METABOLISM"

National University- Manila

Vitamins
Vitamins
• Organic compound
• Essential in small amount proper functioning of the body
• Must be obtained from dietary sources
• BODY CANNOT SYNTHESIZE

• Water— soluble (9)

O
• Fat —soluble (4)

General Properties
Absorption Directly into the blood Enters into the lymph system first
Transport Travel without carrier Requires Protein carriers

Storage Circulate in the water-filled parts of the Found in the cells associated with fat body
Excretion Kidney remove excess in urine

Remain in fat storage site

Unlikely to be toxic unless taken in More likely to be toxic unusual large dose
Dosage frequency Frequent doses Periodic doses

Water Soluble Vitamins

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B
' Thiamin
• Riboflavin
• Niacin
• Pantothenic acid
' Pyridoxine
• Biotin
• Folate
• Cobalamin

Vitamin C
• Simplest structure
• Exists in 2 active forms : Oxidized and Reduced form
o
 L — ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid

Functions of Vitamin C
• Collagen Synthesis
• General Antioxidant
• Synthesis of neurotransmitters
Vitamin B
1, Thiamin (vitamin Bl)
2. Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
3. Niacin (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin B3)
4. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
5. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)
6. Biotin (Vitamin B7)
7. Folate (Folic acid, vitamin B9)
8. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Thiamin Bl)
FREE and COENZYME form
Free thiamin central carbon atom to which is attached a six
membered heterocyclic amine and a five membered thiazole
(sulfur nitrogen)
Coenzyme form thiamin pyrophosphate (pyrophosphate group) 2
phosphates bonded to each other
 (vitamin

OH

CH3

NH2
Thiamin Thiamin diphosphate

Functions of Thiamin
'Coenzyme TPP needed in step 4 of the citric acid
cycle
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl COA
Riboflavin B2)
• Involves 3 fused six membered rings
with the
monosaccharide ribose
• yellow vitamin

• 2 Riboflavin-based coenzymes exist

 (vitamin
• FAD Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
• FMN Flavin Mononucleotide

Riboflavin

Functions of Riboflavin
• Growth and overall good health.
' Helps the body break down carbohydrates, proteins and
fats to produce energy
Allows oxygen to be used by the body
Niacin B3)
2 different forms: NICOTINIC ACID and NICOTINAMIDE
Both forms convert to the same coenzymes
NAD* Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NADP Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
 (vitamin
Nicotinic acid + vitamin = niacin
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
• Found in almost every plant and animal tissue
• COA contains pantothenic acid

CH3 OH
HO—CHFC—

Pantothenicacid Pantoic acid

Vitamin B6
• Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine
• COENZYME FORMS of these contain an added phosphate group

• Vitamin B6 coenzymes participate in reactions where amino

groups are transferred between molecules
Biotin (Vitamin B7)
• Can be obtained both from dietary intake and also via
biotinproducing bacteria
• BIOTIN -Y fused 2 ring system with 1 ring containing sulfur and
the other ring containing nitrogen.
• Attached to the sulfur containing ring is a pentanoic acid residue
o

HN

OH
Biotin o
 O C02H

Folate (Folic
acid)
acid
• Vitamin B9
Contains 3 parts:
• PTERIDINE a nitrogen containing double ring system
• PABA* Para aminobenzoic acid
• One or more residues of the amino acid glutamate
COENZYME
THF (Tetrahydrofolate)
Needed in methylation reactions
Figure 1. Stmetureoftetrahydrofolate
HINOC

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

COBALT + AMINE group
Only vitamin that contains a metal atom

Free form cyanocobalamin H?NOC

H2NOC X—CONH2
 ' Coenzyme form -Y methylcobalamin
only vitamin that microorganisms can produce
B Vitamin Coenzyme form Groups Transferred
Thiamin Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) Carbon dioxide (carbonyl group)
Riboflavin Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Hydrogen atoms
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Niacin Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADP)
Pantothenic Coenzyme A (COA) Acyl groups
acid

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) Amino groups

Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate (PNP)
Pyridoxamine£'-phosphate (PMP)
 Carbon dioxide (carboxyl group)

Biotin Biotin
Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin Methyl groups, Hydrogen atoms

Fat-Soluble Vitamins
•Vitamin A
•Vitamin D
'Vitamin E
•Vitamin K
Vitamin
A
• Preformed vitamin A forms are called retinoids
• Retinoids includes retinal, retinol (exceeds) , retinoic acid

• body can synthesize retinol from retinal in a reaction that is

reversible
• Retinal can also be converted to retinoic acid in an irreversible
reaction
• Retinoic acid cannot be converted to either retinol or retinal.

4 Major functions in the body

1. Vision
2. Regulating Cell Differentiation
Vitamin
3. Maintenance of the Health of Epithelial
Tissues
4. Reproduction and Growth
D
'Vitamin D3 Cholecalciferol
 ' Produced in skin by direct sunlight sunshine vitamin
•Vitamin D2-> Ergocalciferol
Vitamin
E (Tocopherols)
•Vitamin E forms:
• Alpha tocopherol
• Beta tocopherol
• Delta tocopherol
' Gamma tocopherol
K
•Vitamin Kl -Y Phylloquinone
•Vitamin 1<2 -Y Menaquinone

• Essential to the blood clotting process

• Essential for the formation of prothrombin
Vitamin
Minerals
• Inorganic elements essential to the nutrition of
humans
• Play several key roles in overall health
and well being
• Help chemical reaction take place in cells
• Help muscles contract
• Keep the heart beating
• Two groups
• Major minerals
• Trace minerals
 Major
Minerals
Calcium -Y bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, muscle activity, nerve
function
Phosphorus -¥ bone and teeth formation; energy transfer (ATP); component of
nucleic acids
Magnesium -¥ Coenzyme constituent, bone formation, muscle and nerve
function
Sodium Osmotic pressure regulation; nerve and muscle function
Chloride Blood acid-base balance; hydrochloric acid production in stomach
Potassium -Y Muscle and nerve function
Sulfur* Component of hormones, several vitamins, proteins

Trace Minerals
• Iodine
• Iron
• Zinc
• Copper
• Fluoride
• Selenium
• Chromium
• Molybdenum
• Manganese