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Biological Classification
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Biological Classification

Classificati
on
Grouping of organisms on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities.
 ^neet
Biological Classification

Purpose of Classification

^^Easy identification of organisms.

_^<^Study of organisms easy and convenient.
5^ Helps to establish the evolutionary relationship among different organisms.
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Biological Classification

5^ Aristotle: Biological classification for the first time.

5^ It was based on simple morphological characters and habitat.
5^ It was not scientific. —————— _____
First scientific classification was done by the Swedish scientist(Carolus Linnaeus?^)
Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Organisms

44
( Kingdom Plantae [Hl Kingdom Animalia
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Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes kept in the same group.

o E.g. Prokaryotic Bacteria and Cyanobacteria were placed under Plant Kingdom.
5^ Heterotrophs and Autotrophs kept in the same group.
o E.g. Fungi (heterotrophs) were placed with plants.
 ^neet
Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Drawbacks

Unicellular and multicellular organisms kept in the same group, o

E.g. Protozoans were placed in animal kingdom?
Some lower organisms have characters of both plants and animals.
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Three Kingdom Classification - Ernst haeckel

Organisms

4 4
Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
Three Kingdom Classification - Ernst haeckel

Drawbacks

Kingdom Protista, included organisms with contrasting characters like o

Walled and wall-less organisms.
o Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms
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Four Kingdom Classification - Herbert F. Copeland

Organisms

JJ ir u u
Four Kingdom Classification - Herbert F. Copeland

Drawback
s
Fungi still included in kingdom Plantae.
 Five Kingdom Classification - R.H. Whittaker

Organisms

4
£JJK
Monera
 neet
Five Kingdom Classification - R.H. Whittaker

5^ R.H. Whittaker used the following 5 characters:

of. Complexity of cell structure (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic).
02. Complexity of Body structure (Unicellular and Multicellular). 03.
Mode of Nutrition (Autotrophic and Heterotrophic).
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Six Kingdom Classification - Carl Woese

Organisms

I V\

Bacteria ® Eucarya

Archaebacteria

3E
Eubacteria
1
Fungi Plantae Animalia
1
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Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

4
Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

Monera includes the most primitive form of life, which originated from a primitive form
of organisms caIled(progenote>^
Prokaryotic, mostly single-celled, witn a few colonial forms.
Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan (except archaebacteria and mycoplasma).

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Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

Found in all types of habitats on earth, like:

o Bottom of Oceans.
o Below the icebergs.
o Hotsprings.
o Inside and outside the bodies of other organisms, o
Deserts.
o On particulate matter suspended in air.
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Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living Fossils) t~

=—

Most primitive group of Organisms.

Found in most harsh conditions.
5^ Feptidoglycan is absent in cell wall.
Tolerance to extreme conditions is because of presence of branched lipid chain in
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Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living Fossils)

Instead of peptidoglycan, cell wall contains proteins and non-cellulosic polysaccharide. Some
methanogens contain pseudomurein.
5^ 16S rRNA nucleotides are different from other organisms.
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Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living

Fossils)
Similarities with eukaryotic cells.
5^ Histone proteins are present.
DNA replication, transcription and translation present. 5^
Monocistronic operons present.
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Monera

Arch
aebacteria

£ ZU
Hot sulphur spring

Thermoacidophiles (facultative Anaerobes) o

Eg. Thermoplasma, Thermoproteus.
Methanococcus.
Ialophiles (facultative Anaerobes) o
Eg. Halobacterium, Halococcus.
 neet
Monera

Eubacte
ria
Omnipresent, Unicellular, with variable shapes, mostly
pathogenic.
GLYCOGEN/GL^LE CELL WALL
RESPIRATORY .
ENZYMES /

PILUS
X (FIMBRIA)

< FILAMENT
I HOOK 1

BASAL
BOOY
RIBOSOME
U\ FLAGELLUM
‘ | MUCILAGE CYTOPLASM
POLYRIBOSOME f'i'NUCLEAR BODY )) PLASMA
(NUCLEOIO) MEMBRANE ((
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Monera

Eubacteria
k--------------------

Based on their shape, they are of the following types:

Copcus: Cells are spherical. E.g. Diplococcus pneumonia.
bacillus: Cells are elongated and rod-like. E.g. Lactobacillus.
Vibrio: Cells are comma-like. E.g. Vibrio cholerae.
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Monera

Eubacteria
k--------------------

Based on their shape, they are of the following types:

5^ Spirillum: Cells are coiled and spiral shaped. E.g. Spirillum.
Stalked: The cell has a stalk. E.g. Caulobacter
>^Budding: They have swelling like buds. E.g. Rhodomicrobium.
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Monera

Eubacteria

Based on the presence or absence of flagella, they are of the

following types:
'fAtrichousilNo flagella
5^ Monotrichous: One flagella
5^ Amphitrichous: One at each side, total two flagella.
 ^neet
Monera

Eubacteria

Based on the presence or absence of flagella, they are of

ophotrichous: ne Tuft or group of flagella at one

Cephalotrichous: Two Tufts or groups of flagella at

Peritrichous: Flagella distributed throughout the

perimeter of the cell.
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Eu
bacteria
Gram Staining
Process
Christian de Gram developed a techniq ueto stain bacterial cells.

Bacteria + Solution of crystalline violet = Blue Bacteria

Blue Bacteria + Iodine Solution (0.5%) + Alcohol = (Gram +) or (Gram -)

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Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria

Gram Positive Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria

y^acteria retain a blue/purple colour after Gram's
Bacteria do not retain any colour after
staining. Gram's staining.

^^11 wall is smooth and is 20-80 nm thick. Cell wall is wavy and is 8-12 nm thick.

^Murein content is 70-80% and fat is less. Murein is 10-20% and lipids (20% -30%).
-<Teichoic acid in cell wall, ^^feichoic acid absent in cell wall.

/^esosomes are prominent. ^x^Mesosomes less prominent.

^Susceptible to antibiotics. ^^fesistant to antibiotics.

Mostly non-pathogenic. Mostly pathogenic.

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Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria

GRAM-NEGATIVE GRAM-POSITIVE

Lipopolysaccharides Porin Protein

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