PRESENT PERFECT

In general, the present perfect is a mix of the present and the past.
It is used for actions in the past that have significance in the present.
Grammatical Rules:
Form
To form the present perfect tense we use the auxiliary verb “to
have” in the present simple tense, as well as the past participle of
the principal verb. For regular verbs, the past participle of verb is the
regular past simple form (verb + “-ed”). See the lesson on the past simple for
more information on forming the past tense.

STRUCTURE

Affirmative Structure:
Sujeto + Verbo Auxiliar + (have/has) + Verbo Participio + Complemento
Negative Structure
Sujeto + Verbo Auxiliar (have) + not + Verbo Participio + Complemento
Interrogative Structure
Verbo Auxiliar (have/has) + Sujeto + Verbo Participio + Complemento +?
 EXAMPLE

EXERCISE
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
 PRESENT PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST

The past simple is used for actions or events that ended in the past, including
the recent past. The present perfect is used for actions or events that are
related to the present.

We use the "present perfect" whenever the time in which the action takes
place is not relevant or is not specified. Instead, we use the "simple past"
whenever data about the time or place of the action is requested or specified.

Remember that we also use the present perfect for actions or events at an
unspecified time in the past. If we want to limit the time of the actions or
events to a period of time, we use expressions of time such as “last year”.
 EXAMPLE

EXERCISE
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
 TOO, TOO MANY, TOO MUCH ENOUGH
 TOO
Before an adjective/adverb: We use too before an adjective or an adverb to
mean ‘more than we need’ or ‘more than is necessary’. You are too young to
enter this club. 
 TOO MUCH
Before an uncountable noun
We can use too much before uncountable nouns to mean ‘more than we need’
or ‘more than is necessary’.
The doctor said that I drink too much coffee. 
I hate this city. There’s too much traffic.
After a verb
We can also use too much after a verb.
You can’t take the car. You’ve drunk too much.  
He talks too much.
 Too many
Before a plural noun
We use too many before plural nouns to mean ‘more than we need’ or ‘more
than is necessary’.
I didn’t enjoy the concert. There were too many people. 
 Enough
Before a noun
We can use enough + noun to say that something is the correct number or
amount.
I have saved enough money to go to Rome on holiday. 
Do you have enough butter to cook?
In negative sentences we use (not) enough + noun to say that something is
less than we want or we need.
We don’t have enough money to travel. 
 EXAMPLE

EXERCISE.
HAVE TO, NOT HAVE TO AND CAN´T

 HAVE TO
use for obligation have to is used with pronouns, I, you, they and we
We use have to to talk about rules and obligations, something that is
necessary.
 I have to get to work before 7 tomorrow.
 The car broke down and we had to call a taxi.
 NOT HAVE
We use “not have to” to show that there is no obligation
If you don’t have to do something, it means that you ‘don’t need to’ do
something (there is no obligation). You can do it but you don’t need to do it if
you don’t want to do it.
 You don’t have to pick me up at the station. I can take a taxi. You can pick
me up, but you don’t need to do it).
 CAN´T
The negative is can't. The same as can, it is used with the infinitive without to.
It is the same for all people.
We use “cant” to talk about something that is against the rules
 I can’t speak Japanese.
 You can’t speak German.

EXAMPLE

EXERCISE
 USED TO
"Use" in English means to use or use, but when it is used in the past tense and
accompanied by the preposition "to", the meaning changes. In English, the
use of "used to" is mainly as a modal verb, and exceptionally, also as an
adjective. We show you in detail how to use this formula and what it means.
What does the modal verb “used to”? The modal verb “used to” is used to
indicate something that happened regularly in the past. It is a formula to
express only actions that happened in the past, or to express realities that were
true a while ago, but are no longer true. In Spanish it can be translated as “I
used to” or as the imperfect past tense of the verb that accompanies it: I was
going, I was doing, I was running, I was swimming, I was cooking… In any
case, to make use of this grammatical structure you have to accompany the
“used to” in English with an infinitive, as is the case with most modal verbs.

STRUCTURE
 EXAMPLE

EXERCISE

PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that
experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action.
In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the
sentence.

STRUCTURE

Subject + verb to be + main verb in past participle

In contrast, the passive voice is the structure in which an emphasis is placed
on the object that receives the action in the active structure, which becomes
the subject in the passive voice. While the agent subject of the active sentence
becomes an indirect object introduced by the preposition by (for). The
structure of the passive voice in English is as follows:

SUBJECT + VERB [+ by AGENT]

Example: The house was cleaned up by Peter.

EXAMPLE

EXERCISE
 PAST PERFECT
There are various ways of expressing the past and how the actions were
happening. In English, the past perfect (sometimes also known as the past
perfect simple) is one of them. This tense is widely used both in day-to-day
conversations and in publications and academic papers. So, its correct use will
expand your possibilities of expression.

In this article you will find useful information to know or reinforce your
practice in the past perfect in English. You will discover its structures
(affirmative, negative and interrogative), functions, complement with just,
common errors and example sentences so that you can see its possibilities.

STRUCTURE

Affirmative Structure:
Sujeto + Auxiliar had + Verbo en pasado + Complemento
Negative Structure
Sujeto + Auxiliar had + not + Verbo en Pasado + Complemento
Interrogative Structure
Auxiliar had + Sujeto + Verbo en pasado + Complemento + ?
EXAMPLE

EXERCISE
 REPORTED SPEECH
Reported Speech (Indirect speech)

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do

this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech. direct speech: 'I work in a
bank,' said Daniel. indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.
Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do
this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech.
direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel. indirect speech: Daniel said that
he worked in a bank.
In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g.
worked) than the tense originally used (e.g. work). This is called 'backshift'.
We also may need to change other words that were used, for example
pronouns.
Indirect speech, unlike direct speech, does not use quotation marks and does
not need to be word for word. In general, when the reported speech is used,
the tense changes.
EXAMPLE

EXERCISE.
 GERUNDS AN INFINITIVES
We can often use infinitives after adjetives to tell why the subjet feels a
certain way

The gerund and the infinitive are forms of verbs that act as nouns. The gerund
is formed using the ending “-ing” (walking, eating, etc…). As we saw in the
verbs lesson, the infinitive is formed using the preposition “to” (to walk, to
eat, etc…).
Grammatical Rules

1. When one verb is followed by another verb, that verb must be in the
gerund or the infinitive. Generally, we use the infinitive after some verbs
and the gerund after others, but there are some verbs with which we can
use either the gerund of the infinitive.

2. We can use the gerund or the infinitive as the object, subject or

complement of a sentence, but in general it is more common to use the
gerund as the subject.
3. With some verbs, the meaning of the sentence can change with the use of
the gerund or the infinitive.

4. The infinitive is used after adjectives.

5. Only the gerund can be used after prepositions.

6. The gerund is used after certain nouns.

7. The gerund is also used after some expressions and phrasal verbs.
EXAMPLE

EXERCISE
 USE OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

 When a verb follows another verb, we always need to use the infinitive
or the gerund. Normally we use the infinitive after some verbs and the
gerund after others. There are also verbs with which we can use the
gerund or the infinitive.
EXAMPLE

 We can use the gerund or the infinitive as the object, subject or

complement of a sentence, but in general, it is much more common to
use the gerund as the subject.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE

EXERCISE
VALVERDE SCHOOL
NAME
DOLMAN HARRYSON GONZÁLEZ VELÁSQUEZ

DEGREE
SIXTH INDUSTRIAL BACCALAUREATE AND EXPERT IN
AUTOMOTIVE MECHANICS

CATHEDRA
ENGLISH

PROFESSOR
DIEGO URBINA

NAME PROJECT NAME

PEDAGOGICAL
DIARY
DELIVERY DATE
15/06/2023
 IINDEX

Introduction i
Present perfect 1
Example, Exercise 2
Present perfect or Simple past 3
Example, Exercise 4
Too, Too Many, Too Much Enough 5
Example, Exercise 6
Have to, Not Have to, to and Can´t 7
Example, Exercise 8
Used To 9
Example, Exercise 10
Passive Voice 11
Example, Exercise 12
Past Perfect 13
Example, Exercise 14
Reported Speech 15
Example, Exercise 16
Gerunds an Infinitives 17
Example, Exercise 18
Used Of Gerunds and Infinitives 19
Example, Exercise 20
Conclusion #1,2 21
Conclusion #3,4 22
Conclusion #5 23
E-graph 24
 INTRODUCTION

Next, we will see the tenses of the verbs in English since through them we
will know the time and the moment in which they happened, since it is very
important to be able to construct the sentences.

Here we must make the correct use of the grammatical rules, since we
must know where and how to use them in the sentence, if it goes before or
after the adjectives, also recognize if they are infinitives or indicate the
purpose of each sentence, both in time and instead; such as “to” as a
preposition goes before a verb and that verb usually ends in Ing. But however,
there are exceptions.
 CONCLUSION #1
As we have seen, it is of great importance to take into account the tenses in
the English language since they indicate the moment in which events occur, it
is also essential to take into account the grammatical rules in order to be able
to build sentences since writing and construction They are very important in
the English language.

CONCLUSION #2
As we have seen, the gerund and the infinitive are forms of verbs that act as
nouns. It is important to know that the gerund is formed with ing. While the
infinitive is formed with the preposition “to”.
 CONCLUSION #3
The passive voice in English is formed with the verb to be as auxiliary, this
conjugated in corresponding time plus the past participle of a verb.
The direct object of the sentence is positioned at the beginning and becomes
the new subject of the sentence in the passive voice.

CONCLUSION #4
Reported speech (also know as indirect speech) refers to a sentence reporting
What someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.
Reported speech doesn´t use quotation marks to enclose What the person said
and doesn´t have to be Word for Word.
 CONCLUSION #5
As we could see, have to is used to talk about an obligation that comes from
outside. It is not something we want to do, it is an auxiliary verb that is used
in a transitive verb phrase, and it can be translated as have to. It can also
express an external need and obligation, that is; obligations imposed by
others.
 E-GRAPH

https://tooeasyenglish.com/blog/writing-7/post/cuando-usar-gerundio-
e-infinitivo45#:~:text=Gerundio%20vs%20infinitivo,el%20gerundio
%20despu%C3%A9s%20de%20otros.
https://www.abaenglish.com/es/gramatica-ingles/tiempos-verbales-
ingles/present-perfect/
https://test-english.com/explanation/a2/too-too-much-too-many-
enough/
https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/75/modal-verb-used-to
https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/passive-
voice/#:~:text=The%20passive%20voice%20is%20used,the%20subject
%20of%20the%20sentence.
https://www.ef.com.es/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/past-
perfect/
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/
reported-speech-statements#:~:text=Reported%20speech%20is
%20when%20we,he%20worked%20in%20a%20bank.
Notebook