang sudah diverifikasi
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g. Perencanaan
44
h. Tindakan Cepat
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Aksi: Mengembangkan sistem pengelolaan dengan prioritas yang benar
Pelajari berbagai metoda pengelolaan dan pilih yang sesuai
Objektif 4 : Identifikasi dan singkirkan hal yang menghalangi terlakasanya
inisitatf tindakan cepat
Aksi : Pelajari legislasi yang ada, kalau peraturan itu sudah tidak sesuai
lakukan penelitian untuk menghasilkan data sebagai bahan merubah
peraturan yang ada sehingga dapat mengambil tindakan cepat pada
tumbuhan invasif batru.
Objektif 5. Identifikasi dan implementasikan protokol monitoring
Aksi 1. Kembangkan, Uji, dan implemetasikan protokol monitoring.
Komite tindakan cepat membangun protokol monitoring, kemudian
menguji dan diimplementasikan
Aksi 2. Adakan pelatihan bagaimana mempergunakan Protokol
Selenggarakan lokakarya bagi "train-the-trainer" bagaimana memakai
protokol monitoring
Selenggarakan pelatihan bagi pengguna dilapang protokol monitoring ini,
diberbagai daerah untuk memastikan penggunaan yang bear.
Aksi 3. Kembangkan metoda umpan balik tentang Tindakan Cepat ini
Kembangkan mekanisme pelaporan hasil monitoring pasca pengelolaan
ini dan indikasikan pada jejaring bahwa lebih banyak tindakan perlu
dilakukan.
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