Basis of Bridge Design

(IRC 112 : 2011)

Section 5 and 6 FN

Worked out example for estimation of design values of Material Properties AN

By
Satander Kumar satander50@gmail.com , 9971974477
 IRC:SP:105-2015 Red Book
• Explanatory Handbook to IRC:112-
2011 Code of Practice for Concrete
Road Bridges .
• Covers:
• Details of Section 5 and 6.
• Much More details with
• Calculation and assumed data.

• This is similar to IS:SP:16

for IS 456
Root Bridges to Prestressed Bridges-.

3
 Software
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LAKHjd6R7A

• MIDAS Civil

• SAP 2000

• Bently
• ANSYS & ABAQUS
https://www.aboutcivil.org/Bridge-designing.html

Now 3 D Design
Quality Check of Viscosity of Bentonite Slurry = 30-40 Sec

Quality Check of pH of Bentonite Slurry = 9.5-12

10
 Structural Components - Cable Stay Br.
Tension cables- structural strands –supports wt of beam
Pylons ( metal/
RCC)

Load transmission slab

11
Cable stayed Bridge Suspension Bridge

• Cables are diagonal • Cable are parallel

• Short Cables • Large cables

• Short span, greater stiffness • Longer span, deformation –more

• Heavy Traffic • Low traffic

• More resistance to wind • Less resistance to wind damage

12
Comparasion --- Box Girder and cable vstayed
Saving on tandom---
Box Girder = 60 m span Cable Stayed = 250 m
span
Tendon Weight Tendon Weight
60 kg /cum 60 kg/cum
saving of 60-25 = 35 kg/cum
when span same

13
Quantity of Concrete/Depth of Concrete at 250 m

Box Girder = 2 m
Cable Stayed = 0.75 m

14
 Worlds Longest Cable Stayed Bridge
Worlds Tallest Cable Stayed -2004 China –Russky bridge, 10km
France – Millau Span = 342 m Span = 1.01 km
L = 2.46 km 2008
W= 32 m L = 10.1km
H = 343 m H 227 m

15
Part – 5: Special loads and load combinations
 Other codes dealing Limit State

• IS 1893: 2002 – Criteria for earthquake resistant design

of structure

• IS 13920: 1993 – ductile detailing of reinforced

concrete structures subject to seismic forces.

• IS: SP 16 – 1980 – Design Aids (for Reinforced Concrete)

to IS:456: 2000

• IRC: 6 Code of Practice for Bridges

Other codes dealing Limit State Sub Structures
• IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2) : 2010 Design And
Construction of Pile Foundations — Code of
Practice
• PART 1 CONCRETE PILES
• Section 2 Bored Cast In-situ Concrete Piles
• IRC: 78 Foundation
• IRC SP:13 Minor Bridges and Culverts
 5.0 section Underlying Assumptions

(1 ) qualified and experienced personnel.

(2) appropriate qualification, skill & experience.

(3) Adequate supervision and quality control

 5. Underlying Assumptions

(4) Materials - relevant national standards.

(5) Intended levels of properties of material - design

(6) Maintained adequately.

 First Step of Design Soil SPT/ N value/ bearing
capacity of Foundation and its selection.

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

Stitch Segment
3 Mtr Long Segment End Span

Pier Pier
Head Head

Pier 1 P2 P3 P4
 Sub soil Investigation

• Bore location SPT- At abutment –

• One bore at each foundation SPT- IS: 2131

• Spacing of bores- 10-12 m Sample splitter IS:9640

• Small span

• IRC:SP:19 for all surveys and soil Investigation

• RE wall IRC:SP: 102

• Drainage (NP 4 Pipe) dia 1.2 m ----- IS: 458

• IRC:SP:73 clause 7.6 Sub soil Investigation

• IS:1498 Soil
 Standard Penetration Test

SPT Videos
IS: 1892- Soil Investigation for Foundation
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

26
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

27
28
29
Soil and Type of
Foundation
IS:SP:16 DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE TO IS : 456-2000
IS:SP:16 DESIGN AIDS FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE
TO IS : 456-2000
40Mpa*0.67= 26.8 Mpa
26.8/1.5 = 17.8 MPa design valu
IS: SP:16
 IS: SP:16
Strain= 209/200000
0.001

240 Mpa*0.87= 209 MPa design value

IS 1785(PART 1) : 1983 SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN HARD-
DRAWN STEEL WIRE FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PART
1COLD DRAWN STRESS- RELIEVED WIRE p 4 Clause 2,5

• 2.5 Proof Stress - The stress which produces a residual

strain of 0·2 percent of the original gauge length ( non-
proportional elongation) (IS : 1521 test method)

• "2.6 Tensile Strength - The maximum load reached in a

tensile test divided by the original cross-sectional area
of the gauge length portion of the test piece. (IS : 1521
test method)
• The wire shall withstand 3 reverse bends without
fracture. Table 1
IS 1785(PART 1) : 1983 SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN HARD-
DRAWN STEEL WIRE FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PART
1COLD DRAWN STRESS- RELIEVED WIRE p 1 Clause 5.1.2
5.3 Proof stress is equivalent to yield stress for
ductile materials without well-defined yield point.
• Determined at 0.2% strain on stress-strain curve
500 Mpa*0.87= 435 Mpa design value

Characteristic strength
 IS: 14268

• 4.2 Strand
• The seven wires strand shall have a centre wire at- least
1.5 percent greater in diameter than the surrounding wires
enclosed tightly by six helically placed outer wires with a
uniform length of lay of atleast 12 times but not more than
16 times of the nominal diameter of the strand. The wire in
the strand shall be so formed that they shall not fly out of
position when the strand is cut without seizing.
• 4.3 ‘Joints
• 4.3.1 There shall be no strand joints or strand splices in
any length of the completed strand, unless specifically
permitted by the purchaser.
IRC: 112-2011 Code of Practice for
Concrete Road Bridges
IS:2090 SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH TENSILE STEEL BARS USED
IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
IS:2090 SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH TENSILE STEEL BARS USED
IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Maximum strain in Concrete 0.0035
M 90/30,000 = 0.003 strain
Strain permissible in CC = 0.002
Steel 500*0.87/200 000= 0.00216
 Maximum Moment of Resistance Mu= N m

5
 Limiting Moment of Resistance Lim Mu= N m

• It is resistance at limit state ie. the

limit we don’t want to cross as it’ll
become risky to structure’s stability.

• Now simply MOR is resistance offered

to moment or bending tendency
developed by forces acting on
structure.
 Limiting Moment of Resistance Lim Mu= N m
• Limiting Moment is
moment at which
both the steel and
concrete reaches
their permissible
stress value
simultaneously.

• It is also known as
Resisting Moment of
Balanced section
<<< Z Compressive Force

T Force >>>
IRC: 6
IS:SP:16 DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE TO IS : 456-2000
IS:SP:16 DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE TO IS : 456-2000
IS:SP:16 DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE TO IS : 456-2000
IS:SP:16 DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED Flexural
CONCRETE TO IS : 456-2000
member
IS:SP:16
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IS : 456-
2000
IS:SP:16
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IS : 456-
2000
IS:SP:16
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IS : 456-
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IS:SP:16
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5.1. AIM of Bridge Design

Perform its function

Be safe against all actions

Appropriate “degree of reliability” -

 5.1 AIM of Design
Degree of Reliability: “acceptable” low level of
probability of failure in meeting its expected
performance.

Expressed - reliability index, b

For ULS : b = 4.75 ( i.e. probability of failure is 1 in 106)

For SLS : b = 3.72 ( i.e. probability of failure is 1 in 104)

Partial factor of Safety are derived from reliability

Design strength =
Yield Stress/1.5
0.67 fck/1.5
Sl 5.1 Factor of safety
no
1 yield stress of
Factor by which
material of a member is
divided to arrive at
permissible stress in material.
3
used in working stress
method (WSM).
• permissible stress in WSM
=Yield stress(fy)/FOS
• 500 Mpa Straight + curve
• FOS for steel =1.5 to 1.8,
• concrete=3,
5.1 Partial factor of safety
loads (actions) are multiplied to
obtain design value of load or
characteristic stress is divided to
get permissible stress.
used in Limit state design method
Design load= partial FOS*service load;
Permissible stress=
Characteristic stress/ partial FOS ,
500*0.87 only straight portion
PFOS – for load ranges from 1 to 1.5
PFOS for material strength ranges from
1.10 to 1.50 usually 1.15
IS code 800 Steel
 5.2 Philosophy of limit state
• Combination of working stress and ultimate load
methods.

• Acceptable limits of safety and

serviceability requirements before
failure occurs is called a limit state.
• Safety at ultimate loads (limit state of collapse) ULS
• Serviceability-working loads (working stress method) SLS
 5.3 Limit States
Ultimate Limit States
States associated with collapse or with other similar forms
of structural failure.
maximum load-carrying resistance of a structure.

Serviceability Limit States

Conditions beyond which specified service requirements

for a structure are no longer met.
5.2 Working Stress Method/ Allowable Stress Design

• Working stress- design- Reinforced concrete, Steel

• With working load actual load on structure

• Analysis elastic behaviour of material.

• linear-elastic of stress-strain curve.

Sl.
5.2 Working Stress Method 5.2 Limit State Method
N

Based on elastic theory which assumes that Actual stress-strain curves of steel
1. concrete and steel are elastic and stress and concrete. For concrete stress-
strain curve is linear for both. strain curve is non-linear.

Factor of safety are applied to yield stresses Partial safety factors are applied to
2.
to get permissible stresses. get design values of stresses.

Design loads are obtained by

3. No factor of safety is used for loads. multiplying partial safety factors of
load to working loads.

5. Gives thicker, sections, so less economical. More economical Gives thinner sct
 5.2 Live load and dead load
• Short spans-

• dead load weight < live loads

• On longer spans,

• dead load > live loads,

 Dead Load, live weight Wind loads

5.2 Dead and live weight are essentially vertical loads

• Force- nature - vertical or horizontal.

• Wind - static and dynamic.

• Static wind load horizontal pressure - to push a bridge sideways.

• Dynamic wind load gives vertical motion, creating oscillations.

• Like breaking of an overused violin string, oscillations

• If a deck is thin - torsional (twisting) movements.

 5.0 section Underlying Assumptions
(1 ) qualified and experienced personnel.

(2) appropriate qualification, skill and

experience.

(3) Adequate supervision and quality

control
 5. Underlying Assumptions

(4) Materials - relevant national

standards.
(5) Intended levels of properties of
material - design
(6) Maintained adequately.
 5.2 Working Stresses
• 0.2% proof stress of steel are divided by factors of
safety to obtain permissible stresses.

• IS 456,

• Factor of safety of 3 bending compressive stresses conc.

• 1.78 for yield/proof strength of steel.

 5.2 Ultimate Limit State (of Collapse)
Strength
(a) Flexure.

(b) Shear

(c ) bond.

(d) Torsion.

(e) Compression.
 5.3 Limit State of Serviceability
•

(a) deflection.

(b) cracking

(c) vibration.
5.3. LIMIT STATE ULS and SLS
• Ultimate limit states (ULS)
• strength
• fatigue

• Serviceability limit states (SLS)

• internal stress
• crack control
• deformation
• vibration
 5.3 Drawbacks of the working stress method

(i) Concrete is elastic which is not true as

concrete behaves inelastically even on low level of stresses

(ii) Factors of safety for stresses only and not for loads.

Does not give true safety

(iii) Not account for shrinkage and creep

which are time dependent and plastic in nature.

(iv) Uneconomical sections.

 5.4 Actions and their Combinations
Types of action:
-Direct action, i.e. force (load) to structure.

-Indirect action, settlement, temperature

changes, seismic acceleration and impact loads.
 5.4 Actions and their Combinations
(a) By their variation In time (duration of application) :

- Permanent Actions (G), e.g. self-weight,

- Variable Actions (Q), e.g. imposed live loads,

- Accidental Actions (A), e.g. push Impact loads.

Some variable actions - long durations are treated on

par with permanent actions.

Prestressing force (P) permanent action with time-

dependent variation.
 5.4 Actions and their Combinations
Types of action: contd……

- Static actions- do not cause significant

acceleration

- Dynamic actions - cause significant

acceleration
 5.4 Actions and their Combinations
• Combinational values

 Design situations /various

load/Action combinations are given
in IRC:6 and Annexure A-1.
Actions?
• Action = Load
• An action is the Direct Force (load) applied on a structure,

OR

• an Imposed Deformation (such as settlement or

temperature) ,

OR

• an Accidental Load -vehicle collision

How they are classified, on what basis? (Cont…)

Permanent Actions: (G)

• Gravity loads / effects i.e. Self Weight, Back fill, Earth Pressure;
and Pre-stressing effects

• Variable Permanents- Railing, Crash Barriers, Wearing Coat,

Utilities

• Quasi-Permanent loads i.e. variable loads that act for major

part (more than 50%) of design life

i.e Seasonal/Daily Temperature Variation

How they are classified, on what basis? (Cont…)

Variable Actions: (Q)

• Vehicular loads, Impact, Centrifugal force, Tractive effort /

Braking, Earth Pressure, Loads -Wind, Buoyancy, Water
current, Temperature deformations
How they are classified, on what basis? (Cont…)

Accidental Actions: (A)

• Impact from external bodies e.g. Impact of
Vehicle Collision,

• Fire, Explosion and like actions

Which are the actions/loads acting on the bridges?

The description, notations and basic values of Actions and their Combinations
are specified in IRC:6.
IRC: 6 Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Road
Bridges Part B Load and Stresses
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8Whn
Aj5R6M&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
W8WhnAj5R6M&feature=youtu.be
 How they are classified, on what basis? (Cont…)
Permanent Variable Accidental Seismic
(& Quasi-Permanent)
Action Action Action Action
Vehicular , pedestrian
Self Weight, SIDL Vehicle Collision EQ During Service
live loads
EQ During
Earthfill Water Current Forces Barge Impact
Construction

Prestressing forces (including Indirect Actions (e,g. Impact due to Hydrodynamic

secondary effects) temperature effects) floating bodies effect

Indirect Actions
Wind Load, Snow Explosion & Fire Dynamic Earth
(e,g. differential Settlement, Loads Pressure
Creep & Shrinkage effects)
Braking, Centrifugal
Earth Pressure
…etc.
Live Load Surcharge
Buoyancy
IS:875 part 5 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE)
FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
PART 5 SPECIAL LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load of construction and erecting

equipments to be considered
IS:8475 part 5 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN
EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
PART 5 SPECIAL LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
IS:875 part 5 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE)
FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
PART 5 SPECIAL LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
IS:875 part 5 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE)
FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
PART 5 SPECIAL LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
IS:4651 PLANNING DESIGN OF PORTS AND HARBOURS
PART 4 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
IS:4651 PLANNING DESIGN OF PORTS AND HARBOURS
PART 4 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
IS:14268 UNCOATED STRESS RELIEVED LOW RELAXATION SEVEN-PLYS
STRAND FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE- SPECIFICATION
IS:14268 UNCOATED STRESS RELIEVED LOW RELAXATION SEVEN-PLYS
STRAND FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE- SPECIFICATION
Limit State Conditions:

Capacity or resistance/ strength Solicitation or stress

(hence called the R variable). (hence called the S variable);
Permissible

R (Resistance) S (Stress)

bending resistance existing bending moment

permissible deflection of beam existing deflection of beam
soil cohesion and shear strength stresses in soil due to ext. loads
flow capacity of a river bed discharge of the river
EXAMPLES:

Working Stress Method

Checking for structural safety,

rd of the resistance of a structural component is nominal value derived from a

number of characteristic values.

sd representing the action effects is derived from a number of characteristic

values of actions.

rd ≥ sd
5.4 ACTIONS, DESIGN SITUATIONS AND COMBINATION OF ACTIONS

ANNEXURE A-1- IRC:112-2011

1-1 General
Section 5.0 "Basis of Design" - various limit states, Which
shall not be exceeded, when subjected to combined effect of
actions in various design situations.
loads and load combinations for verification of design by
working load/allowable stress (WL/AS) method.
5.5 Representative Values
of Properties of Materials
• Statistical variation in numerical values

• Often used to define material itself or its grade

(concrete grade M 40 IS: 456 and Reinforcing
steel Fe 500 as 1786/

mild steel IS:432).

 CBR testing

• CBR measures the strength of the subgrade.

• Soaking specimens in water for 96 hours (4 days) represents the worst

• For high volume roads (such as expressways, NH, SH)

• 90th percentile of average CBR values are used as design CBR
•
• For other categories of roads
• 80th percentile of laboratory CBR values used as design CBR
 Calculating 90th Percentile for CBR
16 CBR values for a highway alignment are given :
3.5, 5.2, 8.0, 6.8, 8.8, 4.2, 6.4, 4.6, 9.0, 5.7, 8.4, 8.2, 7.3, 8.6, 8.9, 7.6

Arranging in ascending order :

3.5, 4.2, 4.6, 5.2, 5.7, 6.4, 6.8, 7.3, 7.6, 8.0, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0

Now calculate the percentage greater than or equal to each of the values
For CBR of 3.5, percentage of values greater then or equal to 3.5
= (16/16) * 100 = 100
For CBR of 4.2, percentage of values greater then or equal to 4.2
= (15/16) * 100 = 93.75
For CBR of 4.6, percentage of values greater then or equal to 4.6
= (14/16) * 100 = 87.50
 Calculating 90th Percentile for CBR …. contd.

The 90th percentile CBR value = 4.7

80th percentile CBR value = 5.7
5.6 Analytical Methods to Evaluate Behaviour of Structures

• Global analysis of structure

• Local analyses

• Idealisation, modelling and adequacy

 5.7 Design Based on Full Scale Testing

Design of some elements like

1) crash barriers,
2.) prestressing anchors, etc.,

can be based on full scale tests of the prototype.

Failure load/capacity - irreparable damage, or pre-

defined limit of deformation.
As per IS 456

1. Full dead load +1.25 times the imposed load for a period of 24 hours

1. If within 24 hours of removal of the load, structure does not recover atleast 75%
of deflection under imposed load

4. Test is repeated after a lapse of 72 hours, if recovery is less than 80%-

unacceptable

5. Deflection in mm < 40 ℓ2/D , ℓ - effective span in m, D –overall depth in mm,

then it is not necessary to for the recovery to be measured and recovery provision
shall not apply
IRC: 6 Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Road
Bridges Part B Load and Stresses
 IRC: 51 Load Testing of Bridges, Clause 5.2
Type of Bridge Live Load Duration of Test load Minimum Per Cent
age of Recovery of
Deflection at 24 hrs
after removal of test
load

RCC, Live Load + 24 hours 75

Reinforced Cement Impact IRC
Concrete Code
Pre-stressed Concrete “ 24 hours 85

Steel “ 24 hours 85
Composite Concrete “ 24 hours 75

Shall not show visible evidence of failure crack >0.3mm

under test load, spalling, deflection excessive 131
 SPECIFICATION (Rate of Compression –– 0.2 mm per hour)

• IS: 2911- Part 4-2013 max load for 24 hr.

INITIAL TEST- in terms of 20%

Safe Vertical Load -2/3rd of final load < 600 mm dia pile, deflection < 12 mm

Safe Vertical Load -2/3rd of final load > 600 mm dia pile, deflection < 18 mm
• 2 % of dia which ever is less ( say 1000 mm X 2% = 20 mm)

• ROUTINE TEST - 1.5 TIME WORKING LOAD ,

• Deflection for < 600 mm pile; < 12 mm

•
• Deflection for < 600 mm pile < 18 mm or 2%
 Lateral Load Tests- 0.1 mm per 30 minutes
• IS: 2911- Part 4-2013

• SAFE LOAD FOR INITIAL TEST

• Final load - Deflection less than 5 mm

• ROUTINE TEST - WORKING LOAD

• Safe lateral load resistance, deflection - 5 mm

IRC:112-2011 Page 26
5.8. Durability Aspects
 5.8. Durability Aspects
• Control of properties of materials

• Attack on materials by aggressive

elements

• Maintenance
IRC:112-2011
IRC:112-2011
IRC:112-2011
INNOVATION
CODES
Etc
1. IRC:119-2015 Guidelines for Traffic Safety Barriers.

2. IRC:120-2015 6 Recommended P. Recycling of Bituminous Pavements

3. IRC:121-2017 Use of Construction and Demolition Waste in Road Sector

4. IRC:122-2017 Construction of Precast Concrete Segmental Box Culverts

5. IRC:123-2017 Guidelines on Geophysical Investigation for Bridges

6. IRC:126-2017 Guidelines on Wet Mix Plant

141
IRC:SP-109-2015 Guidelines for Design and Construction of Small Diameter
Piles for Road Bridges

IRC:SP:110 2017 ITS

IRC:SP:111-2017 Capacity Building of Road Agencies In Charge of

Implementation of Road Projects in Urban Areas

IRC:SP:112-2017 Manual for Quality Control in Road and Bridge work

IRC:SP:113-2018 Flood Disaster Mitigation

IRC:SP:114 -2018 Seismic Design of Road Bridges

IRC:SP:115-2018 Guidelines for Design of Integral Bridges

IRC:SP:116 – 2018 Gabions

142
 Design and Construction of Foundation
• IRC 78-2014 : Design, construction of
foundation, Substructure.

• Foundation: Bridge in direct contact with

transmitting load to founding strata.

Pier: Intermediate Support of superstructure.

• Piles: Transmitting structure weight. to f. strata.
• Transition in median 1 in 30

• Carriageway width- 0.5 m away from median side

• Load stresses IRC:6-2014

Manual- IRC:SP:-73-2015 Two lanning

Manual- IRC:SP:84-2014 Four lanning

Manual- IRC:SP:87-2013 Six lanning

IRC:SP:106-2015 Landslides

IRC 102 RE (Reinforced Earth) Wall

 1700 Structural Concrete
• Well Foundation Section 1200
• Formwork 1500
• Super structure Concrete 2300
• Geo Technical Investigation 2400
 Clause 1803.21 – Culverts and Minor
Bridges page 535 MORD
• TABLE 1800.41, 42, 43
• TESTS ON RCC SLAB CULVERTS AND MINOR BRIDGES.
Prior and during construction.
• Table 1800.37 and 38 QC Steel reinforcement
• Table 1800.46- causeways
• Table 1800.39 Tests on Pipe Culverts
• IRC: 83 Bearings
• IRC: 87 Form works
• IRC: 78 Foundation and sub structures
• IRC: 5 and 6- General Design Features, stresses, Loads
Microfine Ordinary Portland IS 16993 : 2018
Cement ‒ Specification

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace IS 16714 : 2018

Slag for Use in Cement, Mortar &
Concrete- Specification
Ultrafine Ground Granulated Blast IS 16715 : 2018
Furnace Slag ‒ Specification
Artificial Lightweight Aggregate IS 9142: 2018
for Concrete ‒ Specification :
Part 1 For Concrete Masonry
Blocks and for Applications Other
than for Structural Concrete
Artificial Lightweight Aggregate IS 9142 : 2018
for Concrete ‒ Specification : 147
Hardened Concrete ‒ Methods of Test : IS 516 (Part 2/Sec 1) :
Part 2 Properties of Hardened Concrete other than 2019
strength Section 1 Density of Hardened Concrete and
Depth of water penetration under pressure
Hardened Concrete ‒ Methods of Test : IS 516 (Part 4) : 2019
Part 4 Sampling, Preparing and Testing of Concrete Cores
Hardened Concrete ‒ Methods of Test : IS 516 (Part 5/Sec 1) :
Part 5 Non destructive testing of Concrete Section 1 2019
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Fresh Concrete ‒ Methods of Testing and Analysis: IS 1199 (Part 1) : 2019
Part 1 Sampling of Fresh Concrete
Fresh Concrete ‒ Methods of Testing and Analysis: IS 1199 (Part 2) : 2019
Part 2 Determination of Consistency of Fresh Concrete
Fresh Concrete ‒ Methods of Testing and Analysis: IS 1199 (Part 3) : 2019
Part 3 Determination of Density of Fresh Concrete
Fresh Concrete ‒ Methods of Testing and Analysis: IS 1199 (Part 4) : 2019
Part 4 Determination of Air content of Fresh Concrete
Fresh Concrete ‒ Methods of Testing and Analysis: IS 1199 (Part 5) : 2019
Part 5 Making and Curing of Test Specimens
Fresh Concrete ‒ Methods of Testing and Analysis: IS 1199 (Part 6) : 2019
Part 6 Tests on Fresh Compacting Concrete
Fresh Concrete ‒ Methods of Testing and Analysis: IS 1199 (Part 7) : 2019
Part 7 Determination of Setting Time of Concrete by 148
Penetration Resistance
IRC: SP 13 - standard designs
i) Minor bridge – length upto 60 m.

ii) Small bridge - length - 30 m

iii) Individual span not > 10 m.
iv) Culvert- slab length 1-6 m
 Vertical Clearance Table 12.1
Discharge in Cubic meter / Minimum Vertical
second (m3/s) clearance in mm
Upto 0.30 150
0.3 - 3.0 450
3.0 -30 600
30-300 900
300-3000 1200
> 3000 1500
 Performance improver Mineral admixtures,
Lime stone powder, slag etc 5%
Properties 33 Grade 43 Grade 43 Grade, S, 53 Grade 53 Grade,
OPC OPC Sleeper OPC sleeper S
FINENESS 225 225 370 225 370
m2/kg
Setting IS 30 30 60 30 60
Time FS 600 600 600 600 600
Min CS 3 D 16 23 23 27 27
Min 7D 22 33 37.5 37 37.5
Min 28 D 33 43 43 53 53
Max 28 D 48 58 - - --
For Deck Slab
MORTH
Ministry
of Road
Transport
and
Highways
Clause
1800
 Reinforcing steel IRC 112
• Grade % Minimum Elongation
• Fe 415 IS 1786 14.5
• Fe 415 D 18
• Fe 500 12
• Fe 500 D 16
• Fe 550 10
• Fe 550 D 14.5
• Fe 600 10
• Mild Steel <20 mm Fe 250 23
• 20-50 mm Fe 240 23
• Elongation gauge length 5.65 Sq root ‘A’
 AS PER IS 1786-2008- Fe 500, 16 mm
• Carbon Max 0.3%
• Sulpher Max 0.055
• Phosphorous Max 0.055
• Sulphur +Phorphorous Max 0.105
• Carbon Equivalent = C + Mn + Cr+ Mg+ V + Ni + Cu
(Morth 530p) 6 5 15
• Tensile Strength (8% More YS) > 545 Mpa
• Yield Strength > 500 Mpa
• % elongation 5.65 ( Area)1/2 12% minimum
• Mass / meter 1.580+/- 5%
• Band/Rebend Test Satisfactory
• Rate of stressing 30 Mpa/sec

YES Fe 500
158
 SECTION 6.1 General
MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

• Mechanical Properties:
• Strength, stress- strength curves in tension and
compression, elongation before failure (ductility),

• Response to dynamic loading in earthquake and

blast loading.

• Bond between steel and concrete.

• Durability and resistance to corrosion

160
 6.1 ACTUAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

• Design properties are simplified mechanical properties

• Actual properties, -standard literature.

161
6.1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

• Reinforcement : Clause No 6.2

• Prestresing steel : Clause No 6.3
• Concrete : Clause No 6.4

• Code even allows to use different materials/data

conforming to other international standards,
literature, and Lab or field test results with proper
validation.

164
Un-tensioned Steel Reinforcement

166
IRC:112 Untensioned steel
Clause 18.2
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

Ductility: measured by ratio ft / fyk and minimum elongation are given in Table 18.1

The modulus of elasticity, E can be taken as 200 GPa i.e 2 x 105 Mpa

171
Losses in Prestress of Prestressed Concrete
• Force which is used to stretch wire to required
length must be available all the time as
prestressing force if steel is to be prevented from
contracting.

• Contraction of steel wire occurs due to several

causes, affecting reduction in prestress.

• Reduction in prestressing force is loss in prestress.

 Loss is due to :
• Elastic shortening
• Shrinkage of concrete
• Creep of concrete
• Frictional loss
• Relaxation of steel
• Anchorage take-up
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES
Grade of steel : Fe500
γs = 1.15
fyk = 500 Mpa

hence, fyd = fyk/ γs = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa.

Strain at this point = 435 MPa / 200 Gpa
= 0.002174

Tensile strength, ft
= minimum value given in Table 18.1
=108% of fyk (i.e. 540 MPa) for Fe 500
=110% of fyk ( i.e. 550 MPa ) for Fe 500D

Thus ft/ys = 469.5 MPa for Fe 500

=478.2 MPa for Fe 500D

The value of Ɛuk = 5% ( as given in

table 18.1 & IS 1786 )
Hence, the strain limit for sloping arm
of the curve shall be 0.9 Ɛuk = 4.5%. 179
 Types of alloying steels IS: 1962
Non-alloyed steels :
< 2.5% alloying components (<1% Mn) (Carbon steels)
Low- alloyed steels:
<5%alloying components (>1% Mn)
Alloyed steels:
>5% alloying components
Micro-alloyed steels:

<0.12% micro-alloying elements 180

Effect of addition of 0.1% of alloying material by weight
Alloying Yield Stress Tensile Strength Deformability
Component Increase [N/mm2] Increase [N/mm2]

Carbon (C) 28.0 70.0 Worsen

Silica (Si) 5.6 9.2 Worsen
Manganese 8.4 8.0 Worsen
(Mn)

Phosphorus 55.0 46.0 Worsen

(P)

Chromium 5.5 7.4 Worsen

(Cr)
Nickel (Ni) 4.5 3.4 Improved
HTS- C% of 0.9% maximum tensile strength is 2000 N/mm2
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN ……continued
VALUES

Ductility and its importance

• Ability to withstand unforeseen local impact

and accidental loading without collapse.

• Energy dissipation under cyclic (e.g. seismic)

loading.

182
183
185
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

As per IS 14268, strand of dia. 15.2,

fpk= 260.2 kN / 140 mm2 = 1862 MPa.

Yield point is defined at 0.1% proof

stress (fp0.1k) = 0.87 times of fpk.

Hence, fp0.1k= 0.87 * 1862 =1619 MPa

fpd = 1619/1.15 = 1409 MPa with

strain of 1409 MPa / 195 GPa =
0.007224.

186
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES
Tensile strength & strength development with
time:

Direct tensile strength , fctm

fctm = 0.9 fct.split.cyl

= 0.6 fb for beam size of 100x100 x 400 mm and
= 0.66 fb for beam size of 150 x 150 x 600 mm

Where, fb = modulus of rupture measured as per IS 516

fct.split.cyl = spilt cylindrical tensile strength. 187
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES
Shrinkage ( Cont…)

notional size (mm) of the

cross-section = 2 Ac/u
where: Ac is the concrete
cross-sectional area u is
the perimeter of that part
of the cross section
which is exposed to
drying

188
Creep:
Creep of concrete depends, on the stress in the concrete, age at loading and
duration of loading in addition to the factors affecting shrinkage. As long as the
stress in concrete does not exceed 0.36 fck , creep may be assumed to be
proportional to the stress.

189
The breaking strength shall be defined, and the
yield strength, shall not be less than 90 % and 85 %
of the specified minimum breaking strength for low-
relaxation and stress-relieved (normal relaxation)
strands, respectively.
ASTM-A416 Standard Specification for Steel Strand,
Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete
MORTH 1009.2 page 444
MORTH 1009.2 page 444
Worked out example for estimation
of design values of Material
Properties
 Calculation of Mean Tensile Strength of Concrete

• It’s depend on the Grade of Concrete if the value of Fck ≤

60 MPA
• Fctm = 0.259(Fck)˄2/3
Fck =35
Fctm = 0.259(35)˄2/3
Fctm = 2.80 Mpa
If the value of Fck > 60 MPA
Fctm = 2.27 ln [1+(Fcm/12.5)]

Fcm = Fck+10 when Fck =60 then Fcm =70 Mpa

Fctm = 2.27 ln [1+(70/12.5)]

Fctm = 4.284 Mpa
 Relation
• Flexural Strength = 0.7 (fck)^0.5
• 1/8 to 1/10 of compressive strength
• Or from Broken beam , Rtae 400
kg/min
• E value 1000*Fck
• Or
• 5000* (fck)^0.5
 P
P

A B X

y= d/2 d d y= d/2 d d

C ? /3 ? /3 ? /3 D
ℓ/3 ℓ/3 ℓ/3 Y ?/2 ℓ/3?/2 Z
ℓ/3
P/2 ? P/2
ℓ = 20*3= 60 cm P/2 ? P/2

BM = P/2x ℓ/3 = Pℓ/6

BM = P/2x ℓ/3 = Pℓ/6 BM = BM
P/2x= ℓ/2
P/2x ℓ/2 = Pℓ/4
= Pℓ/4
M = f
MI = f y M =M f = f
I y I I y y
f = M*y
F= I F= f = M*y
I
= =(Pℓ/6
(Pℓ/6x xd/2)/
d/2)bd3/12 = (Pℓ/4= x(Pℓ/4
d/2)/xbd3/12
d/2)/
= Pℓ/bd2bd3/12 = 3/2Pℓ/bd2 bd3/12
= Pℓ/bd2 = 3/2[Pℓ/bd2]
Case 1 Fb = (Pℓ)/ (bd2) if a> 20cm for 15cm

25kn i.e 2.5 ton = 2500*60/15*15*15 = 4.44 MPa

= 10,000*450/350*30*30 = 1.5 MPa
Case 2:
Fb = (3PXa)/ (bd2) P
(For if a< 20cm ---17cm-- ---20 cm---- ----------------

but > 17 cm ------------------- ℓ ------------------

for 15cm) --a---
( a= 17-20cm)

Case 3: For if a< 17 cm for 15cm DISCARD

a= distance between line of fracture and nearest support,
on centre line of the tensile side of specimens
 BASICS IN DESIGN –
CONCRETE STRUCTURE- is-456

IS: 13920
Limit State Method in Details as
per IS Method
DeTAILS as
 REINFORCED CONCRETE
• Concrete: high compressive strength and
low tensile strength.

• Steel: high tensile strength and low

compressive strength.

• Concrete + Steel:

• Economical structure, material, strong in

compression and tension.

• Corrosion protection / fire resistance.

 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Column - axial load / lateral moment

• Beam - Horizontal load

• Slabs – Horizontal load

 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Retaining Walls – resisting vertical /lateral loads.

Foundation-Transfer loads - structure to ground.

,
 Types of Column
• Short Column

effective length/least lateral dimension <12

• Long Column

effective length/least lateral dimension >12

 Types of Slab
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
• longer span/ shorter • longer span /shorter
span >2 span < 2

• Main reinforcement is
• Main reinforcement
provided in only one
is provided both
direction.
directions.
Two way One way
 DESIGN METHODS
1. Working Stress Method
• Stresses in members considered for normal working load

• No attention is given to condition arise at time of structural collapse.

Load factor of safety -1

2. Ultimate Load Method

• Provides realistic assessment of safety.
• It does not guarantee serviceability requirement at service loads.

3. Limit State Method

• Ideal method which takes into account not only ultimate
strength of structure but also serviceability/durability .

• Load factor of safety -1.15 building

 LOADS AND FORCES

1) Dead loads

2) Imposed loads

3) wind loads and forces -Earthquake

4) Effects -shrinkage , creep, temperature,

 Loads Definition-
1)Dead loads –

Unit weights of materials- IS 875 (Part 1).

Unit weights of plain concrete and reinforced

concrete 24 kN/m3 and 25 kN/m3 respectively.

 Loads Contd.
• 2) Imposed Loads/Live Loads-

• Live loads - moving or variable loads due to

person or occupants their furniture,
temporary story & machinery

• IS 875 (Part 2)

• distributed or point load

 Loads Contd.-
• 3)Wind Loads –

• Wind impact on structures

(buildings, bridges, towers).
 Loads Contd.-
• 4)Earthquake Forces-

• Earthquake forces - IS 1893.

• by static & dynamic analysis

 Loads Contd.-
• 5)Shrinkage, Creep and
Temperature Effects-

• If liable to affect material

safety/serviceability

• IS 875(Part 5)
 Other Forces and Effects
1. Foundation movement ( IS 1904),

2. Elastic axial,

3. Soil and fluid pressures [IS 875 (Part5)], Liquefaction

4. Vibration,

5. Fatigue. or Impact [IS 875 (Part 5)],

6. Erection loads (IS 875 (Part2)]

 LIMIT STATE OF IN FLEXURE
• Maximum strain in concrete at outermost fibre

- 0.0035 in bending.

• Design purposes, compressive strength of

concrete in structure –
• 0.67 times characteristic strength.

• Safety factor = 1.5

 LIMIT STATE OF IN FLEXURE
• Safety factor - 1.15
• Maximum strain in tension reinforcement in
section at failure - not be less than:

500/(1.15*200000) + 0.002
0.0042 max strain in steel
fy, = characteristic strength of steel,

Es, = modulus of elasticity of steel.

 1. Balanced
• Concrete crushes & steel yields
• Compressive strain of concrete
reaches ultimate strain
• Tensile strain of steel reaches yield
strain simultaneously
 2. Under-reinforced
• Steel reinforcement yields before
concrete crushes
• Area of tension steel provided - less
than area provided in balance section
 3. Over-reinforced
• Concrete fails in compression before steel
yields
• Area of tension steel provided –
• more than area provided in balance
section
 Limit to Deflection
• Deflection including effects of
temperature, creep, shrinkage
occurring after erection of
partitions

Span/250 or 20mm

….whichever is less
 Limit State for Crack
• Surface crack width < 0.3 mm for
structures not subjected to aggressive
environments,

• Structures exposed to aggressive

environment crack width near main
reinforcement < 0.004 times nominal
cover of reinforcement bars.
 Control of Cracking in slab
• Nominal spacing of main reinforcement < 3
times the effective depth of a slab or 450
mm whichever is smaller
 Ductile Detailing

• Ductile detailing of reinforced

concrete structures subject to seismic
forces - IS:13920

• Design and construction of reinforced

concrete structures - IS:456-2000 except as
modified by the provisions of IS:13920
NEED OF SEISMIC STRENGTHENING ?

• IS-1893-part-1(2002) -Criteria for

earthquake resistant design of structure

• IS-15988-2013- Seismic evaluation and

strengthening of existing RCC
 Minimum Distance Between Individual Bars

Horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcing

bars –

Not-less than greatest of following:

1) Diameter of bar if diameters are equal,

2) Diameter of larger bar if diameters are unequal,
3) 5 mm + nominal maximum size of coarse agg.
- Tolerances in placing of reinforcement

For effective depth < 200 mm; ±10 mm

For effective depth > 200 mm; ±15 mm

 Durability- Column
Minimum cover :
Columns, bar dia. < 12 mm and dimension 200 mm
= 25 mm
Columns having dia. > 12 mm and dimension > 200 mm
= 40 mm

or not less than diameter of bar

Footing = Minimum cover 50 mm

 STEEL

• Exposure Cover in mm

• Mild 20
NOMINAL
• Moderate 30 COVER AS
PER IS:
• Severe 45
456-2000
• Very Severe 50

• Extreme 75
 Concrete Cover
-Tolerances in concrete cover

Deviation in actual concrete cover - 0 to +10 mm

Spacers, cover blocks- concrete of same strength

Spacers or chairs- placed at maximum spacing of 1 m

Detailing of Stirrups
Web reinforcement shall consist of vertical hoops.

A vertical hoop - closed stirrup having a 135° hook with a 10 diamete

extension (but not < 75 mm) at each end that is embedded in th
confined core

Beam web reinforcement

 Ductile Detailing
• Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures
subject to seismic forces - IS:13920-1993

• Design and construction of reinforced concrete structures

- IS:456-2000
 Standard Hook & Bend
Bends and Hooks shall conform to IS:2502-1999

In general anchorage length of standard U- type hook shall be equal to 16 times the diameter of bar
 Reinforcement Splicing

- For flexural members splicing not done at section --

bending moment > 50 % of moment of resistance.

- Not more than half bars shall be spliced at section

- In case splicing done at section where bending moment is

> 50 % of moment of resistance or more than half bars
are spliced at section:

- Increasing lap length or closely spaced

stirrups/spirals around length of splice
to be used
Coupler when dia is more than 36 mm.
However is being used when dia is more than
20 mm as well.

238
 Smile, Smile, Smile. THANK
It removes the tension
of your file.
Let there be even a huge pile
You can complete them
with a smile.
Smile beautifies your face.
With it you win a race.
Let it be an unsolved case.
You can solve it with a smile on
face.
It is a gift of God,
But it very odd.
We donot need money.
Donot you think it is funny
239
Don't
walk in front of me,
I may not follow.
Don't walk behind me,
I may not lead.
Walk beside me and
be my friend.
Height and horizontal gauge must
Height and horizontal gauge must
Separator
IRC:SP:44 covers following Road
Safety points for Highways
EXTRA
SLIDES
DESIGN OF BOX
GIRDER
PRESESSED
 IRC RECOMMENDATIONS ON DESIGN
OF BRIDGES
• First and major step in any bridge analysis is selection
of type of loading, they are dead load, live load, impact
effect, wind load, longitudinal force due to tractive
effort of vehicles, longitudinal force due to braking of
vehicle, seismic effects, earth pressure, vehicle collision
forces etc.
• Live load plays a major role. Vehicle Live Loads: Vehicle
live loads are categorized based on their configuration
and intensity as IRC Class 70R, IRC Class AA (tracked
and wheeled type), IRC Class A and IRC Class B loading.
 Load Combinations:
• All critical loading stages shall be investigated.
The stages stated below At the stage of
prestressing construction stages including
temporary loading, transport, handling and
erection or any occasional loads that may occur
during launching of girders design loads
according to IRC:6 that includes service dead
load, prestress with full losses and service dead
load, live load and prestress with full losses For
the combination of loads with differential
temperature gradient effects, maximum 50 per
cent live load shall be considered
• For the same cross section and same applied
moment, steel difference is quite noticeable
compare to WSM, LSM consumes less steel
than WSM and its better to change grade of
steel rather increasing grade of concrete for
more %p steel difference.
 Calculation Of Creep Coefficient
Finding Creep Cofficient for Pier Shaft

Fck = 35 Mpa
Fcm= 45 Mpa
t = 25550 days
t₀ = 90 days
ɸ(t,t₀) = Φo βc ( t , to )
Φo = ΦRH β(fcm) β(to)
 Calculation Of Creep Coefficient

RH = Relative humidity = 80 %
ho = 637 mm
α1 = [ 43.75 / fcm ]0.7 = 0.980
α2 = [ 43.75 / fcm ]0.2 = 0.994
ΦRH = 1.232
β(fcm) = 18.78 / √fcm = 2.800
β(to) = 1/ ( 0.1+ to 0.2) = 0.391
Φo = 1.348
βc( t , to) = [ (t - to) / (βH + t - to) ]0.3
 Calculation of Creep Coefficient

α2 = [ 43.75 / fcm ]0.5 = 0.986

βH = 1479.020
βc( t , to) = 0.983

Hence the Creep Coefficient is

Φ (t, to) = 1.325
What is Limit State Philosophy of Design?
Which are different Limit States of design?
• Limit States
• Ultimate limit states (ULS)
• Limit state of equilibrium
• Safety of people
• Limit state of strength
• Safety of the Bridge
• Limit state of fatigue
• Serviceability limit states (SLS)
• Limit state of internal stress • Functioning of the
structure /element under
• Limit state of crack control
normal use
• Limit state of deformation • Comfort of people
• Limit state of vibration • “Appearance” of the
Structure
 Which are different Limit States of design?

FOR LIMIT STATE DESIGN

ULS SLS
1) Stress Check
2) Crack Width
1) Structural Strength (Safety)
3) Deflection
2) Geotechnical Capacity
4) Vibrations

Combination to be adopted:
Combinations to be adopted: 1) Rare, To check (1)
1) Basic 2) Frequent, To check (2) in PSC
2) Accidental structure-bonded tendon; Check (3)
3) Seismic for all Structures
3) Quasi-permanent, To check (1) Creep
and Settlement. Also to check (2) in
RCC/PSC-unbonded Structures
Design Situation – ULS : Load Combination Types
• Basic Combination
- Design situation other than Accidental or Seismic
Combination
• Accidental
- Design situation involving exceptional conditions for structure
- e.g. fire, explosion, impact or the consequence of local failure
etc.
• Seismic
- Design situation involving exceptional conditions for structure
during seismic event
 Design Situation – SLS : Load Combination Types
• Rare Combination
- Combination of action with fixed probability of being exceeded during normal
operations, within structures design life. Used for irreversible limit states e.g.
stress checks for concrete and reinforcement.
• Frequent Combination
- Combination of action with fixed probability of being exceeded during a
reference period of few weeks. Normally used for reversible limit states e.g.
crack width and decompression checks in prestressed concrete & Deflection
and Vibration for RCC Structures.
• Quasi-Permanent Combination
- Combination of action expected to be exceeded approximately 50% of the time
e.g. crack width checks in reinforced concrete members on the basis that
durability is influenced by average crack widths, not the worst crack widths
ever experienced.
Combination Value of Variable Action: (yoQK)
A value chosen statistically. This is value that is likely to be exceeded
by 5% in design life, same as for characteristic value

Frequent Value of Variable Action: (y1QK)

Theoretically value is obtained statically. This is value that is likely to
be exceeded for a small part of design life.

Quasi-Permanent Value of Variable Action: (y2QK)

This is value that is likely to be exceeded for a large fraction of
reference period.
Graphical representation of factor y
Leading & Accompanying Actions :
1. In a combination of actions, all the variable actions are
unlikely to act at their peak values at the same time
simultaneosly. Joint probabilities need to be
considered.

2. For the purpose of design, one variable action (i.e.

Leading Action) is taken at it’s peak in conjunction with
a reduced value for the other actions (i.e.
Accompanying Action).
IS:875 Part 5
•DESIGN OF
PILES
IS:2911 Part 1 Section 2
•DESIGN
RETAINING
WALL
Permanent Leading Accompanying
Actions Action Action

Actions

Fk
CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

Characteristic Value of Actions to be Combined

Actions Representative Value of Actions to be considered in Load
Combination

Fk Combination factor, ‘y’ accounts for :

a) Lesser probability of all the variable loads
having characteristic value, when combined
Frep
Accompanying

with other loads

Action

REPRESENTATIVE VALUE OF ACTIONS

Statistically, it is improbable that all loads will act

CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

at their full characteristic value at the same time.

Leading

To allow for this, characteristic value will need

Action

modification, which is given by ‘y’ factor.

Permanent
Actions

Though combination factor, ‘y’ is not used directly

in the Code, but there is a mention about it in
Y Clause 5.4.2.2 (pp 22) of the Code and also figures
in “Notations”. It is taken care in gf factor.
Actions Design Value of Loads to be considered in load
Combination
Fd
Fk

Frep
The ‘gf’ factor accounts for :
Accompanying
Action

REPRESENTATIVE VALUE OF ACTIONS

a) Unfavorable deviation of load

DESIGN VALUE OF ACTIONS

from characteristic value.

CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS
Leading
Action

gf = 1.17 for Permanent Action

gf = 1.36 for Variable Action
Permanent
Actions

Y gf
 Permanent Leading Accompanying
Actions Action Action

Actions

Fk
CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

Y
Frep
REPRESENTATIVE VALUE OF ACTIONS

gf
Fd

DESIGN VALUE OF ACTIONS

Actions
Effect of

ACTION EFFECT
Moments, Shear Forces …etc.)
Effect of Actions considered in
Load Combination (i.e. Bending
 Effect of
Actions
Actions
Design Value of Effect of
Actions considered
Fd
Fk Ed
The ‘gsd’ factor accounts for :
E
Frep a) Inaccuracies in the analysis
b) Unforeseen stress distribution
Accompanying

c) Variation in the geometry of

Action

REPRESENTATIVE VALUE OF ACTIONS

the structure and its elements.

DESIGN VALUE OF ACTIONS

gsd = 1.15 for Permanent Action

CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

gsd = 1.10 for Variable Action

DESIGN ACTION EFFECT

Leading
Action

ACTION EFFECT
Permanent
Actions

Y gf gsd
Actions
Effect of Combination factor, ‘y’ accounts
Actions
for :
a) Lesser probability of all the
Fd variable loads having
Fk Ed characteristic value, when
E combined with other loads
Frep
The ‘gf’ factor accounts for :
Accompanying

a) Unfavorable deviation of load

Action

REPRESENTATIVE VALUE OF ACTIONS

from characteristic value.

The ‘gsd’ factor accounts for :
DESIGN VALUE OF ACTIONS
CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

a) Inaccuracies in the analysis

DESIGN ACTION EFFECT

b) Unforeseen stress distribution
Leading
Action

c) Variation in the geometry of

ACTION EFFECT

the structure and its elements.

Permanent
Actions

For simplification, IRC

eliminated 2 factors and
Y gf gsd given a combined single
factor for ‘y’, ‘gf’ & ‘gsd’.
 Permanent Leading Accompanying
Actions Action Action

Actions

Fk
CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

Fd

DESIGN VALUE OF ACTIONS

Actions
Effect of

Combined partial load factor, gf

Ed

DESIGN ACTION EFFECT

LOAD COMBINATION
IRC MODEL FOR DESIGN
 Effect of Material
Actions
gm1 Xk
Actions Properties
Xd
Fd
Fk Ed
Accompanying

CHARACTERISTIC MATERIAL PROPERTY

Action

The ‘gm1’ factor accounts for :

a) Unfavourable variation of strength from
DESIGN VALUE OF ACTIONS

DESIGN MATERIAL PROPERTY

characteristic value
CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

b) Difference between strength of the test

DESIGN ACTION EFFECT

Leading
Action

specimen of the structural material and their

strength in-situ.
Permanent
Actions

gf
 Permanent Leading Accompanying
Actions Action Action

Actions

Fk
CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

gf
Fd

DESIGN VALUE OF ACTIONS

resistance of the section (gRd).

Actions
Effect of

a) Inaccuracies in the assessment of

The ‘gRd’ factor accounts for :
Ed

DESIGN ACTION EFFECT

Rd

DESIGN RESISTANCE
gR,d R

RESISTANCE
Material
Properties

Xd

DESIGN MATERIAL PROPERTY

gm1 Xk

CHARACTERISTIC MATERIAL PROPERTY

 Permanent Leading Accompanying
Actions Action Action

Actions

Fk
CHARACTERISTIC ACTIONS

Fd

DESIGN VALUE OF ACTIONS

Actions
Effect of

Combined partial load factor, gf

Ed

DESIGN ACTION EFFECT

Rd

DESIGN RESISTANCE
Ed ≤ Rd
Design Requirement :
Material
Properties

Combined material safety factor, gm

gm Xk

CHARACTERISTIC MATERIAL PROPERTY

 Stability / Equilibrium Check for all
components except Bearings and
Expansion Joints
(Refer Table 3.1, IRC:6-2014)
1. Check only under ULS

2. Different partial load factors for

‘restoring’ and ‘overturning’.

3. Wind & Thermal Loads are not to be

taken simultaneously. Wind and
Seismic Loads are not to be taken
simultaneously.

4. One variable load to be considered as

‘Leading’ and rest ‘Accompanying’
 Structural Strength Check for
Superstructure & Substructure
(Refer Table 3.2, IRC:6-2014)

1. It is ULS Check.

2. Factors for permanent loads are

different , depending upon whether it is
‘adding’ or ‘relieving’ the effect of
variable loads.

3. Thermal Loads are not to be taken.

Wind and Seismic Loads are not to be
taken simultaneously.

4. One variable load to be considered as

‘Leading’ and rest ‘Accompanying’
 Structural Strength Check for
Superstructure & Substructure
(Refer Table 3.2, IRC:6-2014)

1. It is ULS Check.

2. Factors for permanent loads are

different , depending upon whether it is
‘adding’ or ‘relieving’ the effect of
variable loads.

3. Thermal Loads are not to be taken.

Wind and Seismic Loads are not to be
taken simultaneously.

4. One variable load to be considered as

‘Leading’ and rest ‘Accompanying’
 Serviceability Check for all
Components
(Refer Table 3.3, IRC:6-2014)

1. It is SLS Check.

2. Wind & Thermal Loads are

not to be taken
simultaneously.

3. Seismic Loads are not to be

considered under SLS.

4. One variable load to be

considered as ‘Leading’ and
rest ‘Accompanying’
Exercise – worked examples

Strength Check for

Foundation
(Refer Table 3.4, IRC:6-
2014)

1. It is ULS Check.

2. This load combination is

not applicable for base
pressure check, for which
unfactored loads as per
IRC:78 shall be
considered.
Calculation of Basic Drying Shrinkage Strain
ᾳds1= 4 for Normal Cement

ᾳ
ds2= 0.12 for Normal Cement
Fcm = Fck(35) +10 =45
Fcm₀ = 12.5 Mpa
b RH = 0.19375
Hence
ὲcd = 0.00007057
Quality Control of Bridges
Satander Kumar satander50@gmail.com
Page 14 IRC:SP:112-2017
Composite Cement- IS: 16415-2015
• Cement 35-65% - 35 kg cement
• Fly ash 15-35% - 35 kg fly ash
• Slag 20-50% - 30 kg slag
• 3 day compressive strength 16 MPa,
• 7 days “ 22 MPa
• 28 days “ 33 MPa
• Constructed over front face of reinforced walls.
• Friction slab (250mm thick, 1500mm to 2500 mm width)
transfers the lateral loads due to impact of vehicles on the
upper layer of reinforcement
• BACKFILL MATERIAL
• Fine grained materials with Silt
and Clay
• more than 15% are not suitable
• PI<6
• Poorely drained----
• Plastic behaviour would result in
post construction movements
Jack assembly casing for driven pile shall include anchorage that will safely withstand
handling and driving stresses. Refer Fig-12.

6.2 fixed to the required no. of jacks ref Fig-8 and Fig-9.
Fig-12 Lowering of assembly with cage reinforcement

Fig -8 Jacks being assembled with steel bearing Fig-9 Assembled arrangement rea
IRC: 123-2017
 What are FRPs
– Blends of high strength, high modulus fibres
with hardenable liquid matrix
– Fibres are main load carrying elements
– Ideally fibres are no more than 60% (by
volume)

• Types of fibres E-Value Tensile strength

• Carbon (PAN) 1000 GPa 100 GPa
• Aramid 302124 GPa 3400 MPa
• Glass 45 GPa 1020 MPa
 EPOXY Segment Bonding
• 1 mm thickness

• compression 0.3 Mpa- 24 hours

• Mixer 400 rpm 350 W

• 60 Mpa at 24 hrs

• 75 Mpa at 7 d

• 20 Mpa at 12 hours
 Concrete jacketing
(b) RCC Jacketing Of Existing Slab And Beam Connection
Shotcrete
FRP Plate

Bolting of plates for shear

Fig: (a) Steel Plate Bonding On Side Faces Using Bolts
deficiency
J A C K E T I N G - Defective Piers
Band drains installed above
initial embankment

307
PARTIAL DEPTH REPAIR

EP 75
309
310
311
312
313
15462-2019
 Dogra
Chatti UK
Suspension Bridge

315