Integral Bridge Midas Seminar

Soil Structure Interaction in Integral
Bridges
Vidish A. Iyer
Structural Engineer and CAE consultant at Midas IT
Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

midas Civil Click to edit Master title style Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
ABOUT GOTO WEBINAR
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the RED arrow.
•You can type your questions into the Chat

box.
•I will respond to questions immediately

after the webinar
2
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Click to edit Master subtitle style
• About Midas IT
• About Midas Civil
• About Integral Bridges
• Modeling Philosophy and Soil Structure Interaction
• Software Demo – analysis and design
3
4
ABOUT
Click to editMIDAS
Master IT CONTENTS
subtitle style
MIDAS Programs were being developed since 1989 and have been used
commercially since 1996.
With our headquarters in South Korea , we currently have 7 branches around

the world – viz : in China , Russia , India , USA , UK, Japan and recently
Singapore .
With over 40 distributors present in over 150 countries.
One of the Largest civil analysis software developers
Proven Reliability with over 5,000 project applications
Intensive quality control system

Analyses verified by various institutions
ABOUT
Click to editMIDAS
Master IT CONTENTS
subtitle style
MIDAS Programs were being developed since 1989 and have been used
commercially since 1996.
With our headquarters in South Korea , we currently have corporate offices in

Beijing, Shanghai, Detroit, Dallas, Europe, India and Japan and are ever
expanding .
One of the Largest civil analysis software developers
Proven Reliability with over 5,000 project applications
Intensive quality control system

Analyses verified by various institutions
OUR PRODUCTS
Mechanical Eng. Building Eng. Civil Eng. Geotechnical Eng.

 Midas NFX  midas Gen  midas GTS NX
 midas FX+  midas Design +  midas FEA  Soilworks

 FEPartner
 midas DShop
(PMC in Japan)
8
midas Civil
midas Civil Why
Click to midas
edit Civil title style
Master Bridging
Integrated Solution System Your Innovations
for Bridge to Realities
and Civil Engineering
CONTENTS
WHAT
Click
What IS MIDAS
istomidas
edit Master CIVIL style
subtitle
Civil? ?
FEM FBM BEM
2-D 3-D
Structural Engineer
General Purpose Geotechnical Engineer
Special Purpose
Bridge Underground Structure Building

Plant Tunnel Dam
midas Civil
midas Civil Why
Click to midas
edit Civil title style
Master Bridging
CONTENTS
WHAT
Click
What TYPES
to edit
kind OFsubtitle
ofMaster
bridge BRIDGEScanCAN
typestyle IT HANDLE
midas ?
Civil handle?
Conventional Bridge
Staged Segmental Bridge
Cable-stayed Bridge & Suspension Bridge

midas Civil
midas Civil Click to edit Master title style Bridging
CONTENTS
About Integral Bridges

Forms of Integral Bridges
Four main types :
• Frame abutments (fully integral bridges)

• Bank pad abutments
• Flexible support abutments
• Semi-integral end screen abutments
12
Frame Abutments
• Effectively a portal frame

• Full moment continuity between the deck beams and the supporting
structure at the ends
14
Bank Pad Abutments
• End Supports – integral with deck but can rotate and/or slide on soil
• Abutment forms an ‘end screen’ wall that extends the full width of the
road formation
• Soil pressure on end screen – limit equilibrium methods
• SSI – if bank pad supported on fully embedded piles
16
Flexible Support Abutments
• Helpful in avoiding soil pile interaction

• Form sleeves of precast concrete manhole rings around piles
• For smaller piles - polythene or UPVC piping
• Concerns include buckling length within sleeve
17
Semi-integral end screen abutments
• End screen wall that is integral with the deck beams,

but does not provide support to the beams
19
Semi-integral end screen abutments
20
Why Integral Bridges ?
Advantages :
• Lower construction and maintenance costs due to elimination of joints ( Yang et aI., 1985;
Greimann et aI.1987; Soltani and Kukreti, 1992 ; Hoppe and Gomez, 1996 ).
• Improved seismic performance (Hoppe and Gomez, 1996).
• Fewer piles are required for foundation support (Soltani and Kukreti, 1992; Hoppe and Gomez, 1996).
• No battered piles are needed (Burke, 1996).
• Construction is simple and rapid (Burke, 1996; GangaRao et aI., 1996; Wasserman and Walker, 1996).
• Greater end span ratios are achievable (Burke, 1996; Wasserman and Walker, 1996).
21
Why Integral Bridges ?
Disadvantages :
• Using uncompacted backfill to reduce passive pressure on abutment creates settlement at backfill
(Arsoy et al 1999 ; Russel et al, 1994 ; Thompson, 1999 )
• Drainage problems can occur close to abutments ( Russel et al, 1994 )
• Cracks in wing walls due to rotation and contraction of superstructure ( Arsoy et al 1999 ; Russel et al,
1994 )
• Skewed integral bridge may rotate with cyclical loading variations in earth pressure ( Arsoy et al 1999 )
• Limit on length of integral bridges (Arsoy et al 1999; Burke 1993; Burke 1990 )
• Integral Abutments suitable if lateral movement of each abutment < 51 mm (Burke, 1993)
22
midas Civil
CONTENTS
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

SSI AND ITS IMPORTANCE
• Soil is inherently nonlinear
• Initially SSI was thought beneficial for structures under

dynamic actions
• Larger natural period may lead to long period ground

vibration (Mylonakis and Gazetas ; 2000 )
• SSI is an important consideration for seismic analysis and

also for improving the overall certainty of structural
stability
24
midas Civil
CONTENTS
MODELING PHILOSOPHY
MODELING
Abutment is modeled as plate/solid elements .

Pile modeled as a vertical beam element
Three main modeling techniques :
• Equivalent Cantilever ( for piles )

• Equivalent Spring ( for abutment and piles )
• Meshed Finite Element model for SSI
26
EQUIVALENT CANTILEVER
• Most common modeling method

• Pile behavior simplified by using equivalent pile length based
on stiffness properties of soil and pile
27
EQUIVALENT CANTILEVER LENGTH
28
ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES OF EQUIVALENT CANTILEVER METHOD
ADVANTAGES
• It is an easy method
• Gives tolerable results for simple soil conditions
DISADVANTAGES
• Ignores the soil resistance over pile length

• Ignores Pile Group interaction
• Different cantilever lengths for displacement and moment
considerations
29
SOFTWARE APPROACH
30
SOIL SPRINGS
• Soil Springs – equivalent stiffness of soil backfill

• Consideration of nonlinear soil behavior
• Theories :
- Petterson et al ( 2002 )
- Lehane et al ( 1999 )
- Lade et al ( 1987 )
In this presentation - Lehane for Abutment backfill

- Matlock and Reese (1974) for Pile Springs
31
ABUTMENT SPRINGS
Spring Force
Ph' 0  K S
c
Ph' 0
b
a
 
 1
Relationship between lateral

displacement and lateral stress Abutment soil spring behavior
32
ABUTMENT SPRINGS
33
PILE SPRINGS
• Formulation by Reese and Matlock ( 1970 )
34
35
ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES OF EQUIVALENT SPRING METHOD
ADVANTAGES
• Considers the effect of soil stiffness on the pile length

• Behavior of the whole pile can be seen
DISADVANTAGES
• Ignores Pile Group interaction if single pile p-y curve is used

• Accuracy is a function of distance between spring nodes.
37
EQUIVALENT SPRING VS EQUIVALENT CANTILEVER
38
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
• Accurate representation of local and global responses.

• Analysis options can range from linear elastic to fully nonlinear analysis-
depending on requirement
• Material Models :
- Mohr Coulomb
- Drucker-Prager
- Von Mises
- Hyperbolic ( Duncan-Chang )
- Jardine
- D-min
- Towhata
- Bowles
- …and many others
39
FOR ADVANCED GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
40
THANK YOU
Contact : vidish@midasit.com
yjkim@midasit.com
41

Integral Bridge Midas Seminar

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Soil Structure Interaction in Integral

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

ABOUT GOTO WEBINAR

Using Goto Webinar

•You can hide the dialogue box by clicking

•You can type your questions into the Chat

•I will respond to questions immediately

With our headquarters in South Korea , we currently have 7 branches around

With over 40 distributors present in over 150 countries.

One of the Largest civil analysis software developers

Proven Reliability with over 5,000 project applications

Intensive quality control system

With our headquarters in South Korea , we currently have corporate offices in

One of the Largest civil analysis software developers

Proven Reliability with over 5,000 project applications

Intensive quality control system

Mechanical Eng. Building Eng. Civil Eng. Geotechnical Eng.

 midas FX+  midas Design +  midas FEA  Soilworks

FEM FBM BEM

Bridge Underground Structure Building

Staged Segmental Bridge

Cable-stayed Bridge & Suspension Bridge

About Integral Bridges

Forms of Integral Bridges

Four main types :

• Frame abutments (fully integral bridges)

• Effectively a portal frame

Bank Pad Abutments

Flexible Support Abutments

• Helpful in avoiding soil pile interaction

Semi-integral end screen abutments

• End screen wall that is integral with the deck beams,

Semi-integral end screen abutments

Why Integral Bridges ?

• Improved seismic performance (Hoppe and Gomez, 1996).

Why Integral Bridges ?

• Drainage problems can occur close to abutments ( Russel et al, 1994 )

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

SSI AND ITS IMPORTANCE

• Soil is inherently nonlinear

• Initially SSI was thought beneficial for structures under

• Larger natural period may lead to long period ground

• SSI is an important consideration for seismic analysis and

Abutment is modeled as plate/solid elements .

Three main modeling techniques :

• Equivalent Cantilever ( for piles )

• Most common modeling method

EQUIVALENT CANTILEVER LENGTH

ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES OF EQUIVALENT CANTILEVER METHOD

• Ignores the soil resistance over pile length

• Soil Springs – equivalent stiffness of soil backfill

In this presentation - Lehane for Abutment backfill

Relationship between lateral

• Formulation by Reese and Matlock ( 1970 )

ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES OF EQUIVALENT SPRING METHOD

• Considers the effect of soil stiffness on the pile length

• Ignores Pile Group interaction if single pile p-y curve is used

EQUIVALENT SPRING VS EQUIVALENT CANTILEVER

FINITE ELEMENT MODELING

• Accurate representation of local and global responses.

FOR ADVANCED GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS

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