Running Head: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3

Top-down approach of artificial intelligence (AI) and its techniques.............................................3

Top-down approach of AI............................................................................................................3

Top-down approach techniques...................................................................................................3

Natural language processing....................................................................................................4

Knowledge based system.........................................................................................................4

Fuzzy logic...............................................................................................................................4

Bottom-up approach of AI and techniques......................................................................................4

Bottom-up approach.....................................................................................................................4

Bottom-up approach techniques...................................................................................................4

Artificial Neural Networks.......................................................................................................5

Evolutionary computing...........................................................................................................5

Swarm intelligence...................................................................................................................5

Development of intelligence system using top-down approach......................................................5

Test the system and evaluate the results........................................................................................13

Development of intelligent system utilizing the bottom up approach...........................................19

Account registration process......................................................................................................21

Main interface............................................................................................................................22

Chatting with AI.........................................................................................................................23

Testing...........................................................................................................................................27

Functional test............................................................................................................................27

UI testing....................................................................................................................................28

Compatibility testing..................................................................................................................29
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Interface testing..........................................................................................................................29

Performance testing....................................................................................................................31

Investigation and selection of emerging AI technology................................................................32

Emerging technology.................................................................................................................32

Smart home.............................................................................................................................33

Three emerging technologies.........................................................................................................34

Smart cities.................................................................................................................................35

Smart transportation...............................................................................................................35

Brain computer interface (BCI).................................................................................................36

Virtual reality gaming............................................................................................................36

Smart system..............................................................................................................................36

Smart appliances.....................................................................................................................36

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................36

Bibliography..................................................................................................................................38
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Introduction
I am working as the trainee within the big software organization that is specialized within the
designing as well as developing effective intelligent systems. There has been a tasked assigned to
make the report which introduce the philosophy behind the artificial intelligence, the most
efficient techniques in relation to artificial intelligence and many intelligent systems which
support the organization to overcome many AI issues. I will develop and present the examples
about the artificial intelligence utilizing the tools as well as effective programming languages. In
the end I will investigate the emerging AI techniques that could resolve the many real world
challenges and problems.

Top-down approach of artificial intelligence (AI) and its techniques

Top-down approach of AI
This is the best to imagine ‘top-down AI’ built on the decision tree within the form of Artificial
Intelligence. Top-down approach is also recognized as the symbolic approach which can be
easily interpreted as the splitting main challenges in to the small challenges that can be easily
resolved. This is built on the many kinds of informations. It is relied on many laws or signs.
There are many core features which support in development of smart structures. On a conviction
that rationale can be collected as top-down method is pivoted from the present savvy approach
[ CITATION Top211 \l 1033 ] . Stunning outcomes has been effectively took place as the semantic
comprehension within the case of top-down method. Overall reproducing the rationale behind
the language to create the discourse as well as language understanding the approaches is
continuous application. Top to down methods are regularly indicating outcomes through the long
shot when taking the gander at fate of strong computerized reasoning.

Top-down approach techniques

As the reason in relation to vigorous top-down investigation regarding part alludes to using far
reaching elements. This refers to different high perspective and remains part of top-down
method. Connected normally with big scale or macroeconomics is top-down. Important factors
influencing the overall economy is macroeconomics within the territory of financial element.
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Things such as rates of joblessness, rate of government finances, and rates of expansion are
remembers in relation to these components.

Parting configuration strategy is trailed through top-down method in which configuration follows
that breaks the mind-boggling calculation or a challenge into the modest portions called as the
modules. It is called additionally as the modularization. There are many steps followed within
the case of top-down design method. Divide it into almost two sections through taking mind-
boggling challenge, as per the sub-issue progression combine many arrangements, and many
more.

Natural language processing

Language everyone utilizes in relation to speaking as common language is somewhat not quite
similar as manner in which users use with PCs. Overall characteristic language is equivocal,
turbulent, and mind boggling.

Knowledge based system

Automated approaches which copy thinking of human are information based approaches. In
particular areas of use such approaches are worked with explicit information as well as work
with explicit information and work within the manner like human (IGI Global, 2021).

Fuzzy logic
Idea can have the truth anyplace somewhere within the range of 0.0 as well as 1. Overall, fluffy
rational is the speculation in relation to the standard rationale. Implements ideas are fully
obvious within the standard rationale or fully bogus.

Bottom-up approach of AI and techniques

Bottom-up approach
Bottom-up approaches resemble formation of child machine with the disposition to be explained
which are valuable and noting bottom-up approach has created the genetic algorithm that are
formed to assist notice optimal resolutions to critical challenge. It remains the effective in
relation to the bottom-up design procedure.
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Bottom-up approach techniques

Totally extraordinary methodology is recognized as the base up examination. Putting regularly
focus within the case of base up is on area by area remain essentials. Important changes by
mannerisms of a business credits as well as its valuation are used within the investigation which
focuses to distinguish in contrast with market. Blending configuration approach is specifically
adopted through the base up approach that consolidates modest sub-module into bigger complex
module. There are many steps followed in relation to the bottom up design approach. Following
discussion will explain the bottom up approach techniques.

Artificial Neural Networks

These are recognized as the cognitive structures which motivate the brain of human. Advances
within the case of artificial intelligence have been developed like recognition of speech,
identification of object and robotics applying the artificial neural networks. These are recognized
as the biologically motivated computational models in relation to critical task like classification,
clustering, and pattern recognition (Charlotte Ruhl, 2021).

Evolutionary computing
This is recognized as the sub-filed in relation to artificial intelligence. It is used broadly within
the case of critical efficiency challenges and persistent improvement. This is utilized to tackle the
many challenges which have many elements regarding the conventional approaches.

Swarm intelligence
This is a science which dealing with natural structures and artificial structures including many
entities which collaborate at regular level with autonomous power as well as autonomy.
Discipline focuses on group activity which resulting from many local encounters between people
and all their surroundings (Swarm intelligence, 2021).

Development of intelligence system using top-down approach

I have made game software of Tic Tac Toe. In relation to open the application user gain the
operations to choose many different game modes later.
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After choosing play option within the game it allows the payer to select the modes like single
player as well as multiplayer. When single player is chosen then it allows the player to play with
application programming.
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After choosing single player it enables to choose the level. It allows the user to select it.

Before beginning the game for first time it presents us how to play game for first time.
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Then it presents the tutorial on how to play a game. It presents to put a sign at a centre.
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Then the application software presents to place the system at bottom place of left side.
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Then it presents to place other sign diagonally on upper level of right side.
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This presents that signs are linked within a specific line in relation to meet the goal.
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After winning a game is presents victory as well as score. Overall there are three important
options for a player to choose that are Play, home screen, and leader board.
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Test the system and evaluate the results

I have begun testing a system in relation to Tic Tac Toe application programming as the second
level.
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I have placed the sign within the center as well opponent has place tye sign on left portion.
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I have placed the sign as a player on the bottom of left side. Opponent has placed the sign to
right side of top level to stop from winning within the case of new move.
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I have placed the sign on bottom of right side. Opponent has placed the sign on centre top as well
as did not stop from winning within the case of level 2.
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I have created the three cross. I did not anticipate opponent to allow me to win.
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I have easily cleared the level 2 in relation to gam of Tic Tac Toe.
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Development of intelligent system utilizing the bottom up approach

Idea in relation to designing the program of AI within the real world utilizing the bottom up
approach has come within the form of AI mental therapy application. Program of AI assistant
utilizes fast therapy based interactions to support the users in relation to track as well as improve
the level of mental health. It will remain effective to utilize Java programing language in relation
to create the intelligent approach which specially follows the bottom up approach. Use of the
neural network as the technique will remain effective. Application will run on android operating
system (Artificial Intelligence, 2021).

AI is the approach which supports the application in relation to understand and improve the
features without requirement for direct programming. This is enough suitable for applications
which work with many unstructured files like pictures and text. Overall android operating system
enables to integrate the broad range of AI techniques. Developers in today’s time prefer to utilize
java programming language. This is effective in relation to bottom-up approaches. AI application
is the AI program. This will utilize the AI powered assistant in relation to respond to challenges
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of users. This is the health related application which provides the mediation, CBT, dedication,
and acceptance counseling. This has the enough potential to create the effective health and
wellness application. Through utilizing the software users can easily identify and track the
symbols of anxiety, stress, pain, and many more.
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Account registration process

Important move after downloading application on android device for the user is to create an
account. This supports the AI in effectively understand the customers as well as works like a
measure of security. AI can easily utilize the information of user’s. This will not be exchange
with anyone else.
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Main interface
This can be easily viewed about the interface. User can easily chat with AI through clicking the
button of chat.
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Chatting with AI
Throughout it we can easily observe that user is regularly chatting with AI as it is applications
main concern to know regarding mental situation of user. AI begins through trying to
comprehend emotional state of users. This assists AI in relation to creating the many choices as
well as creating the good recommendations. AI would focus to work out what creates user happy
on the basis of data generated through user and how AI can easily inspire user to feel effective
within the actual life.

There was a query within the box of chat which asked “How are you doing”. User then ensures
that everything was fine. AI inquires about why user is within the strong mood. Then user
explained that is has to do with education. AI will respond on the basis of situation of users. In
relation to grasp how user feel application applies artificial neural networks. AI maintains track
about the user emotions.
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Here it can be seen that how AI application recommending the anticipate answer.
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AI creates the objective to motivate every user. AI recommended the user to create an objective.
AI recommends the user to create a goal. AI tried to present user why creating a goal is
significant in relation to mental health. It prefers to ensure that user did accomplish the objective
or not.
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AI application completes research after every discussion. It is significant to customer. This

explains how AI sees individual. AI software is enough capable about comprehending wellbeing
of human mental health.

Testing
For creator of web in today’s time checking a device is significant. This supports in reducing
defects within the application until it is submitted to people. Appropriate level of testing enables
developer to identify bugs during beta phase of software lifecycle. This adds to brand reputation
of products. This will take below phases in relation to verify submission.

Functional test
Functional test is utilized to evaluate whether or not interface is usable. Customer will utilize the
testing in relation to see how program particular fits the many specifications. Through checking
the application, developer can gain a feel about how it functions.
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Overall this kind of interface is enough active and every functions work.

UI testing
UI testing is completed to find out that application works in many different devices. Every
device has different resolution of size.
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Above image present that application is enough compatible with many different devices.

Compatibility testing
Research is completed to determine the application stability or what version of OS it will
function on. Two metrics are utilized within the research. It is where OS vs Application and
System vs Application come within the play. I identified that application works on every
smartphone which is Android.

Interface testing
Interface testing is also recognized as the integration checking. This occurs when application is
developed fully.
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In this testing phase I tested the application to see it functioning appropriately or not.
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Performance testing
This enables to determine how effectively AI powered application operated. It enables to identify
the network issue, UI issue or many other type of technological challenge. If there is the
challenge with AI mental therapy program there will be time to repair it. Passing of all tests
enable to say that application of mental health is within the full order of functioning. Little bugs
have been fixed during testing. Application is enough consistent.

After analyzing the application I have founded that there were few challenges with procedure of
registration. Challenge was within the case of registration process of blank field is getting clean
at automatic level after there is written anything that is bad as user will not be capable to open
the account so procedure need to be modified.
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Investigation and selection of emerging AI technology

Basic practice in relation to AI is to effectively design many computer systems so that they can
easily create the strong, context based decisions in place of taking direct feedback. AI systems
follow the instructions of pre-programmed.
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Emerging technology
Emerging inventions are those whose functional utilizations and growth are unrealized to point
which are emerging figuratively into the popularity from obscurity. All these inventions are
modern and include the older techniques with important untapped potential (Jake Franken field,
2021).

Smart home
This is the one in which every resident can easily monitor the appliances from the connected
devices. They can easily communicate with another IOT or independently behave. They can
easily configure in relation to follow the many rules utilizing the combination of wireless as well
as wired connections.

Smart home is recognized as the convenient home setup in that many appliance and equipment
can easily functioned remotely at automatic level through the smartphone or other networked
computer from anywhere with connection of internet. Devices in smart home are associated by
internet, supporting the user to easily monitor the many features like home lighting, temperature,
theatre, and many more.
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Effectiveness of smart homes is highly determined through the willingness of individuals to

easily embrace as well as utilized them within the daily lives. Research looked at how to adjust
as well as monitor the techniques in relation to meet the everyday requirements of user that are
enough active drivers of adoption in relation to smart housing. Through reflecting on
practicability of every component from smart home perspective, system in relation to services of
home services is formed. This is explained as the working environment of technique that
supports the devices and systems to be automatically functioned. There are many intelligence
residences with automatic level of power like lighting, air, and devices of protection such as
control of access and system of alarms prioritized (Laserfiche, 2017).

Three emerging technologies

When utilized within the specific way like media, reporting about the market, digital technique
can take on the different explanation. Term refers to technique which is presently being
developed within the next five year to ten years. This is reserved usually regarding the technique
which has social ramification and anticipated to deliver them (Copeland, 2015). Following
discussion will explain the three new technologies which shape the future market changes.
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Smart cities
This is the metropolitan environment which gathers the data utilizing the many electronic
approaches and sensors. There are main insight gained from data which are utilized in relation to
effective control of funds, capital, and services within the exchange. Overall data is utilized in
relation boost operations of city. It includes information gathered from computers, residents,
properties, and structures that is then stored as well as evaluated within the relation to track and
control level of traffic and systems of information, schools, hospitals, and many other municipal
amenities.

Smart transportation
Management of traffic and smart transportation are regularly revolutionizing how cities at
specific level approach mobility as well as emergency response while minimizing the congestion
on streets of city. Following image will present view about sensors, advanced conversation
techniques, automation, and high speed networks.

In relation to improve the effectiveness and safety transportation systems (ITS) utilize the many
techniques to analyze, monitor, as well as mange the systems of transportation.
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Brain computer interface (BCI)

This is the direct conversation pathway within the improved or wired brain and within the
external device. This is also utilized frequently to investigate, map, augment, and assists
functions of sensory motor operations (Nilsson, 014).

Virtual reality gaming

Application of three dimensional (3-D) artificial environment to games of computer is
recognized as the virtual reality gaming. Environments of virtual reality are formed with
software of VR and represented to user within a way which they supersede environment of real
world enabling every user to suspend disbelief as well as experience environment of VR as if it
were actual.

Smart system
To model critical structures, AI as well as machine simulation are two important fields in relation
to computer science which are being utilized. AI programming systems support the right and
strong simulation models and assisting the user within the creation, application, and evaluation
of many simulation experiments. AI can easily save the enough time when creating the
systematically and dynamically linked smart system.

Smart appliances
Device with intelligence capability and communications capability to enable the automatic and
remote control relied on desires of user and external signals from the utility supplier or third
party energy supplier (Jackson, 2019). This can easily converse with many other devices within
the premise of customers by Home Area Network or with utilize system by many other channels.

Conclusion
In the limelight of the discussion it can be concluded that AI is important in today’s time to
achieve the new heights with creation of easiness within the all practice. This works as the
simulation of human intelligence procedures through machines particularly computer systems.
This report has presented the top-down approach and bottom-up approach of artificial
intelligence and its techniques. It has developed the intelligence system through utilizing the top-
down approach and bottom-up approach. Testing has been completed to present the
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effectiveness. It has investigated and presented the selection about the emerging AI technology.
In the end discussion has explained the three emerging technologies.
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Bibliography
Artificial Intelligence, 2021. 39 Artificial Intelligence Companies Building a Smarter Tomorrow,
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[Accessed 04 07 2021]

Charlotte Ruhl, 2021. Intelligence: Definition, Theories and Testing. [Online] Available at:
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Copeland, J., 2015. Artificial intelligence: A philosophical introduction. John Wiley & Sons.

IGI Global, 2021. What is evolutionary computing. [Online] Available at: https://www.igi-
global.com/dictionary/evolutionary-computing/39414 [Accessed 04 07 2021].

Jackson, P.C., 2019. Introduction to artificial intelligence. Courier Dover Publications.

Jake Franken field, 2021. What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? [Online] Available at:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/artificial-intelligence-ai.asp. [Accessed 04 07 2021].

Laserfiche. (2017). How to Plan an Effective Integration. [online] Available at:

https://www.laserfiche.com/solutionexchange/how-to-plan-an-effective-laserfiche-integration/
[Accessed 04 07 2021].

Nilsson, N.J., 2014. Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann.

Swarm intelligence, 2021. Swarm intelligence. [Online] Available at:

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Swarm_intelligence [Accessed 04 07 2021].

Top-down AI, 2021. Top-down AI: The Simpler, Data-Efficient AI. [Online]
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