Cognitive Psychology
direction
Visual Perception
Recurring Terms
 Distal Object - Object in external
world (kung ano yung nakikita mo
ngayon gamit yung mata mo)
 Informational Medium - Light wave
coming of information
 Proximal Stimulation - Stimulate the
light, in contact of light wave, eye
processing
 Perceptual Object - giving of
meaning in objects
Percept- a mental representation of a
stimulus that what is perceived.
-Sometimes we perceived what does not exist.
(kung ano man yung na pe percept sa
environment despite the present or absence
of the object) Ex. sa puzzle piece
-Trying to use your imagination, trying to use
your knowledge using brain cells
Parts of the eye
 Cornea- start of vision, protection
 Pupil- from the cornea the light
enters in the pupil
 Retina- nagkakaroon ng conversion,
translator to absorb the information
 Fovea- clear vision, has a blank spot
(has a limit)
 Ganglion Cells- hair extension of
optic nerves
 Bipolar neurons- wifi of ganglion
cells
 Rod Cells- in charge of night vision
(night shift)
 Cone Cells- color vision (day shift)
 Optic chiasma- receptionist
Thalamus- redirects information to specific
The Parietal and Temporal Lobe
Temporal = where (dorsal) determine what
to do about the situation
Parietal = what (ventral) identification of
object
Bottom-Up Theories- start with sensation
(environment) determine where it located,
skeptical, empirically based
 Empirically based
 Direct Perception (Gibson) - straight
forward, environment is spoon
feeding us the information for easily
process, ecological in nature
 Templates and Models- follow format,
the insight or conclusion based on the
template that best fit whatever we
see. Based in come from several of
knowledge. Long term memory,
chunk of knowledge, model. Perfect
Match (have preferences). Too much
memory, too much space
 Feature Matching (Pandemonium)-
Little bit more specific and detailed.
o Image demon (receive
information)
o feature demon (combined
matches)
o cognitive demon (fighting for
the conclusion based on the
data collected)
o decision demon (Decide).
 Recognition by Components- Look in
Shapes (geons). Trying to form a
figure that can perceive within your
perception.
Top-Down Theories
  Constructive in nature- it all rely
without
 200% Brain Power- We are strong
independent Humans, we do not need
much of environment
 Sensory, Memory, and Inference- It
rely on what we sense, what we know,
and what we can infer.
Context Effects- flexibility regards on
perception of things
Configural Superiority Effect- There are
some elements that put together it make
sense, you don't even go here.
Object Superiority Effect- Remember things
in 3D than 2D. Sculpture over Painting
Word Superiority effect- things just makes
sense, if words make sense it is easily to
identify.
Sensation takes president over perception-
FALSE
2 possible ways to view Objects
 Object Centered Representation-
3D perspective. We do not need to
store too much information. Do not
need a lot of copies to absorb the
infos. Single Model
 Viewer Centered Representation-
the way we view things, we do not
have any single representation of
things in your head, we need to look a
lot of perspective, multiple copies but
not duplicate. Inferred 2D views.
Landmark-Centered Orientation- focuses
on map. Orienting yourself where you at.
Place, location
Gestalt Laws
 The law of Pragnanz- encompasses
the rule of Gestalt applied in visual
perception. The things we remember
are in group. Tandem with other stuff.
 Figure-Ground Perception-
tendency to focus on certain details.
Fore Ground is prioritize than the
Back Ground.
 Proximity- if you put things in one
corner, it seems more comprehensible
to us. 2-3 is better than one.
 Similarity- Similarity of one another,
group things depending on their
similar functionality, order, pattern,
etc.
 Continuity- We much prefers
continues flow than broken into parts.
 Closure- We tend to look and connect
the dots between what is absent.
 Symmetry- We tend to complete
things.
Feature Analysis vs Configurational
System
Feature Analysis- We want to break things
down. Like SWOT Analysis
Configurational System- We do not look at
the situation in isolation, we look the
situation in terms on how it affects a greater
purpose.
Recognizing Faces- can apply feature
analysis and configurational system
Familiarity- results in more warm behavior,
familiar behavior.
Vision is very Complex
Other Concepts
  Individuals with Autism- engaging
insensitive behavior, have a very
damage amygdala.
 Prosopagnosia- Inability to
recognize faces. Damaged in
configurational system.
 Schizophrenia- Damaged in
organizing of their perception of
things.
 Reading Disabilities- Problem with
configurational system. Hard to
recognized context in paragraphs.
Optic Ataxia- you do not know where to go.
 Temporal Lobe- use in identifying
objects
 Inability to identify objects and
attach importance to it
 Simultagnosia: "ADHD Vision" -
Simulmtationus. Your attention is
everywhere.
 Prosopagnosia: Failure to recognize
faces. Hard to treat due to damage in
cortex

Perceptual Constancies  Damage to the parietal lobe

 Everything stays the same.
 Size Consistency- The height stays
the same even in what angle.
 Shape Constancy- The perception
retains the certain shape.
 Inability to guide movement
 Improvements only with delayed
movement
Color Blindness- Damage in cons -inability to
perceive different colors

3 types of Color Blindness

Depth is the distance from a surface,
 Deuteranopia- hard to see color
usually using your own body as a
green
reference surface when speaking in terms
 Protanopia- hard to see color red
of depth perception. (When you estimating
 Tritanopia- hard to see color blue
the depth always use your body)

Monocular Depth Cues

- are the details that we can pay attention or
the things accurate to us when we are using
our 1 eye. You will notice that you will disern
of details if you will use one eye. Better use
when evaluating painting.
Binocular Depths Cues
- Uses 2 eyes to be able to gage which one is
more accurate to us. Better use when looking
for movement and distance.

Agnosia

 Damage to the temporal Lobe.