(CHARACTERISTICS, CLASSIFICATIONS,

FUNCTIONS, AND UPDATES)

JESSA C. CABINAN
JEAN Q. CALUBAYAN
JOYCE E. TELLORO
 CHARACTERISTICS:
Vitamins are specific chemicals that need to be
present in small quantities in the feed or food for
health. They are not synthesized in the body and
may function as coenzymes in metabolic
processes.
 CLASSIFICATIONS:
 Water Soluble
- They are poorly stored in the body.
 Fat Soluble

- These can be stored in the body.

 Differentiation of Water- soluble and Fat-soluble
Water - Soluble
All B vitamins and vitamin C
 Soluble in water and excess excreted
through urine
 No storage and less toxic
 Daily requirement (except vitamin
B12)
 Serve as cofactor in biochemical
reactions
 Deficiency is fast
Fat - Soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K
 Associated with fat during
digestion and absorption 
 Storage in liver, adipose
tissue, and excess storage
can be toxic for some vitamins
(e.g., A and D)
 No daily need
 Deficiency is very slow
EXAMPLE STRUCTURES OF WATER -SOLUBLE
VITAMINS

EXAMPLE STRUCTURES OF FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

FUNCTIONS
 Vitamin A - (Fat-soluble)
Retinol, Retinoic acid, Precursor is Carotene (beta carotene)

Normal eye maintenance; skin

tissue maintenance; bone
growth; immune functioning;
embryonic development;
reproduction; Retinoic acid –
gene transcription.
 Vitamin D - (Fat-soluble)
Plant form: Ergocalciferol, Animal form: Cholecalciferol

Calcium absorption; calcium and

phosphorus metabolism;
development of bones; bone
growth and remodeling;
prevention of rickets.
 Vitamin E - (Fat-soluble)
alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol

Antioxidant helping in the

absorption and storage of vitamin
A; acts in other metabolic
functions in the cell; antioxidant.
 Vitamin K - (Fat-soluble)
Phylloquinone menadione

Formation of prothrombin
necessary for blood clotting.
 Vitamin B1 - (Part of B Complex)
Thiamine

Coenzyme in energy
metabolism
 Vitamin B2 - (water-soluble, Part of B Complex)
Riboflavin

Coenzymes Flavin
mononucleotide and Flavin-
adenine dinucleotide involved
in energy and protein
metabolism.
 Vitamin B3 - (water soluble, part of vitamin B complex)
Niacin, Nicotinic acid

Essential part of enzyme

systems involved in lipid
carbohydrates, and protein
metabolism; needed by all
living cells.
 Vitamin B4 - (water soluble)
Choline

Phospholipids as a part of the cell

structure; lipid transport; nerve
impulse transmission; fat metabolism
in the liver; a donor of readily available
methyl groups involved in several one-
carbon transfer reactions called trans
methylation. Acetyl choline is an
important neurotransmitter.
 Vitamin B5 - (water soluble, part of vitamin B complex)
Pantothenic acid

Part of coenzyme A
important for
carbohydrate and fatty
acid metabolism.
 Vitamin B6 - (water soluble, part of vitamin B complex)
Pyridoxine

Co-factor in amino acid and

essential fatty acid metabolism;
production of red blood cells; and in
the synthesis of neurotransmitters
such as serotonin, dopamine, and
norepinephrine, and the hormone
epinephrine.
 Vitamin B7 - (water soluble, part of vitamin B complex)
Biotin

Co-factor of the
enzymes involved in
carboxylation reactions
such as the synthesis
of fatty acids.
 Vitamin B8 Inositol

Vitamin B10 Para-amino benzoic acid (water soluble)

Component of
phospholipids and
signal transduction
within cells.
 Vitamin B9 - (water soluble, part of vitamin B complex)
Folic Acid/folacin
Coenzymes – essential to
normal metabolic functions of
body cells. Involved in the
combining of single carbon
units into larger molecules.
Related to vitamin B12
metabolism.
 Vitamin B12 (water soluble, cobalt containing ) synthetic form:
cynanocolbalamin

Coenzyme in a variety
of metabolic reactions
and is necessary for the
maturation of red blood
cells.
 Vitamin C (water soluble)
Ascorbic Acid

Antioxidant; improve
performance in
chickens, particularly
with heat stress.
Vitamins that is more beneficial
to some farm animals:
Cattle : Vitamin A - maintenance of eyes, skin, and the linings
of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
Goat: Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) - due to its inability to
make these vitamins.
Pigs: Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E) - important to the gestating
sows and newly weaned pigs.
Horse: Vitamin E - acts as an antioxidant.
Poultry: Require all known vitamins except C.
 UPDATES
 Use of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in diets for sows: A review
 Dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum improves
growth performance of broilers by regulating intestinal microbiota
and mucosal epithelial cells
 Dietary carnosic acid and seleno-compounds change
concentrations of fatty acids, cholesterol, tocopherols and
malondialdehyde in fat and heart of lambs.
 New research from Trinity College Dublin and University of
Edinburgh has examined the association between vitamin D and
COVID-19
 SUMMARIZATION
 Vitamins – are specific chemicals that need to be present in small quantities in the
feed or food for health.
 Water – soluble - poorly stored in the body; Soluble in water; Daily requirement
E.g. Vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C
 Fat – soluble – can be stored in the body; Associated with fat; No daily need
E.g. Vitamin A, D, E and K
 Vitamin A – Retinol, Retinoic acid
- vision, bone growth, reproduction, and maintenance of epithelial cells, which cover
the body surface and mucous membranes of body cavities.
 Vitamin D – Plant form: Ergocalciferol, Animal form: Cholecalciferol
- produced in the body and its regulatory functions is in calcium and phosphorus
homeostasis, it is also considered as a hormone.
 Vitamin E - alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol
- serve as a biological chain-breaking antioxidant and to protect cells and tissues from
oxidative damage induced by free radicals and other lipid oxidation products
 Vitamin K - Phylloquinone menadione
- needed for the synthesis of prothrombin, a blood-clotting protein
 Vitamin B1 – Thiamine
- Coenzyme in energy metabolism
 Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin
- energy and protein metabolism
 Vitamin B3 - Niacin, Nicotinic acid
- Lipid, carbohydrates, and protein metabolism;
 Vitamin B4 – Choline
- Phospholipids as a part of the cell structure
 Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acid
- carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism
 Vitamin B6 – Pyridoxine
- amino acid and essential fatty acid metabolism
 Vitamin B7 – Biotin
- carboxylation reactions such as the synthesis of fatty acids
 Vitamin B8 (Inositol) and Para-amino benzoic acid
- Component of phospholipids and signal transduction within cells
 Vitamin B9 - Folic Acid/folacin
- normal metabolic functions of body cells
 Vitamin B12 - synthetic form: cynanocolbalamin
- metabolic reactions and is necessary for the maturation of red blood cells.
 Vitamin C - Ascorbic Acid
THAN
K YOU!
 THE
END…