Q U EE N S’ CO L L EG E D I S T A N CE E DU C A T IO N DI V IS IO N

A S S IG N ME N T

ON

Communicative English II

Date: - / /2014 E.C

Total Weight: - 30 %

Name: - Habtamu kassaye

ID NO: - ____________________________

Department: - __________________________

Study center: - __________________________

Entry year: - 2014 E.C
 I. Write and briefly discuss about the following Questions.
1. Explain about different forms of future tens and write your own examples for each As the
name suggests, this form of tense is used for sentences with a future sense. There are various
ways of referring to the future in English, below are types.

Types of Future Tense

There are four types of future tense:

a. Future Progressive Tense

b. Simple Future Tense

c. Future Perfect Tense

d. Future Perfect Progressive Tense

Let us understand more about each one of them and how they can be used to refer to the future.

Simple Future Tense

• It is also used to denote facts or events of certainty

• It is used to give a warning or take a spontaneous decision

• To express readiness

• Make an offer or suggestion using ‘shall’

• To give an invitation or an order to someone

It can be used in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences. Both ‘shall’ and
‘will’ can be used in simple future tense sentences, but modern English uses ‘Will’ rather than
‘shall’.

Examples: I’ll prepare dinner.

Why won’t you tell her the truth?

 It will rain tomorrow.

Future Continuous/Progressive Tense

The future continuous or future progressive tense is used to denote an event that is ongoing in the
future. It is made up of two elements: a simple future of the verb ‘to be’ + the present participle (-
ing). The future progressive tense is used in the following condition:

• To extend ourselves in the future

• To predict future events

• Ask or inquire about events in the future

• To refer to events in the future that have a continuous nature or occur regularly

Examples: I will be gone for an hour.

In the afternoon, I’ll still be stuck in meetings.

By October, I will be swimming like a pro.

He will be coming to the meeting.

I will have spent all my money by this time next year.

Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect tense is a bit complicated as compared to the two types mentioned above. It is
used to refer to an action which will have been completed at some time in the future.

The future perfect is composed of two elements: the simple future of the verb “to have” (will
have) + the past participle of the main verb. It can be used in the affirmative, negative and
affirmative and negative of interrogative sentences.

Examples: By the time you get this letter, I will have left.
 She will have arrived by lunch.

Won’t they have joined us by 7 pm?

Future Perfect Progressive Tense

This tense is used to describe an event that is ongoing and will complete sometime in the future. A
time reference is used to indicate the starting time of the event or action or how long it has been
continuing. Commonly used words to indicate time reference are ‘since’ and ‘for’.

The future perfect progressive is composed of two elements: the main verb in the present
participle(base form of verb + -ing) + Auxilliary verb ‘will have been’

2. What are modal verbs and how do we use them?

Modal verbs are used to express certain hypothetical conditions, such as advice, capability, or
requests (there’s a full list in the next section). They’re used alongside a main verb to change its
meaning slightly. Because they’re auxiliary verbs, they can’t necessarily be used on their own. (A
modal verb should only appear alone if it’s clear from context what the main verb is.) Consider
the difference between these two examples:

I swim every Tuesday.

I can swim every Tuesday.

The first example is a simple factual statement. The speaker participates in a swimming activity
every week on Tuesdays.

The second example uses the modal verb can. Notice how the meaning changes slightly. The
speaker does not swim every Tuesday; they’re saying they are capable of swimming every
Tuesday if they need to. It’s hypothetical.

Modal verbs are quite common in English, and you’ve probably seen them hundreds of times
without actually knowing their name. The most frequently used ones are:
 Luckily, using modal verbs in a sentence is pretty simple. For basic sentences— the simple
present tense—just remember these rules:

• Modal verbs always come directly before the main verb (except for questions).

• With modal verbs, use the infinitive form of the main verb without “to”.

So, if you want to brag about your ability to eat an entire pizza, you take the infinitive form of
“eat” without “to”—which is simply “eat”—and add the modal verb “can” in front of it. The rest
of the sentence continues as normal.
I can eat an entire pizza.

For questions, you still use the infinitive form of the main verb, but the order is a little different:

[modal verb] + [subject] + [main verb]

So let’s rephrase the example above as a question:

Can you eat an entire pizza?

Because modal verbs largely deal with general situations or hypotheticals that haven’t actually
happened, most of them are in the present tenses. However, some of them can be used in different
verb tenses, so let’s talk a little about how to construct them.

Present tenses

We already covered the simple present above, but you can also use modal verbs in the present
continuous and present perfect continuous tenses.

Present continuous

After the modal verb, use the word be followed by the –ing form of the main verb.

[modal verb] + be + [verb in -ing form]

I should be going.
 Present perfect continuous

You can add a modal verb before a verb in the present perfect continuous tense without changing
much. However, when using a modal verb, you must always use “have,” never “had,” even if the
subject is third-person.
[modal verb] + have been + [verb in -ing form] She must

have been sleeping.

Past tenses and present perfect

Putting a modal verb in the simple past, past continuous, and present perfect tenses is a little
trickier.

For starters, two modal verbs in particular have a simple past tense: can and will. If you want to
use either of those in any of the past tenses, you must first conjugate them into their past-tense
form:

• can -> could

• will -> would

All the others remain the same, although some can’t be used in the past at all. Modal verbs often
deal with hypotheticals, but if an action already happened in the past, it can’t be hypothetical.
These are mostly for speculating about the past, such as wondering “what if . . .”

None of the modal verbs can be used in the past perfect or past perfect continuous.

Simple past

Of the main modal verbs listed at the top, only can and will can be used in the simple past. Have
to and need to can also be used, as long as they’re conjugated accordingly as had to and needed
to. Other modal verbs use the present perfect to discuss events in the past.

Can and will use their past tense form plus the infinitive form of the main verb without “to,” just
like in the present.
could/would + [verb in infinitive]
I could do a handstand when I was a kid.

During exam season in college, I would not sleep much.

Past continuous

Again, only can and will can be used in the past continuous. It’s formed just like the present
continuous, except with the past form of the modal verb.

could/would + be + [verb in -ing form]

I could be working right now.

Present perfect

Instead of using the infinitive form of the main verb, just use the present perfect form, which is
“have” plus the past participle. As before, you must always use “have,” even if the subject is
third-person.

If you’re using can, be sure to use its past tense form of could.

[modal verb] + have + [past participle]

I might have gone to the party, but I forgot.

Future tenses

The truth is that most of the future tenses already use modal verbs because they use
“will.” If you want to use different modal verb, such as “can” or “should,” you can use it normally
with the infinitive form of the verb, and without will.

I can hang out tomorrow.

Should I major in law next year?

 3. What is the difference between defining and non defining relative clause? Write your own
sentences by using relative pronouns: who, whom and which

1. Defining Relative Clause

Defining relative clause gives essential information about the person or thing that we are talking
about in the sentence.
Defining relative clause usually comes after the noun it modifies and the following relative
pronouns or relative adverbs are used in defining relative clauses. These relative pronouns or
adverbs come at the start of relative clause and refer to a noun or that person in the sentence.
List of Relative Pronouns and Relative Adverbs:
Relative Pronouns: who, whom, which, that and whose.
Relative Adverbs: when, why, and where.
 Students who have not taken admission are waiting outside.
(In this sentence we understand that there are many students in the academy, but we are
talking about the ones who have not taken admission, and the class is a defining relative
clause.)
 Do you know the man who is standing over there?
 He gave me a parcel which you had sent.
Punctuation
Commas are not used to separate defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence. Commas
or parentheses are used to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence.
No relative pronoun
You can omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the clause, but when it is the subject of
the clause it cannot be omitted. Consider the examples below.
 The teacher (whom) you were talking about is her brother.
 The teacher who taught the lesson was very intelligent.

2. Non-Defining Relative Clause

Non-Defining relative clause gives essential information about the person or thing that we are
talking about in the sentence.
The information is not necessary and we don’t need it to understand who or what is being referred
to.
Relative Pronoun
The relative pronouns which are used to introduce non-defining relative clause are: who, whom,
whose, which and the relative adverb where.
  My brother, who lives in the USA, will come coming Friday.
(In this sentence the information in the non-relative clause is something more about my
brother which is not essential information. If the clause is removed from the sentence, the
sentence would be still grammatically correct).
 My friend, who won the last match, is now in the final.
 The desk in the corner, which is covered with books, is broken.
Punctuation
Commas or parentheses are always used to separate non-defining relative clause from the rest of
the sentence.

1. who–This relative pronoun is always used along with the subject of a sentence. Look at
these sentences:

My mother speaks 3 languages. My mother was born in Europe.

The word mother is the subject of both sentences. Each sentence gives us a different piece of
information about my mother. We can use who to give more information about my mother and
combine the two sentences into one:

My mother, who was born in Europe, speaks 3 languages.

My mother, who speaks 3 languages, was born in Europe. The word who relates to my mother, the
subject. The meaning of both combined sentences is essentially the same.

2. whom–This relative pronoun relates to an object. Look at these sentences:

I received a car as a present from my uncle. My uncle is a doctor.

The word car is the direct object of the sentence. If we combine the two, this is what we have:

My uncle, from whom I received a car as a present, is a doctor. Note that in the first single
sentence, the word uncle is the object of a preposition. In the combined sentence, uncle
becomes the subject and car becomes the object of a preposition. Whom relates to my uncle.

Look at these sentences:

This is Sarah. You met her at my party last week.

When we combine them, this is what we have:

This is Sarah, whom you met at my party last week.

Note that many native English speaker confuse who and whom. Many simply don’t use whom,
and use who for everything. Unless you are writing something for an academic journal or
delivering a lecture to a university class, most Americans will not care if you use who for
everything, even though it is technically incorrect.

2. which–The relative pronoun which can also be used with both a subject and an object. Which
has the same meaning as that.

Here is an example of which used with a subject.

I bought a used car. It caused me trouble. The word car is direct object of the first sentence. When
we combine the sentences, however, it will become the subject.

The used car which I bought caused me trouble.

Below is an example of which relating to an object.

The money, with which they bought their new washing machine, came from their savings account.
Note that in the combined sentence, the word money becomes the object of a preposition.

If we go back to the car, we can use which to relate to an object as well.

I bought a used car which caused me trouble.

4. What are the most important changes we do when turn direct speech into reported speech?
And how do we report questions and commands?

All of these changes are necessary when the reporting verb is in the simple past.
Remember, you don’t make changes if the reported verb is in the simple present.

1. Verbs & Time Tenses

Review the following time tense changes and examples:

• simple present ⇒ simple past o He said, “It is so cold!” ⇒ He said (that) it was so cold!
 • simple past ⇒ past perfect o He said, “I ate some pizza.” ⇒ He said (that) he had eaten
some pizza.
• simple future [be going to] ⇒ was/were going to o He said, “I am going to go later.” ⇒
He said (that) he was going to go later.
• present continuous ⇒ past continuous o He said, “I am talking to Mike.” ⇒ He said
(that) he was talking to Mike.
• past continuous ⇒ past perfect continuous o He said, “I was running a lot.” ⇒ He said
(that) he had been running a lot.
• present perfect⇒ past perfect o He said, “I’ve never seen the movie.” ⇒ He said (that)
he had never seen the movie.

2. Modals

Review the following modals that change and some examples:

• can ⇒ could o She said, “I can do it.” ⇒ She said (that) she could do it.
• may ⇒ might
o She said, “It may rain later” ⇒ She said (that) it might rain later.
• must ⇒ had to o She said, “John must do his homework.” ⇒ She said (that) John had to
do his homework.
• will ⇒ would o She said, “I will find the note.” ⇒ She said (that) she would find the
note.

3. Pronouns

Pronouns can be confusing to change because it depends on who said what, and who is telling the
information to whom…

You can review some of the changes in the examples above. For example, She said,

“I….” The first person pronoun changes to ‘she’ when someone else is telling another person
what the original speaker said. This is also shown in the time tense changes with ‘he’. In those
examples, if the two speakers had used “me”, they would have changes to “her” and “him” (EX:
“Give them to me” ⇒ She/He said to give them to her/him.)

Other words that may need to change “we⇒ they” and “us ⇒ them” (We said, “Tell us” ⇒ They
said to tell them)
*note the change for imperatives to the infinitive*

4. Time Words

Time words can also be tricky because it depends on when the original sentence was said, and
when it was repeated. The important thing to remember is that the words need to change to keep
the same, original meaning. Here are some of the common changes, imagining they are being
repeated on a different day, and the words must change:

• now ⇒ then
o She said, “I can call John now” ⇒ She said (that) she could call John then.
• today ⇒ that day o She said, “I am going today.” ⇒ She said (that) she was going that
day.
• tomorrow ⇒ the next day o She said, “Oliver will be home tomorrow” ⇒ She said
(that) Oliver would be home the next day.
• yesterday ⇒ the day before o She said, “We went yesterday.” ⇒ She said (that)
we/they had gone the day before.
• this (week/month) ⇒ that (week/month)
o She said, “I may watch it this week/month” ⇒ She said (that) she might watch it that
week/month.
• last (week/month) ⇒ the (week/month) before

o She said, “I saw Isabella last week/month.” ⇒ She said (that) she had seen Isabella
the week/month before
• next (week/month) ⇒ the following (week/month) o She said, “I will go on vacation next
week/month.” ⇒ She said (that) she would go on vacation the following week/month.

5. Mention the four types of concluding paragraphs?

There are four types of paragraphs we write. They include: narrative, informative,
descriptive, and persuasive. All paragraphs have certain elements, but the four types are also
different from one another in how they are composed. Look at the outline about paragraphs
in general.
Allparagraphs:
1. It has a strong beginning, or introduction sentence, which states the main ideaclearly.
 2. It has several supporting sentences which make up the body, and support the main idea.
All sentences in the supporting details should back up, or point to, that main idea. The
details should be strong and vivid. The sentence structure andlengthshouldvary.
3. It has a strong concluding sentence, which “wraps up” the paragraph, and
restatesthemainidea.
4. A well written paragraph has unity and transitions, and is well organized.
Unity means it’s all about the same idea. Transitions are words that take the reader smoothly
from one sentence to the next. Examples of this would be words like “first,” “then,” and
“after that” or “finally.” The organization of the paragraph is how you have decided to put
it together. Is it in chronological order, spatial order, or weakest to strongest point? The type
of paragraph you are writing should dictate how it’s organized.

II. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple, present continues, simple future or past
simple, active or passive.

6. it’s a big factory. Five hundred people _ _ (employ) there.

 It's a big factory. Fine hundred people are employed there.

7. Water --- (cover) most of the Earth's surface.

 Water covers most of the Earth's surface
8. I saw an accident last night. But nobody --- (injure).
 I saw an accident last night. But nobody was injured
9. There's somebody walking behind us. I think we [follow].
 There’s somebody walking behind us. I think we are being followed
10. Anew department [open] in our college next year.
 A new department will be opened in the college next year

III. Choose the appropriate preposition for the following words.

11.Accuse [of, for]

➢ Accuse of
12.Accustomed [to, with]
➢ Accustomed to

13.Aim [at, on]

➢ Aim at

14.Afraid [of, from]

➢ Afraid of
15.Wait [to, for]
➢ Wait for