PERFORATION

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Perforation

Perforation is one of the most important operation in well

completion. It is used to make communication between
the wellbore and reservoir.

Perforating is the process of creating holes in the casing

that passes through the cement sheath and extends to
some depth into the formation to cause oil and gas to flow
to the wellbore.

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Perforation

The penetration of formation generally ranges from a

fraction of an inch to several inches depending on the
type of gun employed and the mechanical and physical
properties of the material being penetrated.

The holes may be dispersed in an angular pattern around

the interior of the wellbore; this dispersion called phasing
(the angle between adjacent shaped charges). The most
common phasings are 90°, 60°, and 45°.
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Perforation

The Shot density is the measurement of the perforations

made per unit length of the gun. Normally given in either
shots/ft (SPF) or shots/m (SPM), the ranges of shot
density extend from 1 to 27 SPF. The most common shot
densities are 4 to 12 SPF (13 to 39 SPM). Shot density
requirements are a function of the completion design and
the formation production requirements.

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Perforation

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Perforation

History:

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Perforation

History:

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Perforation

History:

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Perforation

Various explosive components of jet perforators are

integrated to form Explosive Train.

The constituents of the train are:

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Perforation

Explosive Train

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Perforation

Shaped Charge (jet perforator) is the explosive

component of the perforator that actually creates the
perforation.

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Perforation

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Perforation

Explosives can be classified into:

➢ Low Explosives.

➢ High Explosives.

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Perforation

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Perforation

High Explosives can be categorized into:

➢ Primary Explosives.

➢ Secondary Explosives.

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Perforation

A primary high explosive is an explosive that is used in

initiators or other devices to initiate the explosive
sequence. Primary explosives usually are more sensitive
to firing (can be initiated more easily) than secondary
explosives. Common locations for these explosives are in
detonators (also called blasting caps) and some booster
devices.

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Perforation

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Perforation
The most widely used secondary explosives are RDX,
HMX, HNS, and PYX.

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Perforation

Gun types:

➢ Carrier.

➢ Capsule

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Perforation

Perforating Hydrostatic Conditions:

➢ Underbalanced Perforating.

➢ Overbalanced Perforating.

• Differences..

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Perforation

Before the perforation job, you have to select the

completion fluid with less formation damage when it
touches the reservoir.

Common types of perforation fluids:

➢ Fresh or sea water.

➢ Potassium or sodium chloride brine “KCl or NaCl”.

➢ Nitrogen Gas.
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Perforation

Conveying (Deployment) techniques:

➢ Wireline Conveyed Perforation “WCP”.

➢ Tubing Conveyed Perforation “TCP”.

➢ Coiled Tubing Conveyed Perforation “CTCP”.

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Perforation

TCP Operation Procedures:

1. Make-up, tally, inspect, and run in the hole to the required
depth with a TCP assembly and tubing string.
2. Fill the tubing with completion fluid every 20 joints to
provide the minimum hydrostatic pressure that is required to
allow the gun to fire.
3. Run a GR-CCL log to correlate the depth of the TCP guns.
Ensure that the gun is on depth with respect to the open-hole
log.
4. POOH the GR-CCL equipment.
5. Adjust the tubing depth as required to put the guns on depth
for perforating the interval and set the packer.
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Perforation

TCP Operation Procedures:

6. Install a flow (discharge) tee and tubing valve assembly with
a return line to the rig tank. Ensure that the return line is
properly staked down.
7. Fill the annulus with completion fluid and test the packer.
8. Hold a pre-perforating safety and procedures meeting. Ensure
that the BOP is closed on the tubing and that the tubing valve
is open.
9. Drop the detonating bar to perforate the interval. Confirm
gun detonation and monitor the flow (if any) from the tubing
for 15 minutes. Shut-in the tubing and monitor the pressure
for one hour. Then POOH the TCP assembly.
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Squeeze Cementing

❑ Squeeze cementing, sometimes referred to as remedial

cementing, is defined as a “correction” process of
forcing a cement slurry under pressure into a
problematic void space at a desired location in the well.

❑ Squeeze cementing operations may be performed at

any time during the life of the well: drilling,
completions or producing phases.

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Squeeze Cementing

Squeeze cementing applications:

1. Seal thief or lost-circulation zones.

2. Repair casing leaks.
3. Remedy a deficient primary cement job (for instance,
incomplete coverage or under-achieving top of
cement).
4. Shutting off the breakthrough zone.
5. Abandon a non-productive or depleted zone or the
entire well.
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Squeeze Cementing

❑ The feed rate (Injectivity) test is one of the most important

steps in the cementing cycle.

❑ Performed by pumping water, chemical flush, or weak acid at

a constant slow rate, then increase it to obtain the desired
cement placement rate.

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Squeeze Cementing

❑ If the rate is less than 0.5BPM with high pressure buildup

(tight formation); use microfine cement, if equal or more than
0.5BPM with moderate buildup; use class "G“ cement. If there
was no buildup; use class "G" cement with LCM.

❑ If injection is not achieved, an acid perforation wash should

be performed.

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Squeeze Cementing

The importance of feed rate test:

1. To estimate formation receptivity.

2. To estimate slurry injection rate.

3. To estimate squeeze pressure.

4. To estimate required cement volume.

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Squeeze Cementing

➢ Squeeze cementing operations modes:

1. High-pressure squeeze.
2. Low-pressure squeeze.
➢ Squeeze cementing placement methods:
1. Bradenhead squeeze.
2. Retainer squeeze.
➢ Squeeze cementing pumping techniques:
1. Running squeeze.
2. Hesitation squeeze.
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Squeeze Cementing

❑ High pressure squeeze is an application performed

above formation fracturing pressures when fracturing is

necessary to displace the cement and seal off

formations or establish injection points between
channels and perforations. Also known as Bullhead
squeeze.

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Squeeze Cementing

❑ Low pressure squeeze (the most common mode) is

any squeeze application conducted below the fracturing
pressure. Usually done by using small volume of
cement.

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Squeeze Cementing

❑ Bradenhead squeeze (Balanced Plug method) is

performed by circulating cement slurry down to the
squeeze interval, then pulling the workstring above the
top of the cement column. The backside of the
wellbore is closed in, and low pressure is applied
through the workstring to force cement into the
squeeze interval. This method is the most popular
method due to its simplicity.
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Squeeze Cementing

❑ Retainer squeeze is performed using tools to isolate

the squeeze interval and place the cement as close to
the squeeze target as possible before applying pressure.

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Squeeze Cementing

❑ Running squeeze is any squeeze operation in which

continuous pumping is used to force the cement into the
squeeze interval. This technique is sometimes referred to
as a “walking squeeze” when low pump rates and minimal
graduating pressure is used. Although the running squeeze
is easier to design and apply, it is probably the most
difficult to control because the rate of pressure increase
and final squeeze pressure are difficult to determine.
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Squeeze Cementing

❑ During a Hesitation squeeze, the pumping sequence is

started and stopped repeatedly, while the pressure is
closely monitored on the surface. This technique is
safer, less expensive, and effective technique for only
small volumes.

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Squeeze Cementing

Hesitation Balanced Plug (Bradenhead) Technique Procedures:

1. RIH squeezing string to designed depth (2-10m below perforation
interval).

2. Connect and flush surface lines, then pressure test to14-21MPa.

3. Fill the well, close in casing & BOP.

4. Perform injection test.

5. Prepare & mix cement slurry according to design.

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Squeeze Cementing

Hesitation Balanced Plug (Bradenhead) Technique Procedures:

6. Pump fresh water as spacer followed by cement slurry then displace with fresh
water.

7. Open BOP, POOH the string above top of cement.

8. Close BOP and Reverse circulation to backwash the string.

9. Perform Hesitation squeeze by slowly pumping water and squeezing the cement
into the perforations. At the end of each stage, shut in the well and wait before
continuing with the next stage. Continue with the squeeze stages until a stable
squeeze pressure is reached.

10. Close master valve, keep the well under pressure, WOC and monitor the
pressure.
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Squeeze Cementing

Hesitation Retainer Technique Procedures:

1. RIH DCR and set at target depth.

2. Connect and flush surface lines, then pressure test
to14-21MPa.

3. Fill the well, close in casing & BOP.

4. Perform injection test.

5. Prepare & mix cement slurry according to design.

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Squeeze Cementing

Hesitation Retainer Technique Procedures :

6. Sting out the stinger from DCR.

7. Pump fresh water as spacer followed by cement slurry
then displace with fresh water.

8. Sting in the stinger into DCR.

9. Perform Hesitation squeeze.

10.Sting out of DCR and backwash remaining cement.

11.POOH the stinger and string.

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Squeeze Cementing

• Failure Cases..

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