JHEROME D.

CASTULO 11/25/2020
GAS-11

DIRECTIONS: You can write your answer just below each item.

Write your name and section and the date.

Write your sources for acknowledgment purposes.

Lesson 1: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

1. Define the terms: 

a. Rock - A rock is a solid mass of geological materials. Geological materials
include individual mineral crystals, inorganic non-mineral solids like glass, pieces broken from
other rocks, and even fossils. The geological materials in rocks may be inorganic, but they can
also include organic materials such as the partially decomposed plant matter preserved in coal.
A rock can be composed of only one type of geological material or mineral, but many are
composed of several types. Figure 6.2 shows a rock made of three different kinds of minerals.
Link (https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/6-1-what-is-a-rock/)
b. Metamorphism - Metamorphism comprises the solid-state reactions in rocks
undergoing changes of pressure and temperature (Winkler, 1976). Within known and
experimentally verified ranges of temperatures and pressures, chemical reactions in solid state
generate stable key minerals that may survive the cooling down to the earth's surface. Key
minerals and their reaction paths have been used to define grades of metamorphism and their
ranges of temperature and pressure.
Link (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/metamorphism)

2. Give the differences between,

a. Foliated metamorphic rock - Foliated metamorphic rocks are formed within
the Earth's interior under extremely high pressures that are unequal, occurring when the
pressure is greater in one direction than in the others (directed pressure). This causes the
minerals in the original rock to reorient themselves with the long and flat minerals aligning
perpendicular to the greatest pressure direction. This reduces the overall pressure on the rock
and gives it a stripped look.

a.1. Give 3 examples of foliated rocks

Slate = formed at very low temperatures and pressures, rock breaks along nearly perfect
parallel planes; used in pool tables and as roofing material
Phyllite = low to intermediate temperatures and pressures; slightly more crystallized which
gives the rock a shiny appearance; layers may also be wavy or crinkled
Schist = intermediate to high temperatures and pressures; crystals are larger with the grains
aligned in parallel to sub parallel layers
Link (http://www.mineralogy4kids.org/?q=rock-cycle/foliated-metamorphic-rocks)
b. Non-Foliated metamorphic rock – Non Foliated Metamorphic rocks that form under
low-pressure conditions or under the effects confining pressure, which is equal in all directions,
do not become foliated. In most cases, this is because they are not buried deeply enough, and
the heat for the metamorphism comes from a body of magma that has moved into the upper
part of the crust. Metamorphism that happens because of proximity to magma is called contact
metamorphism. Some examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks are marble, quartzite,
and hornfels.

b.1 Give 3 examples of non-foliated rocks

JHEROME D. CASTULO 11/25/2020
GAS-11

Marble = is metamorphosed limestone. When it forms, the calcite crystals recrystallize (re-

form into larger blocky calcite crystals), and any sedimentary textures and fossils that might
have been present are destroyed. If the original limestone is pure calcite, then the marble will be
white.  On the other hand, if it has impurities such as clay, silica, or magnesium, the marble
could be “marbled” in appearance.

Quartzite = is metamorphosed sandstone. It is dominated by quartz, and in many cases, the

original quartz grains of the sandstone are welded together with additional silica. Sandstone
often contains some clay minerals, feldspar or lithic fragments, so quartzite can also contain
impurities.

Hornfels = is another non-foliated metamorphic rock that normally forms during contact
metamorphism of fine-grained rocks like mudstone or volcanic rocks. Hornfels have different
elongated or platy minerals (e.g., micas, pyroxene, amphibole, and others) depending on the
exact conditions and the parent rock, yet because the pressure wasn’t substantially higher in
any particular direction, these crystals remain randomly oriented.

Link (https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/10-2-classification-of-metamorphic-
rocks-2/)

3. Give the 6 factors that control metamorphism.

- The chemical composition of the parent rock.

- The temperature at which metamorphism takes place.

- The pressure applied, and whether the pressure is equal in all directions or not.

- The amount and type of fluid (mostly water) that is present during metamorphism.

- The amount of time over which metamorphic conditions are sustained.

Link (https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/10-1-controls-on-metamorphic-
processes-2/)

4. Describe these 4 types of metamorphism.

4.1 Contact Metamorphism (also called thermal metamorphism) - Contact
metamorphism is the name given to the changes that take place when magma is injected in
the surrounding solid rock (country rock).Any type of magma body can lead to contact
metamorphism, from a thin dyke to a large stock. The type and intensity of the metamorphism,
and width of the metamorphic aureole will depend on a number of factors, including the type
of country rock, the temperature of the intruding body and the size of the body.Contact
metamorphic aureoles are typically quite small, from just a few centimetres around small dykes
and sills, to as much as 100 m around a large stock.Contact metamorphism can take place over
a wide range of temperatures — from around 300° to over 800°C — and of course the type of
metamorphism, and new minerals formed, will vary accordingly. The nature of the country rock
is also important. Mudrock or volcanic rock will be converted to hornfels. Limestone will be
metamorphosed to marble, and sandstone to quartzite.
JHEROME D. CASTULO 11/25/2020
GAS-11

Link (http://www.geologyin.com/2015/02/contact-metamorphism-vs-
regional.html#:~:text=Contact%20metamorphism%20is%20the%20name,dyke%20to%20a
%20large%20stock.)

4.2 Burial Metamorphism -  Burial Metamorphism occurs when sedimentary rocks

that had undergone diagenesis are buried even deeper. Diagenesis grades into burial
metamorphism, a relatively mild type of metamorphism resulting from the heat and pressure
exerted by overlying sediments and sedimentary rocks. Although partial alteration of the
mineralogy and texture may occur, bedding and other sedimentary structures are usually
preserved.
Link(https://uh.edu/~geos6g/1330/meta.html#:~:text=Burial%20Metamorphism
%20(Fig.,overlying%20sediments%20and%20sedimentary%20rocks.)

4.3. Dynamic Metamorphism - Dynamic metamorphism Fragmentation

and recrystallization of rocks in narrow zones such as faults or thrusts where strong deformation
has occurred. Rocks are ground to a fine powder in the zone of deformation and, because of
their fine grain size, recrystallize efficiently under the extreme directional stress and release of
frictional heat during deformation. The fine-ground powder recrystallizes to a flinty rock which
often surrounds fragments of uncrushed country rock in the deformation zone to form
a mylonite. During extreme deformation all the fragments in the deformation zone are ground
down to powder and recrystallize to form a finegrained, banded rock known as an
‘ultramylonite’, and rocks can melt to form pseudotachylyte.
Link (https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-
releases/dynamic-metamorphism)

4.4 Regional Metamorphism - Regional metamorphism includes any metamorphic

process that occurs over a large region. It is therefore the most widespread and common  type
of metamorphism. A rock is squeezed under directed pressure during metamorphism it is likely
to be deformed, and this can result in a textural change such that the minerals are elongated in
the direction perpendicular to the main stress. This contributes to the formation of foliation.When
a rock is both heated and squeezed during metamorphism, and the temperature change is
enough for new minerals to form from existing ones, there is a likelihood that the new
minerals will be forced to grow with their long axes perpendicular to the direction of squeezing.
Squeezing and heating alone and squeezing, heating, and formation of new minerals can
contribute to foliation, but most foliation develops when new minerals are forced to grow
perpendicular to the direction of greatest stress. This effect is especially strong if the new
minerals are platy like mica or elongated like amphibole. The various types of foliated
metamorphic rocks, listed in order of the grade or intensity of metamorphism and the type of
foliation are slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss. Rather than focusing on metamorphic rock
textures (slate, schist, gneiss, etc.), geologists tend to look at specific minerals within the rocks
that are indicative of different grades of metamorphism. Most regional metamorphism takes
place within continental crust. While rocks can be metamorphosed at depth in most areas, the
potential for metamorphism is greatest in the roots of mountain ranges where there is a strong
likelihood for burial of relatively young sedimentary rock to great depths. The collision of two
continental plates or island arcs with continental plates produce the extreme compressional
forces required for the metamorphic changes typical of regional metamorphism. These orogenic
mountains are later eroded, exposing the intensely deformed rocks typical of their cores.
 JHEROME D. CASTULO 11/25/2020
GAS-11

Link (http://www.geologyin.com/2015/02/contact-metamorphism-vs-
regional.html#:~:text=Contact%20metamorphism%20is%20the%20name,dyke%20to%20a
%20large%20stock.)

Lesson 2: Types and formation of Igneous Rocks

1. Give the differences between

a.      Intrusive rocks - Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks form underneath the
Earth's surface when magma flows into underground chambers or tunnels. The
rock is not exposed to the atmosphere above surface, so the magma cools slowly
which allows large mineral crystals to form within the rock. It takes thousands of
years for Intrusive rocks to form. A mass of this rock type is called an “intrusion.”
Granite is the most common type of intrusive igneous rock.

b.      Extrusive rocks - Extrusive, also known as volcanic, rocks are a type of
igneous rock that form at the crust's surface as a result of volcanic activity. This
type of rock occurs when lava flows on or above the Earth's surface and cools
down rapidly. The lava comes from the upper mantle layer, 30 to 90 miles beneath
the surface, and cools within a few weeks. Because the magma cools and
solidifies quickly, the crystals that form do not have time to grow very large, and
therefore most extrusive rocks are finely grained. The most common type of
extrusive rock is basalt.

Link (https://sciencing.com/three-rocks-form-lava-cools-8097303.html)

2. Cite 5 examples of intrusive rocks and 5 examples of extrusive rocks. (both names and
pictures)

Intrusive Rocks

Diorite Pegmatite GRANITE

JHEROME D. CASTULO 11/25/2020
GAS-11

Dunite Gabbro

Link (https://geology-fundamentals.fandom.com/wiki/4245587/list-of-intrusive-igneous-rocks)

Extrusive Rocks

Basanite

Links (http://www.mineralogy4kids.org/?q=rock-cycle/extrusive-igneous-rocks#:~:text=Extrusive
%20igneous%20rocks%20form%20when,rhyolite%2C%20andesite%2C%20and%20obsidian.)
(https://www.britannica.com/science/basanite)