Evolve Digital Level 3B

Grammar summaries
Unit 7 Lesson 1: “used to”...........................................................................................2
Unit 7 Lesson 2: Comparisons with “(not) as … as”....................................................3
Unit 8 Lesson 1: Present perfect continuous...............................................................4
Unit 8 Lesson 2: Present perfect vs. present perfect continuous................................5
Unit 9 Lesson 1: Modals of necessity..........................................................................6
Unit 9 Lesson 2: Modals of prohibition and permission...............................................7
Unit 10 Lesson 1: Simple present passive..................................................................8
Unit 10 Lesson 2: Simple past passive.......................................................................9
Unit 11 Lesson 1: Phrasal verbs...............................................................................10
Unit 11 Lesson 2: Present and future unreal conditionals.........................................12
Unit 12 Lesson 1: Indefinite pronouns.......................................................................13
Unit 12 Lesson 2: Reported speech..........................................................................15

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 7 Lesson 1: “used to”
 Use used to/use to to talk about repeated past actions and past states. These
are things that happened regularly in the past, but don't happen now, or things
which were true in the past, but are not true now.

 Be careful not to confuse usually and used to. Don't use them in the same
sentence.

 In affirmative sentences, use used to:

I/You/He/She/It/We/They used to plus verb.
Examples:
“I used to have more free time.”
“We used to meet up and go to the cinema every weekend.”

 In negative sentences, use didn’t use to:

I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn’t use to plus verb.
Examples:
“I didn’t use to see my friends often.”
“I didn’t use to go to the cinema much.”

 Use a question word plus did plus pronoun plus use to to ask questions about
the past:
Question word plus did I/you/he/she/it/we/they use to plus verb?

 Use did plus pronoun plus use to to ask questions about the past:
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they use to plus verb?

 To answer a question with a short answer, use did or didn't:

Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they did.
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn’t.
Examples:
“Where did you use to meet?”
“Did you use to watch movies?”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

“Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 7 Lesson 2: Comparisons with “(not) as … as”
 Use comparisons with as …. as show that two things are the same or similar.

 Not as … as means the first thing is less than the second thing.

 You can use (not) as … as with adjectives.

 You can use (not) as … as with adverbs.

 You can also use as … as with nouns. Use many with count nouns. Use much
with non-count nouns.
Examples:
“Our seats are as good as the ones close to the court.”
"The upper levels are not as cool as the lower ones."
“We don’t come here as often as you do.”
"You haven't been to as many games as I have."
“I’m sure we’ll have just as much fun as the people down there.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 8 Lesson 1: Present perfect continuous
 Use the present perfect continuous for an action or event that started in the past
and continues into the present time.

 Use have or has plus been plus a verb with -ing to make affirmative statements.

 Use haven't or hasn't plus been plus a verb with -ing to make negative
statements.

 For questions, use have or has at the beginning.

 For short answers, use:

Yes, I have. / Yes, she has.
No, I haven't. / No, he hasn't.

 You often use the present perfect continuous with the adverbs lately and
recently. They usually go at the end of the sentence.

 You can use the words only and also with the present perfect continuous, too.
These words usually go before been.

Examples:
“I’ve been building a city.”
“He’s been designing the buildings.”
“She’s been coming up with really creative ideas.”
“Have you been doing anything exciting lately?”
“I haven't been sleeping very well recently.”
“I've also been texting Lara all morning.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 8 Lesson 2: Present perfect vs. present perfect continuous
 Use the present perfect to focus on the result of an activity that started in the
past.

 You can also use the present perfect with yet for things that have not happened,
but you expect to happen.

 You can also use the present perfect with already when something happens
sooner than expected.

 You can use the present perfect to talk about how many times something has
happened up to now.

 Form the present perfect with have or has plus the past participle.

 Use the present perfect continuous when to talk about an unfinished activity
that started in the past.

 Form the present perfect continuous with have or has plus been plus a verb with
-ing.
Examples:
“I’ve booked a trip to Paris.” (The focus is on a result.)
“My vocabulary has improved a lot since I started using this app.” (The focus is on a
result.)
"I've already taken the exam three times." (The focus is on a result.)
“I’ve been learning Spanish for about five years.” (The focus is on an unfinished
action.)
“I’ve been using a language app on my phone for a few months now.” (The focus is
on an unfinished action.)

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 9 Lesson 1: Modals of necessity
 A necessity is something that is necessary – something you don't really have a
choice about. You need it.

 You can use has to/have to and needs to/need to plus the base form of the
verb in affirmative statements and in questions to talk about things that are
necessary.

 Use must plus the base form of a verb in more formal situations.

 Use don't have to or don't need to plus the base form of the verb in negative
statements to say something is not necessary.
Examples:
“You knew I had to be up by 7!”
"The man has to give a presentation. The man needs to get dressed."
“So he need to take his laptop?”
“All presenters must arrive 15 minutes early.”
“You don’t need to do anything.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 9 Lesson 2: Modals of prohibition and permission
 Prohibition means that there is something you're not allowed to do. You're
prohibited from doing it (you’re not allowed to).

 Sometimes when we want to do something, we need to ask for permission or

check if something is permitted first. We ask someone a question, and if they
say yes, they give permission (you’re allowed to).

 Use the modals can, may or could to ask if you are allowed to do something.

 Use the modals can or may to say you are allowed to do something.

 Use the modal could to ask for permission, but not to give permission.

 Use the modals can’t or must not to say you're prohibited from doing something.
Must not is stronger than can't.

 Must not means you can't do something because you aren't allowed to. Don't
have to means you are allowed to do something, but it's not necessary.

 We use can to talk about both ability and permission. It's important to recognize
the difference between situations where you use can to talk about ability and
situations where you use can to talk about permission.
Examples:
“Excuse me, may I record this?”
“You can ask questions at the end.”
“Could I email you?” / “Yes, you can email me.”
“You must not talk to the driver when the bus in moving.”
“Once you have chosen your meal, you can’t change your mind.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 10 Lesson 1: Simple present passive
 Use the passive to focus on actions or the person or thing receiving the action.

 Use the passive when you’re less interested in the person or thing doing the
action, or you don't know who is doing the action.

 To form the passive from an active sentence, move the object to the beginning of
the sentence. Then add the correct of the verb be (am/is/are) plus the past
participle of the main verb.

 Be agrees with the subject of the sentence, just like in the active form.

 Sometimes, it's a good idea to use the passive because the action is more
important than the person, but you also want to say who or what is doing the
action. Use by to show who or what is doing the action.
Examples:
“His work is sold for a lot of money.”
“This museum is visited by thousands of people every year.”
“This type of art isn’t understood by most people.”
“Photos and videos are not allowed.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 10 Lesson 2: Simple past passive
 Use the simple past passive to focus on actions; you can also use the simple
past passive to focus on the person or thing receiving an action. The action is
more important than the person doing the action.

 Use the simple past passive when actions are completed and we don’t know, or it
is not important, who did the action.

 For simple past passive, do not use the base form of a verb after be with the
passive. Use the past participle.

 Use was or were plus the past participle of the main verb. The verb agrees with
the subject of the sentence, the same as it does in the active form.

 Sometimes, you want to also mention who did the action. Use by plus the person
or thing.

 For short answers, use:

Yes, it was. / Yes, they were.
No, it wasn’t. / No, they weren't.

Examples:
“Why was the bridge moved to Arizona?”
“It wasn’t designed to carry all that weight.”
“The bridge was bought by an American businessman.”
“Were the stones damaged?” / “No, they weren’t.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 11 Lesson 1: Phrasal verbs
 Phrasal verbs are a special kind of verb that have two or more parts.

 A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a short word (a preposition or an adverb or

both). Examples of short words are up, on, out, and around.

 Phrasal verbs often have meanings which we can't easily guess from their
individual parts. Some phrasal verbs can have more than one meaning, for
example give up.

 Phrasal verbs have present, past, and continuous forms. The short words don't
change. For example: keep up / kept up / keeping up.

 Some phrasal verbs are separable. This means you can separate the main verb
from the short word with the object of the sentence. If the object is a pronoun, it
must go between the parts.

 Putting the object between the main verb and the short word doesn’t change the
meaning of the separable phrasal verb.

 Usually, the object in a sentence can go either after the separable phrasal verb or
between the parts of the separable phrasal verb. But if the object is a pronoun,
then it must go between the parts of the separable phrasal verb.

 Common separable phrasal verbs are set up, figure out, keep up, give up, and
pick up.

 Some phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means you can’t separate the main
verb from the short word. The object always goes after the phrasal verb.

 Common inseparable phrasal verbs are work at, work on, get over, and look
into.

 Some phrasal verbs don’t need an object at all. You can make a complete
sentence with a subject plus one of these phrasal verbs.

 Some phrasal verbs can have an object or no object. Give up is an example of

this.

 There are no rules about which phrasal verbs are separable, which are
inseparable, and which don't need an object. For each phrasal verb you learn,
you have to memorize which kind of phrasal verb it is.
Examples:
“I set up a new business. I set it up with my brother.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

“They’re setting up the seats. They need to set them up for tonight's performance.”
“They jugglers are working on a new routine.”
“He really stands out, doesn’t he?”
“The new routine just didn't work out.”
“I'm giving it up.” / “I’m giving up!”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 11 Lesson 2: Present and future unreal conditionals
 Use conditional sentences when to say that one thing happens because of
something else.

 Use present real conditionals to talk about facts, habits, and things that are
generally true. Use future real conditionals to talk about the result of future real
possibilities – things that are likely to happen.

 Use present and future unreal conditionals to talk about imaginary situations.

 To form present and future unreal conditionals, use the simple past in the if
clause and use would or wouldn't plus the base verb in the main clause.

 Don't use would in the if clause. Use the simple past.

 You can change the order of the clauses in present and future unreal conditional
sentences, so the if clause comes first or second.

 When the if clause comes first, use a comma between the if clause and the main
clause. When the main clause comes first, you don't need to use a comma.

 In questions, only the word order in the main clause changes.

Examples:
“If I saw a bat, I’d take a selfie with it.”
“If I heard a noise in the night, I wouldn’t call anyone. I would investigate!”
“If the risk would be high, I wouldn't do it.”
"I would go skydiving if someone asked me." / “If someone asked me, I would go
skydiving.”
“If a friend asked you to skydive, would you do it?”
"If you saw a spider, would you scream?"

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 12 Lesson 1: Indefinite pronouns
 Pronouns are words that replace nouns (people, places, things).

 Indefinite pronouns also replace nouns. The difference is that we don't say
exactly what, who, or where they refer to.

 Use indefinite pronouns when don’t know exactly what noun they’re replacing or
when the noun isn’t important.

 You usually use the indefinite pronouns everyone/everybody, everything, and

everywhere in affirmative and negative statements and in questions.
Examples:
“I've looked everywhere but I can’t find them.”
“I haven't lost everything.”
“Have you asked everybody?”

 You usually use the indefinite pronouns someone/somebody, something, and

somewhere in affirmative sentences and in questions.
Examples:
"Someone knows where my glasses are."
"Did you leave them somewhere?"
"Are you looking for something?"

 You usually use the indefinite pronouns anyone/anybody, anything, and

anywhere in negative statements and in questions.
Examples:
“Has anyone seen my glasses?”
“I don't need anything.”
“I can't find them anywhere.”

 You usually use the indefinite pronouns no one/nobody, nothing, and nowhere
in affirmative statements.
 Be careful with the spelling of no one. It is two words, not one word like the other
indefinite pronouns.

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Examples:
“No one saw me spill my drink.”
“Nobody helped me.”
“There's nothing here.”
“My glasses are nowhere. I don't understand it.”

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022

Unit 12 Lesson 2: Reported speech
 To tell someone what another person said, you can change direct speech into
reported speech. Direct speech is exactly what the person said. Reported speech
is when you tell another person what they said.

 When you report speech, you use the verb tell plus person plus (that) clause, or
use the verb say plus (that) clause.

 In reported speech, is/are change to was/were.

 You go back a tense when you report speech. For example, simple present
changes to simple past and present continuous changes to past continuous.
 In reported speech, the simple past and the present perfect both change to had
plus past participle.

 Modal verbs change, too. Will changes to would and can changes to could.

Examples of direct speech to reported speech:

“I need to feed my cat.” She said (that) she needed to feed her cat.
“They're making a special dinner.” I told her (that) they were making a special dinner.
“It worked once before.” She said (that) it had worked once before.
“I've done it lots of times.” He said (that) he'd done it lots of times.
“I'll climb the tree.” He said (that) he would climb the tree.
“We can stop by your house.” I told her (that) we could stop by her house.
“I'm going to get a bag of cat treats.” She said (that) she was going to get a bag of
cat treats.

Cambridge University Press & Assessment © 2022