Chapter-1- Crop Production and Management

1. What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water.

The artificial method of watering the plants for assisting in their growth is called irrigation.
Main sources of irrigation are wells, tube-wells, ponds, lakes, rivers.
Two methods which help us to conserve water are
(i) Sprinkler irrigation system This irrigation system has an arrangement of vertical pipes
with rotating nozzles on the top. It is more useful in the uneven and sandy land where
sufficient water is not available.
(ii) Drip irrigation system This irrigation system has an arrangement of pipes or tubes with
very small holes in them to water plants drop by drop just at the base of the root. It is very
efficient as water is not wasted at all.
2. If wheat is sown in the kharif season, what would happen? Discuss.
Wheat crop is sown from November/December to March/April. It is grown in winter and
requires less water. If wheat is sown in Kharif season, its production will be decreased
considerably.
3. Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field.
Continuous plantation of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients as the crops take
up nutrients from the soil. The soil becomes infertile. It does not get enough time to
replenish the nutrients.
4. What are the weeds? How can we control them?
The undesirable and unwanted plants which grow naturally along with the crop are called
weeds. The growth of weeds can be controlled by adopting many ways. Tilling before
sowing of crops helps in the uprooting and killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get
mixed with the soil. Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals, called
weedicides. Weedicides are sprayed in the fields to kill the weeds.
5. What are crops?
Crops are plants of the same kind grown in large quantities for food.
6. What is the basis of classification of crops in our country?
In our country, crops are classified on the basis of the season in which they grow.
7. What are kharif crops?
The crops which are sown in the rainy season and harvested in September/October are
called kharif crops.
8. What are summer crops?
The crops which are grown in the summer season and harvested before rainy season are
called summer crops or Zayed crops.
9. Name two summer season crops.
Moong and muskmelon are summer season crops.
10. What are rabi crops?
The crops which are grown in the winter season and harvested in March/April are called
rabi crops.
11. Why paddy cannot be grown in the summer season?
Paddy requires a lot of water, so it can only be grown during rainy season.
12. What is meant by agricultural practices?
The activities undertaken by farmers over a period of time for cultivation of crops are
known as agricultural practices.
13. Write a paragraph in your own words on preparation of soil.
Soil is prepared by tilling i.e., loosening and turning of soil.
14. Name the tool used for tilling of soil.
A plough is used for tilling of soil.
15. What are crumbs?
A ploughed field may have big pieces of soil called crumbs.
16. How are crumbs broken?
The crumbs are broken with the help of a plank.
17. Why should loose soil be levelled?
Loose soil be levelled for sowing and irrigation.
18. How is ploughing done these days?
Now, days ploughing is done by tractor having a multipronged plough.
19. What is meant by sowing?
Sowing is the process of putting seeds in the soil.
20. What is meant by good quality seeds?
The good quality seeds means clean and healthy seeds of a good variety free from diseases.
21. What is the advantage of sowing seeds with a seed drill?
The advantage of sowing seeds with a seed drill is that the seeds are sown at a proper
depth under the soil and the distance between them is uniform.
22. Define lodging. How does it happen?
Lodging is the falling of crop plants at the grain maturation stage. It happens due to
untimely rains and strong winds
23. What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water.
Supply of water to crops at appropriate intervals is called Irrigation.
Two methods of irrigation are
a) Sprinkler system – Where water is sprinkled on the crops as if it is raining
b) Drip system – In this system, the water falls drop by drop just at the position of the
roots.
24. Preparation of Soil
Preparation of soil is the first step in agriculture. Preparation of soil is done to loosen the
soil, which is essential for the root penetration into the soil. This allows the roots to breathe
easily. Loosening of the soil allows the growth of organisms like earthworms and
microorganisms, which will help to keep the soil fertile by adding humus to the soil.
Loosening of soil also brings nutrient rich soil to the top layer, which is essential for the
growth of plants.
25. Sowing
Sowing is an important process in crop production. First healthy seeds are selected before
sowing. After selecting healthy seeds sowing is done by either traditional methods or by
using equipment’s like seed drills.
26. Weeding
Removal of unnecessary plants from the field is called weeding. Weeds compete with crop
plants for nutrients and water. This will reduce the yield of the desired crops. Weeds also
interfere while harvesting and gets mixed with crops. Some weeds are poisonous to animals
and humans. Tiling is a common method which helps in the removal of weeds. Before
sowing crops. Manual methods like physical removal of plants are used to remove weeds.
Weedicides are sprayed to get rid of weeds out of but this method may affect the health of
farmers because a lot of chemicals used as me decides.
27. Threshing
Process of separating the chaff from the crop is known as threshing. Threshing is carried by
a machine called combine which is a harvester as well as a thresher. Threshing is also done
by winnowing where wind is blown to separate the chaff from crops.
 Chapter- 3- Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
1. What are fabrics made up of?
Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural and artificial resources.
2. Give examples of natural fibres.
Fibres like cotton, wool, silk, etc., are obtained from plants or animals.
3. Define
a) Synthetic fibres
Fibres made by human beings are known as synthetic fibres or man-made fibres.
b) Polymer
A synthetic fibre is also a chain of small units joined together. Each small unit is actually a
chemical substance. Many such small units combine to form a large single unit called a
polymer.
4. Where is the term polymer derived from?
The word ‘polymer’ comes from two Greek words; poly meaning many and mer meaning
part/unit. So, a polymer is made of many repeating units.
5. What is cellulose?
Cellulose is made up of a large number of glucose units.
6. What is rayon made of?
Rayon is obtained by chemical treatment of wood pulp.
7. Define
a) Rayon
The fibre obtained by chemical treatment of wood pulp is called rayon or artificial silk.
b) Nylon
Nylon is a mam- made fibre. It is made from coal, water and air.
8. What is nylon used for?
Nylon fibre is strong, elastic and light. It was lustrous and easy to wash. We use it in many
articles such as socks, ropes, tents, toothbrushes, car seat belts, sleeping bags, curtains, etc.
It is also used for making parachutes and ropes for rock climbing.
9. Good characteristics of Polyester.
Fabric made from Polyester does not get wrinkled easily. It remains crisp and easy to wash.
10. Name a popular polyester.
Terylene is a popular polyester.
11. What is PET used for? What is its full form?
PET (Polythene Terephthalate) is a very familiar form of polyester. It is used for making
bottles, utensils, films, wires and may other useful products.
12. Define
a) Polycot
Polycot is a mixture of polyester and cotton.
b) Polywool
Polywool is a mixture of polyester and wool.
13. What is acrylic?
Acrylic fibres are synthetic fibres made from a polymer (polyacrylonitrile) with an average
molecular weight of -100,000, about 1900 monomer units.
14. What are petrochemicals?
All the synthetic fibres prepared by a number of processes using raw materials of
petroleum origin called petrochemicals.
15. What are the characteristics of synthetic fibre?
Some of the characteristics of synthetic fibres are-
a) They dry up quickly
b) They are durable
c) They are less expensive
d) They are readily available
e) They are easy to maintain
16. Define
a) Plastics
Plastic is also a polymer like other synthetic fibres. All plastics do not have the same type of
arrangement.
b) Polythene
Polythene is an example of a plastic. It is used for making commonly used polythene bags.
17. What are thermoplastics?
Plastics which get deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily are known as
thermoplastics.
18. What are thermosetting plastics?
Plastics which when moulded once cannot be softened on heating are called thermosetting
plastics.
19. Examples of
a) Thermoplastics
PVC and Polythene
b) Thermosetting Plastics
Melamine and Bakelite

20. Properties of Plastic

a) Plastic is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.
b) Plastic does not react with air and water and with many of the chemicals.
c) Plastics are light weight, durable, cheap and very strong.
d) Plastics are non- biodegradable substances.
e) Plastic does not rust.

21. Write a few facts about plastics.

a) Plastics find extensive use in the healthcare industry.
b) Special plastic cookware is used in the microwave ovens for cooking food.
c) Teflon is a special plastic on which oil and water do not stick.
22. What is bio degradable waste?
A material which gets decomposed through natural processes as action by bacteria is called
biodegradable waste.
23. What is non- biodegradable waste?
A material which is not easily decomposed by natural processes is termed as non-
biodegradable.
24. What are the 5’R principle?
5’R principal, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover and Refuse.
25. Learn Fibre- wise
a) Do not throw plastic bags in the water bodies or on the road.
b) Take a cotton carry bag or a jute bag while going for shopping.
c) Try to minimise the use of plastic materials e.g., use a steel lunch box instead of a plastic
one.
 Chapter- 11- Force and Pressure
1. What is force?
In science a push or a pull on an object is called force.
2. How many objects should be present for a force to come into play?
There should be at least two objects for a force to come into play.
3. Two friends A and B are applying a force of 2 newton and 4 newtons on a box in the same
direction. What will be the total force applied by them?
The total force will be 6 newtons, i.e., the sum of their individual forces.
4. In a tug of war, side A applies 10 newton force and side B applies 8 newton forces. Which
side will the rope move?
The rope will move towards side A as more force is applied by side A.
5. What happens to the speed of a body when a force is applied?
The speed of a body can be increased or decreased by applying force.
6. Can we change the direction of the moving object by applying a force?
Yes, we can change the direction of the moving object by applying a force.
7. What is meant by change in state of motion of the object?
Any change in the speed or direction of motion or both means a change in state of motion
of the object.
8. Is it possible that a force changes the direction of motion but not the speed of an object?
Yes, it is possible when a body is moving on a circular path.
9. Give an example to show that force can change the shape of an object.
Pressing a rubber ball with the hand changes its shape
10. What is meant by muscular force?
The force resulting due to the action of muscles is known” as the muscular force.
11. What is meant by contact force?
A force which is applied only when it is in contact with an object is called a contact force.
12. Does the force of friction also act on the objects moving in the air?
Yes, air also offers friction to objects moving in air.
13. Is it essential for the agent applying a force on an object to be in contact?
No, the force can also act from a distance. It is known as non-contact force.
14. Give one example of a force which can act from a distance.
Magnetic force, i.e., the force exerted by a magnet on another magnet or a piece of iron.
15. What is meant by force of gravitation?
The force of attraction exerted by the earth on all objects is called the force of gravitation.
16. Is the force of gravity a contact force or non-contact force?
Force of gravity is a non-contact force.
17. Which force is responsible for the weight of objects?
The force of gravity is responsible for the weight of objects.
18. Does the force of gravitation exist between two objects on the earth?
Yes, the force of gravitation exists between two objects on the earth but it is very weak.
19. Do the gases and liquids exert pressure on the walls of the container?
Yes, liquids and gases exert pressure on the walls of the container.
20. Define atmosphere.
The air surrounding us is known as atmosphere.
21. Name two types of contact forces.
Muscular force and frictional force.
22. Name the force due to which planets revolve around the sun.
Gravitational force.
23. Why is it comfortable to lift a school bag with broad straps than thin straps?
Pressure is inversely proportional to area. Since broader straps have greater area,
therefore, the pressure decreases.
24. Why do mountaineers suffer from nose bleeding at high altitudes?
The atmospheric pressure decreases with high altitude. Since the pressure of the blood
inside the body is high, the nose starts bleeding.
25. Why is easier to hammer a sharp nail into wood than a blunt one?
Pressure = force / area.
Therefore, when we hammer a sharp nail, force acts on a smaller area, and it exerts more
pressure on the nail.
26. How would pressure change if
a) area is doubled keeping force constant
b) force is doubled keeping area constant?
a) If area is doubled keeping the force constant, then pressure becomes half.
b) If force is doubled keeping area constant, then pressure becomes double.
27. Why are caterpillar tracks used in battle tanks instead of tyres?
Caterpillar tracks are used in battle tanks instead of tyres to increase the area of contact. As
a result, they can even cross sinking grounds as the pressure exerted on the ground is less.
28. Give two examples each of situations in which you push or pull to change the state of motion of
objects.
Push — moving a loaded cart, batsman hitting a ball.
Pull — opening a drawer, drawing a bucket of water from a well.
29. A blacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron while making a tool. How does the force due to
hammering affect the piece of iron?
The piece of iron becomes flattened due to the force of hammering.
30. A camel is able to move fast on sand. Why?
A camel is able to move fast on sand because it has flat broad feet. This increases the area of
contact and therefore, the pressure exerted by the camel on the sand reduces. Hence, the camel’s
feet sink very little in the sand.
31. When does a force come into play?
An object’s interaction with another object results in a force between the two objects.
32. If the force is applied opposite to the motion, what will happen to the speed of the object?
When the force is applied opposite to the motion of the object, then either the speed decreases or
the direction changes.
33. State the two factors which describe the state of motion of an object.
The state of motion is described by its speed and direction of motion.
34. A stone is tied to a thread and moved in a circular path. Is any force required to do this? Is there any
change in speed of the stone?
Yes, a force is required to keep the stone moving along a circular path with a constant speed, i.e.,
the speed does not change.
35. How do the mud particles fly off the wheels of a vehicle moving on the wet road?
The direction of the mud particles change at every point as the wheels of the vehicle move.
36. Why does a boat come to rest when we stop rowing it?
The boat comes to rest when we stop rowing it due to the force of friction acting between the
surface of water and the boat.
37. What is meant by electrostatic force? Is it a contact force or a non-contact force?
The force exerted by a charged body is known as electrostatic force. It is a non-contact force.
38. Do we feel the effect of atmospheric pressure? Why?
No, we do not feel the pressure of the atmosphere because air is present everywhere. Also, the
pressure of air inside our body is same as that of the atmosphere.
39. Why is it difficult to cut vegetables with a blunt knife?
Pressure is inversely proportional to area. The area of the blunt knife is more and therefore, the
effect of the force is less. Therefore, more force has to be applied.
40. Trucks intended to carry heavy loads have eight tyres instead of four tyres. Why?
Trucks intended to carry heavy loads have eight tyres, so as to increase the area of contact with the
road. Since pressure is inversely proportional to area, less pressure is applied on the road.
41. How does the medicine enter a dropper?
When the dropper is pressed, the air inside the dropper is driven out. The pressure inside the
dropper decreases and the medicine rushes inside the dropper.