ANIMAL ECOLOGY

ANIMALS FOOD AND

DATING
RELATIONSHIP
Elni Fatimah 1910421019
Zahrah Arafah 1910422032
Yorasakhi Ananta 1910422037
Food and Dating Relationship:

(a) aspect of animal food;

(b) foraging strategies;
(c) food chains and food nets;
(d) animal food analysis;
(e) defense mechanisms
 ANIMAL FOOD AND
FORAGING STRATEGIES

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 ASPECT OF ANIMAL FOOD

Kinds of food can be viewed from two aspects, namely:

1. Quantitative aspects ( covering the issue of
abundance in their habitat and how much is needed daily.

2. Qualitative aspects (including palatability, nutritional

value, digestibility, and food size.
 QUALITATIVE ASPECT

Palatability
The palatability of food is determined by the extent to which
chemical compounds are present, some of which may be toxic or
stimulating outside the animal tolerance range. In addition, there are
disturbing structures such as hairs, spines, hard skin layers which
reduce the palatability of food. Most of the herbivorous animals,
show a high preference for the soft parts of the plant, which have
high palatability.
 QUALITATIVE ASPECT

Nutritional value
Depending on the content of the composition of these foods
(Water, minerals, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, fats) Lack of
one of the content of food composition ex:protein in foods
commonly eaten, then the animal will try to find a substitute
food & eat it in large quantities even though the protein content
is small.
QUALITATIVE ASPECT
Digestibility
determined by chemical & structural composition of food, as
well as physiological adaptation & structural adaptation of the
digestive system of pet food Ex: Herbivores = cellulose
enzymes, Carnivores = protease enzymes. This is the problem of
herbivorous animals, while carnivorous animals tend to be how
to find, find, catch & handle their prey.
QUALITATIVE ASPECT
Food Size
The size of the food is a problem for carnivores. The size of the
body of the prey animal must be within the limits of the
predatory animal's ability to overwhelm and paralyze its prey,
but the size of the prey cannot be too small because the energy
expended = energy received.
 FORAGING STRATEGIES

- According to the theory of .

optimum foraging, the animal's - Benefits of foraging in
strategy in foraging is to get the groups:
maximum possible gain with the 1. Food resources can be
least possible risk. easily & quickly found;

- Foraging for food in groups will 2. the threat that threatens to

be beneficial if the availability of be identified more quickly.
food resources in the environment
is abundant.
FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD
WEBS

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Food Chain and Food Webs

Various types of organisms in an ecosystem community are

involved in the interaction of eating relationships that
produce food chains that describe the sequence of linear
relationships between food organisms and their eating
organisms at successive trophic levels.
The presence of polyphages and omnivores that involve
prey from different trophic levels, causing food chains such
as anastomoses to form Food Webs.
FOOD CHAIN

The food chain in the biotic community of an ecosystem, not

always starting from green plants, in non-carnivore animals
that live in the ocean floor (aphotic zone) take advantage of
detritus that descends from the euphotic zone. The food chain
as an energy circuit in a community can be divided into 2:
1. Grazing circuit = Primary consumers get energy from green
plants
2. Organic detritus circuit = Primary consumers get energy
from detritus (detritivor)
 The trophic level describes the stages of material or energy
transfer of each level or group to the next level, starting with
primary producers, primary consumers (herbivores), secondary,
tertiary, and apex predators. Basically trophic level is a
sequence of levels of feed or material utilization and energy as
described by the food chain.
ANIMAL FOOD
ANALYSIS
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Animal Food Analysis
In general, there are 2 ways to analyze animal food, namely:

1. Direct Observation
This method applied to animals that store food in cheek pouches or
caches. The organs are manipulated until their contents are excreted by
stimulating them to vomit. In other types of animals, the analysis can be
carried out through the feces, although the results are less accurate.
- This observation is relatively easy to do for large, diurnal, activity in the
habitat that is easily observed, but consumes a lot of time and energy.
- Direct observation can provide accurate information.
 ANIMAL FOOD ANALYSIS
2. Indirect Observation

-Analysis of gastric contents

Analysis of the contents of the relatively undigested
contents in the anterior part of the digestive tract (cache;
stomach). The contents of the stomach are identified by
type and the quantitative aspect can be expressed
numerically (amount), gravimetric (weight) or volumetric
(content).
2. Indirect Observation

-Radioisotope search
The type of food eaten is sometimes investigated by
tracing the route of movement through food chains and
webs, from the type of food that has been marked using a
radioisotope with relatively long half-lives.
Radioisotopes with known data are entered into the
environment, then the path and velocity of their
movement are detected and measured with a special tool
(Geiger counter).
DEFENSE MECHANISMS

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DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Behavior of animal defense behavior defends

themselves in animals that is behavior
pattern that is done by animals to sustainsan
life. Whether it ranges to escape from its
potential persecution and survive from its
environmental conditions.
 DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Pattern of self-defense behavior in animals is divided into:
1. Pattern of behavior ranging from running away from
potential predecesses to using the survival weapons and
use of camouflage and mimicry (mimicking).
2. Pattern of survival behavior in the physical environment
Most animals can only survive in the temperature range,
salinity, certain moisture, and so on.
Pattern of behavior defends Self.
A Mimicri
Mimicri is a way of defending yourself against the
enemy by resembling something.

typically resembles another type of organisme such as

such a chameleon that can vary according to the
color of the object around it.
Pattern of behavior defends Self.
B. Camouflage
The process of adaptation that equates or unsolicing
the skin color with the surrounding environment
to protect yourself from the predator or to find a
meal. The ultimate goal of camouflage is to hide
from other animals, physiology and animal
predators or preyed is very significant.
Pattern of behavior defends Self.

C. Autotomy
Autotomy is a survival technique by sacrificing one
of the body parts.

D. Establishing the smell or body fluid pattern of

self-defense behavior
Its bread is done by certain animals to avoid the
privacy or feel his soul is threatened. Animals that
remove the smell or liquid body when she feels he
is threatened for example is the sigung
The pattern of survival behavior in the
physical environment
The pattern of survival behavior in the physical
environment most hibernation

hibernation is a survival technique in a hard

environment by sleeping off disable him.
 Examples of defense behavior in
animals
1. Cicak and lizard
decide the tail when 2. Chameleons change the
attacked predators skin color according to its 3. bees and maligners are
environment sung to protect themselves
from the enemies and
4.Squid, cuttime, and predators
octopus live in the sea
issues black liquids 5. The hedgehog has a
like ink thorny and rigid skin.
When facing danger,
the hedgehog develops
his Thorny.
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