VITAMINS

Definition

 Non-caloric organic nutrients

 Needed in very small amounts
 Facilitators – help body processes proceed;
digestion, absorption, metabolism, growth
etc.
 Some appear in food as precursors or
provitamins
Classification

Classified on the basis of solubility

 Water soluble: B Vitamins and Vitamin C.

 Fat soluble: Vitamin A,D,E and K.

Vitamins
FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE

 Found in fat or oily parts of  Readily lost during food

foods preparation
 Require fat for absorption  Absorbed directly in the
blood stream
 Stored in the body  Limited storage capacity
 Excess excreted in the
urine
 VITAMIN A
 VITAMIN D
 VITAMIN E  B VITAMINS
 VITAMIN K  VITAMIN C
Characteristics

Thiamine hydrochloride is
 a white crystalline substance
 has a faint yeast-like order and
 a salty, nut like taste.
 readily soluble in water but not in fat solvents or
fats.
 Readily destroyed by heat in neutral or alkaline
solution
 in acidic medium it is resistant to heat up to
120º C.
 Functions
Mode of action of coenzymes

 Part of the coenzyme A

B
Active site
Enzyme
TPP (thiamine A
B
Vitamin
pyrophosphate
Coenzyme
Enzyme

A B
Enzyme

AB New Product

Enzyme
Functions

 1. It is essential for the utilization of carbohydrates in the

body; in deficiency there is accumulation of pyruvic acid
and lactic acid in the tissues and body fluids.

 2. Thiamine is also essential for the maintenance of good

appetite and normal digestion.

 3. It has a role in brain metabolism as the deficiency

causes neurological and nervous disorders.
Deficiency Diseases

 Beriberi
 Wet beriberi
 Dry beriberi
 Beriberi

SYMPTOMS

 Impaired muscle growth.

 Muscle wasting & disease (myopathy).
 Mental confusion.
 Convulsions.
 Gastrointestinal problems.
 Nausea.
 Vomiting.
 Constipation and diarrhea.
 Characteristics
In its pure form this vitamin is
 bitter tasting, orange yellow, odourless compound
 crystalline with needle-shaped crystals
 It dissolves sparingly in water to give a typical
greenish yellow fluorescence colour.
 stable to boiling in acids
 in alkaline solutions it is readily decomposed by
 heat.
 destroyed by exposure to light.
 Riboflavin VitaminB2

Part of coenzyme
 FMN----Flavin mononucleotide
 FAD---- Flavin adenine dinucleotide

 Used in energy metabolism, supports normal

vision and good health.
 Ariboflavinosis

Symptoms
 Chelosis (cracks in the lips)
 Angular chelitis
 High sensitivity to sunlight
 Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
 Seborrheic dermatitis
 Pharyngitis (sore throat)
 Edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa
Ariboflavinosis
 Angular cheilitis

Sore lips/throat
Dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis
Characteristics

NIACIN OR NICOTINIC ACID

 occurs in white needle-like bitter tasting crystals
 moderately soluble in hot water but only slightly soluble in cold
water.
 stable to heat, alkalis, acids light and oxidation and
 unstable to reduction and is considered as one of the most stable of
the vitamins.
 Niacin occurs in two
 form: Niacin and proniacin form i.e. tryptophan.
Human body can make 1 mg of vitamin from 50 to 60 mg of
tryptophan.
Thus if a diet contains large amount of tryptophan, it will provide
enough niacin, even thought the diet might be low in its niacin
content.
Characteristics

 Niacin occurs in two form: Niacin and

proniacin form i.e. tryptophan.
 Human body has the ability to convert 1 mg of
vitamin from 50 to 60 mg of tryptophan.
 Thus if a diet contains large amount of
tryptophan, it will provide enough niacin,
even thought the diet might be low in its
niacin content.
Niacin Vitamin B3

Part of coenzyme

 NAD------ Nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide
 NADP---- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate

 Used in energy metabolism, supports health of

the skin, nervous and digestive system.
 Pellagra
Symptoms

 Aggression
 Dermatitis
 Insomnia
 Weakness
 Mental confusion
 Diarrhea
In advanced cases pellagra may lead to
 Dementia
 Dermatitis
 Death
Dermatitis
Dermatitis
Characteristics

 Pale yellow in colour

 Unstable to high temperature, large part is
lost during thermal processing
 Very soluble in water and ether
 slightly soluble in alcohol
Pantothenic acid Vitamin B5

 Part of Coenzyme A

 Involved in energy metabolism

 Aids in the formation of hormones
 Deficiency

Uncommon due to availability in foods

SYMPTOMS
 Fatigue
 Nausea
 Abdominal cramps
 Difficulty sleeping
Deficiency is Uncommon

Acne Paresthesia
 Sources

 Liver, kidney, meat,

eggs yolk.

 Whole grains, legumes.

Characteristics

Vitamin B6 consists of a group of related

pyridines: Pyridoxine, pyridoxal and
pryridoxamine.

 Vitamin B6 is soluble in water and relatively

stable to heat and to acids.

 It is destroyed in alkaline solutions and is also

sensitive to light.
Functions

Vitamin B6 is the coenzymes for a large

number of enzyme systems, most of which
are
involved in amino acid metabolism.
It plays a role in the conversion of
 (a) trypophan to niacin
 (b) linoleic to arachidonic acid
 (c) interconversion of amino acids.
Functions
 Deficiency
SYMPTOMS
 Depression
 Dermatitis
 Hypertension
 Water retention
 Elevated levels of homocysteine

Deficiency may lead to Microcytic anemia

(because pyridoxyl phosphate is the cofactor for
heme synthesis)
 Deficiency

Depression Dermatitis
Characteristics

 White crystalline needle shaped

 Soluble in water
Biotin Vitamin B7

Plays an active role in:

 Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

 Synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid
hormones, hemoglobin
 Deficiency

Deficiency is uncommon

Symptoms include:
 Dry scaly dermatitis
 Hair loss
 Loss of appetite
 Weakness, fatigue and muscle pain
Hair Loss due to Biotin deficiency
Charateristics

Folain is a generic term for folate, folic acid,

pteroyglutamic acid and other compounds
having the activity of folic acid.
Pure folic acid occurs as a bright yellow
 crystalline compound, only slightly soluble in
water.
 It is easily oxidized in an acid medium
 is sensitive to light
 Folate Vitamin B9
Functions
 Deficiency
Macrocystic anemia
Characteristics

CYANOCOBALAMIN OR VITAMIN B12

This vitamin is the only cobalt containing
substance essential for health.
 occurs as deep red needle like crystals
 are slightly soluble in water.
 This vitamin is absorbed from the
 ileum only. Its absorption depends on the presence
of a muco-protein enzyme produced by the
 gastric mucosa. The enzyme is called as intrinsic
factor.
Functions

 1. It helps in the synthesis of nucleic acid and

nucleoproteins.

 2. It is essential for the maturation of red

blood cells in bone marrow.

 3. It is also required for the metabolism of

nervous tissues.
 Vitamin B12
Functions
Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor for absorption
 Deficiency
Deficiency results in:

 Pernicious Anemia
 Anorexia
 Weight loss
 Smooth tongue Glossitis
 Dermatitis
 Neurological degeneration of the peripheral nerves
 Paralysis
 Nerve damage in fetus
 Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Neurological degeneration of the peripheral nerves

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Dermatitis
Characteristics

 Vitamin C is a white crystalline compound of

relatively simple structure and closely
 related to monosaccharide sugars.
 Vitamin C is the most easily destroyed by
 heat, light, alkalis, oxidative, enzymes and
trace.
 It is highly soluble in water
Functions

 1. It is required for the formation and maintenance of

collagen, a protein used for cementing material that
holds the cells of the body together.
 2. Vitamin C is necessary for the production of tissues
for quick post operative healing and
for the maintenance of previously formed scar.
 3. It plays an important role in the normal metabolism
of the amino acids.
 4. It helps in easy absorption of iron from gastro-
intestinal tract by the reduction of ferric
iron to ferrous ion.
 Scurvy
Early symptoms:
 Lassitude
 Weakness
 Irritability
 Weight Loss

Later symptoms:
 Swollen gums
 Follicular hyperkeratosis
 Coiled hair
 Perifollicular hemorrhages
 Lower Extremity Edema
 Painful Bleeding
 Effusions within joints
 Loosening of the teeth
Vitamin C Deficiency

Petechiae are typical of blood dyscrasias

Vitamin C Deficiency

Gum Disease
 Vitamin C Deficiency
Symptoms of scurvy in children
 Early symptoms:
 General fatigue
 Loss of appetite
 Rapid Breathing
 Fever
 Diarrhea
Later symptoms:
 Pain in the bones and joints
 Pseudoparalysis
 Hemorrhaging
 Swollen gums
 Loosening of the teeth
 Anemia
 Dry Skin