Boston, October 6, 2021

Rochelle Walensky, MD, MPH

Director
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA 30329

CC: The Honorable Xavier Becerra

Secretary
Department of Health and Human Services
200 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20201

CC: The Honorable Alejandro Mayorkas

Secretary
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
3801 Nebraska Ave NW
Washington, DC 20016

CC: –The Vice President

Old Executive Office Building
Washington, DC 20501

Dear Dr. Walensky:

Thank you for your tireless efforts to protect the public’s health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
We, undersigned health professionals and members of the public, are profoundly disturbed to
witness the treatment of migrants, including many families with children, at the U.S. border. You
have continued to re-issue a public health order that forms the basis of Custom and Border
Patrol’s expulsions of migrants seeking asylum at our borders, in contravention of international
and United States law. (1) As Human Rights Watch states, “US law gives asylum seekers the
right to seek asylum upon arrival in the United States, even if they arrive without inspection or
prior authorization.” (2)

In March 2020, your predecessor, then-director of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention Dr. Robert Redfield, issued the “Order Suspending The Right To Introduce Certain
Persons From Countries Where A Quarantinable Communicable Disease Exists,” apparently as
a result of direct intervention of then-Vice President Pence and over the objections of senior
CDC scientists. (3) This order, referred to as “Title 42” after the Public Health Service Act in
which it is based, led to hundreds of thousands of expulsions of asylum seekers during the
Trump administration and has continued to be used in this way since January 2021.

In addition to the direct mortal danger for people expelled or deported to places from which they
fled in fear for their lives, this order instills inhuman behavior at many levels of government. The
inhumane acts directly stemming from this order’s extension since you became CDC director
have included expulsion of a Honduran woman in labor (4) and the confrontation of Haitian
migrants in Del Rio, Texas, by Border Patrol agents on horseback wielding reins in mid-
September (5). A Border Patrol memorandum from April 2020, regarding implementation of the
Title 42 order that you have been reaffirming (6), specifically instructs agents to expel asylum
seekers immediately in clear contravention of asylum law (7).

While under the Biden administration the inclusion of unaccompanied children in the order has
been revoked, you most recently reaffirmed the “Title 42” order on August 2, 2021 (8). Infection
control considerations are not different between unaccompanied children and hence cannot
form the basis for the current distinction between unaccompanied children who are now
exempted, versus families and adults who are still to be immediately expelled without an
opportunity to request asylum; the distinction appears to be political.

This order has no basis in science. The order does not protect Border Patrol agents, migrants or
the American public from COVID-19 (9). Instead, your order reinforces a dehumanizing trope of
migrants as vectors of disease (10). Implementation of testing, masking, ventilation and
vaccination can protect Customs and Border Patrol staff, asylum seekers, border communities,
and migrants’ destination communities from COVID-19; resources for these measures are
urgently needed in border communities and in the low-income, frontline communities that most
frequently take in asylum seekers coming from the border. Congregate settings, cited in your
August 2 order as in the previous orders issued under the Trump administration as the sites of
COVID-19 transmission introduced by migrants, are not required to process asylum seekers;
alternatives to detention have been and are currently used successfully (9).

We request that you revoke the “Title 42” order now, or publicly state the current scientific basis
for its continuation.

Respectfully,

Julia Koehler MD Pediatric Infectious Disease Boston

Robert Husson MD Pediatric Infectious Diseases Brookline
Jaclyn French LICSW Clinical social worker Boston
Lenore Azaroff MD, ScD Primary Care Physician Worcester
Martha Sola-Visner MD Pediatrician Needham
Rachel Wheeler MD Family Physician Concord, MA
Pediatrician- Director, Yale Pediatric
Camille Brown MD New Haven
Refugee Clinic
Master of Early Childhood
Abigail Buhle Education and concerned Educator and social justice volunteer Billerica
citizen
Laura Houser MD Pediatrician Madison
Developmental behavioral
Beatrice Ting M.D. F.A.A.P El Paso
pediatrician
Josiah Cox MD, PhD Child and adolescent psychiatry New Orleans
Rohini Rau-Murthy MD Family Medicine Boston
Joanna Ortega MD ObGyn El Paso, Texas
MD/PhD student, Population Health
Emily Unger PhD Boston
Sciences
Julia Rubin-Smith MD, MSPH, CTropMed Pediatrics and Global Health Boston
Sarah Frantz MD Pediatrician New York
Jaime Matorras LMHC Mental Health Counselor Belmont
Andrew Goldstein MD, MPH Internal medicine New York
Janet Donovan Attorney advocate Lexington
Wesley Chou Medical student Boston
Anna Hoffius MD Pediatrician North Charleston
Jillian Zdepski Concerned citizen Mountain View
Renee Levant LMHC Psychotherapy Amherst
Jenni VanderWeele MD family medicine physician Boston
Eve Meltzer Krief MD Pediatrician Huntington
Family Therapist; Director, Quality
Scot B Sternberg MS, LMFT Salem
for academic medical center
Kate Sugarman MD family physician Potomac
Tari Gilbert MSN, FNP-BC Family Health San Diego
Natalia Linos ScD Public health practitioner Brookline
Zoey Thill MD, MPP, MPH Family medicine doctor Prospect Heights, BK
Janine Young MD General Pediatrics Denver
Laurence Shandler MD Pediatrican Santa Fe
Internal medicine, community and
Lucille Torres-Deas MD New City
population health director
Maria Rosa MD. MPH Pediatrician Madison
Charles Homer MD, MPH pediatrician Brookline
Avik Chatterjee MD, MPH Internal medicine and pediatrics Cambridge
Anja Johnson Concerned citizen Healthcare Boston
Pediatrician and Preventive
Stephanie Lee MD MPH Reading
Medicine Specialist
Geraldine Malana DO, MPH Family Medicine Malden
Rishab Chawla Medical Student Augusta, GA
Licensed Clinical Social Treatment of psychological trauma
Nina Douglass Chula Vista, CA
Worker in asylum seekers
Katrina Baumgartner MD Family Medicine Medford
Immigrant justice net; activist,
Tania Erlij licmsw Brookline
mother,
Rebecca Persson MPH Epidemiology Arlington, MA
Ted Bayne BA History Harvard '65 Social Justice Activist Concord
Laurie Tucker MD, MPH Physician Columbia, TN
Lara Jirmanus MD, MPH Family Physician Malden
Esmeralda Morales MD Pediatric Pulmonologist Palo Alto
Scott Love MD, MPH Pediatrician Florence, Alabama
Maya Maxym MD, PhD Pediatric Hospitalist Honolulu
Altaf Saadi MD, MSc Neurologist, Researcher BOSTON
Heather Gonzalez Concerned citizen Teacher Framingham
Educator, Researcher, Concerned
Tiffany Joseph PhD Boston
Citizen
judy wolberg retired nurse midwife midwifery Belmont
Rob St.Germain MBA, PMP Project Management Ashland
Danyal Najmi concerned citizen workforce development Malden
Celine Sparrow MD Pediatrician NYC
Giavana LaChapelle Community Organizer Community Engagement Specialist Cambridge
Lance Chilton MD pediatrician Albuquerque
Ronnie Millar Executive Director Immigrant rights Boston
Hannah Dumas MPH, Medical Student Roxbury
Apolline Jungels Medical student Boston
Kelly Motadel MD, MPH pediatrician Rancho Santa Fe
Tony Rodriguez Social Justice Activist Immigration justice advocate Lexington
Anahi Strader MD Pediatrician Boston
Megan Stinar MD FAAP Pediatrician Palisade
Roberto Somocurcio MD Pediatric Lima
Developmental Behavioral
Deborah Frank MD Brookline
Pediatrics
Martha Guevara MA Medical interpreter Framingham
Coordinator, Immigrant Health
Alex Pirie BA Somerville
Providers Group/Health
Ellen Resnik M.A. Psychotherapist Psychotherapist Brookline
Janine Petito MD Internal Medicine Somerville, MA
Gina Hernandez Psy.D. Psychologist Riverside
Nahiris Bahamón MD Pediatrician Chicago
Griffin Jones MPP Public Health Doctoral Fellow Arlington
Licensed Independent
Richard Lindo Clinical Social Worker Psychotherapy Framingham
(LICSW)
Teddy Chery Concern Citizen Medford
Sarah Morris medical student Boston
Calla Brown MD, MHR Pediatrician Minneapolis
FNP family nurse
Sonia Lipson Community Health Somerville
practitioner
Myo Thwin Myint MD New Orleans
Rushina Cholera MD, PhD Pediatrician & Epidemiologist Durham
Saavedra-
Adriana Medical student Medical student Edinburg, Texas
Simmons
Alfonso Belmonte MD Pediatrics Albuquerque
SARAH COLETTI Citizen Chair, social justice committee ACTON
Heloisa GAlvão Executive Director organizer Jamaica Plain
Viviane Leuche MD Pediatrician St Paul
Padma Swamy MD, MPH Pediatrician Houston
Diego Low immigrant rights advocate Framingham
Hannah Biederman MD Family Physician Somerville
Aparecida Bertholdo Concerned citizen educator SOMERVILLE
Shaoli Chaudhuri MD New York
Patricia Brinkman concerned citizen neighborhood volunteer Amherst
 Obstetrician Gynecologist, ;
Annekathryn Goodman MD, MPH humanitarian aid and disaster Boston
responder
Kristin Kranz MD Family Medicine SEVILLE
Lakshmi Ganapathi MD Pediatric Infectious Diseases Boston
Deborah Clark M.Div, D.Min clergy Framingham
Reiko Sakai MD Pediatrician Salinas, CA
Helena Franco MD, MSurg Surgical trainee Boston
Mary Sebert RN, MPH Global Health Boston
Joshua Ellis Medical Student Boston, MA
public health, humanitarian
Kristen Giambusso MPH Somerville, MA
response
Sarah Postma MD Pediatrician Oakland
Nathaniel Kratz MD Primary Care Physician New York
Jeffrey Campbell MD Pediatrician Boston
Sunny Kung MD Addiction medicine Somerville
Judith Goldberger RN, BSN Maternal Child Health Boston
Juliana Morris MD, EdM primary care doctor East Boston
Mira Dermendjieva Pharm.D. EM pharmacy Huntington Beach
Johanna Baez PhD Social Work Colorado Springs
Richards-
Toni MD Pediatrician Blue Bell
Rowley
Jim Recht MD Community psychiatrist Boston
Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Natalie Tedford MD Salt Lake City
Fellow
Rev. Community leader and
Fleurissaint advocate and community leader Boston
Dieufort Clergy
Fiona Danaher MD, MPH pediatrician Winchester
Katherine Fisher Concerned citizen Quaker Maynard
Suzanna Schell Concerned Citizen Retired Cambridge
Family law attorney until recently
Doris Tennant J.D., Attorney (retired) and currently mother and Newton, MA
grandmother
Joan Deppe Psy. D. psychologist Acton
Master of Social Science
Peter Loeb Concerned citizen-advocate Boston
Admin./citizen advocate
Laura SYLVAN concerned citizen educator Jamaica Plain
MSN, pediatric nurse
Kimberly Ciaccia Pediatrics Brooklyn
practitioner
Kate Sugarman MD family physician Potomac
Martha Simon School Committee member retired educator Burlington
Cindy Lu PhD, concerned citizen Boston, MA
Laura Foner Concerned citizen Jamaica Plain
Anne Kaufman JD - concerned citizen Ethics Jamaica Plain
Judith Coughlin Concerned Citizen Roslindale
Betty Herschman MPA, MAT Policy advocate JAMAICA PLAIN
Martha Matlaw concerned citizen retired educator and mother Jamaica Plain
Heather Ho MSW/MPH candidate Randolph
Ellen Israel CNM, MPH Retired Public Health Jamaica Plain
J. Wesley Boyd MD, PhD Psychiatrist and Medical Ethicist Bellaire
Anne Nash Edd retired psychologist Newton
Maryann Enright MA in Theology educator W. Roxbury
Concerned Citizen, Retired
JULIE KNOPP Mother , grandmother, nurse Jamaica Plain
NP
Mardge Cohen MD Internal medicine JAMAICA PLAIN
social worker for MA dept of public
Karen Johnson LCSW Jamaica Plain
health
Jenny Hochstadt Concerned citizen JAMAICA PLAIN
Martha Merson Concerned citizen Educator Jamaica Plain
Virginia Zanger EdD. Educator Boston
Ilene Fleischer MS, RN RN Jamaica Plain
Emily Achtenberg MCP Affordable housing Boston
EMHL. (Executive Masters
Enid Eckstein of Health Leadership- Boston
Brown)
M.Ed. counseling mental health counselor, mother,
Abby Seixas Seattle
psychology grandmother
Hannah Lichtsinn MD Internal medicine and pediatrician Mendota Heights
Elizabeth Friedman MD MPH pediatrician, Kansas City
Cynthia Char Ed.D. Developmental psychologist Montpelier
Laura Cantu medical student future pediatrician Wallingford
Casey Schreiber DO pediatric resident Costa Mesa
Colleen Kraft MD MBA FAAP Pediatrician Los Angeles
Anik Patel MD Pediatric emergency medicine Kansas City
Julie M Linton MD pediatrician and medical educator Greenville
Kate Wallis MD, MPH Pediatrics Philadelphia
Julia Rosenberg MD MHS Pediatrician New Haven CT
Joshua Grubbs Medical Student Boston
Kimberly Augenstein MD Pediatric physiatrist Traverse City
Sarah Libfraind Medical student Chicago
1st Year MD/PhD Student
Christopher Eyo @ Northwestern + MA in Public Health Chicago
Science Education
Carolyn Arnold MD, MPH Family Physician Boston
Chelsea Alvarado MD Family Medicine Resident Bronx
Destiney Kirby Medical Student Bronx, NY
Lorena Allen LMHC Mental health Counselor Bronx
primary care and immigrant health
Margaret Sullivan FNP-BC, DrPH Boston
provider
Primary Care Physician (General
Chanelle Diaz MD, MPH Bronx
Internal Medicine)
Lina Barbenes social worker LMSW Hoboken
MS, marketing & branding
Andrea Lawrence professional, concerned Santa Fe
citizen
Matthew Gartland MD Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Boston
Rosa Perez Social Worker Mental Health Social Worker Bronx
Lorena Bonilla MD Internal Medicine Weston
Ellen Tattelman MD Family and Social Medicine Yonkers
Marilyn Berko MD, MPH, MA, FAA{ Pediatrics Tumwater\
Mariya Masyukova MD, MS family physician New York City
Susan Bonadonna MD Family Physician Larchmont
law student and public health
Mia Stange MPH Oakland
professional
Program Development-Population
Elizabeth Hayden MPH; MS.Ed. (TESOL) Narberth
Health
Citizen, Mother, Daughter,
Kristina Chang Concerned Citizen Penn Valley
Immigrant, Former Refugee
Anu Gorukanti MD Pediatrician Bay Area, CA
Neal Chaudhuri Medical case manager Boston
Roshan Bransden MD FAMILY PHYSICIAN Bronx
Michelle Phan MD Pediatrician Chicago
Karen Becker MD, MPH family physician NEW YORK
Marie-
Louise Daguilh MD Family Medicine physician NY
Fabienne
Sarah Swettberg Nurse Practitioner family health care provider Cambridge
Anita Mathews MD, MPH Family Medicine Physician Somerville, MA
Affordable Housing
Joel Wool Dorchester
Professional
Ada Okun Concerned citizen Educator Boston
Alexandra Dailey retired affordable housing Roslindale
Liam Sullivan concerned citizen Jamaica Plain
Alan Meyers MD. MPH pediatrics Cambridge
Lauryl Ramakrishnan APRN, CPNP Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Cambridge, MA
Former director of Head Start in
Ann Ward concerned citizen Cambridge
Lewiston, Maine
Research scientist at Harvard
Radhika Khetani PhD Boston
School of Public Health
Danielle Garcia PharmD Clinical Pharmacist Bronx
Ph. D. Project Leader, educator, retired, and community
Tracy Noble Medford
retired, concerned citizen activist
Brenda Punsky LCSW, LLM Psychotherapist New York
Pediatric Cardiology Clinical
Brittany Gudanowski Clinical Researcher Jamaica Plain
Research
WHNP, PMHNP, APRN,
Sarah Bansen Nurse Practitioner Watertown
MSN
Catherine Coleman Concerned citizen Educator Webster
Julie Wegener MD Family Medicine & Psychiatry River Edge
William Jordan MD, MPH Family Doctor Jackson Heights
Carol Schneebaum MD Internist Dobbs Ferry
Christine Mann DO Family Practice physician Leander
Luz Arroyo MD Psychiatrist Sacramento
Laura Atwood PT, DPT Home health physical therapist Silver Spring, MD
Zackary Berger MD PhD Physician Baltimore
Max Jordan Nguemeni MD, MS Internal Medicine Boston
grace Matthew LCSW Social Worker ROCKAWAY
Marc Lavietes MD pulmonary / critical care NY
Daniel Burg Rabbi Clergy, grandson of Holocaust Baltimore
refugee
Jane Hopkins PhD Candidate Boston Ambulatory Pediatrics, Care of Newton
Walsh College, Center for im/migrant and asylum seeking
Human Rights and families
International Justice
Boston College, PNP
Boston Children’s
Hospital
Sara Saiger Concerned citizen NEW YORK
Sarah Leonard MSN, RN Nurse researcher New York
Dona Murphey MD PhD Neurologist, neuroscientist, historian Pearland
of science, community organizer
Yona Gorelick hospital chaplain in training Baltimore
Nate Albright APRN Infectious Diseases Nurse Columbus
Practitioner
Anne Wise MD, MPH Family Practice Cleveland
Mary White concerned citizen environmental compliance manager CAMBRIDGE
Pauline Levy PsyD Clinical psychologist working with Bronx
unaccompanied minors and adults
with children
Sarah DeSilvey DNP, FNP Family practice, social informatics Burlington
Joanna Uribe RN Education Montclair
Cory Ellen Gatrall RN Public health nurse Northampton
Amy Eisner concerned citizen educator Washington
Jonathan Ross MD Internal medicine physician Bronx
Martin Mayer MD MPH Public health New York
Lawrence Melniker MD, MS, MBA Emergency Physician STATEN ISLAND
Jacqueline Barajas Registered Nurse RN case manager San Diego
Sharon Stanley-Rea Rev. Dr. Faith Leader Washington, DC
Lisa Capra MD Pediatrician Medfield
Josephine Herman Attorney Immigration Brooklyn
Kim Bui MD Family Medicine Physician Brooklyn
Kathleen Gregg MSN, RN RN retired Northville
Robert Jackson FNP family Medicine WHITE PLAINS
Karla Fredricks MD, MPH Pediatrician Houston
Gale Gordon M.D. Pediatrics Los Angeles
Teresa Graziano BS, RN, BMTCN, PhD Oncology Nurse, educator, PhD Middletown
student student
Simona Goschin MD Psychiatry New York
Carol Kessler MD, MDiv psychiatrist; pastor Ossining
Shankar Nandakumar MD, MPH Psychiatry Resident Houston
Adline Juste SWI social work Brighton
Beth Black PhD, RN retired nursing educator; decent Chapel Hill
human
Larcia Premo Concerned citizen Baltimore
Anna Valdez PhD, RN, PHN Professor Windsor
Jasmine Khubchandani MD Surgeon Boston
Hazar Khidir MD Emergency Medicine Boston
Marji Gold MD Family Medicine Bronx
Miriam Ford FNP Family practice Bronx
Robert Rock MD Family medicine New York
Maria Chico MD Pediatrician White Plains
Cardona
Lise Strom MA Social worker San Clemente
Lauren Wessler MD Internal medicine physician New York City
Darius Sivin PhD Occupational Health & Safety Takoma Park
Harold Appel MD Neurology New York
Cat Yuracka Human rights activist Grandmother, child welfare San Marcos
advocate, political campaign
volunteer
Martha Phillips Chair, Social Justice and Outreach Mission Team Rio Rancho
Andrea Lyman, MD, Physician Public health, preventive and family New York
MSc, MS medicine
Sheila Ramanathan DO FAMILY MEDICINE PHYSICIAN HAMILTON
John Lacci MD Psychiatry Chicago
Cheryl Cohen Concerned Citizen Education Irvine
Gisele Arrey MD Mother, family medicine doc, Dartmouth
immigrant from Africa
Teresa Wurts BSW, retired mental Children's Mental Health caseworker Princeton
health caseworker
Pamela Ramos MD Psychiatrist / MD Ellicott City
Honor MacNaughton MD Family physician Cambridge
Susan Massad Professor Nutritional Sceince Natick, MA
MSW, concerned
Loretta Vitale Saks citizen Geriatric care management Silver Spring

Honor MacNaughton MD Family physician Cambridge

Susan Massad Professor Nutritional Sceince Natick, MA
Loretta Vitale Saks MSW, concerned citizen Geriatric care management Silver Spring
Andrew
Young Choi PhD, Licensed Psychologist Honolulu
RN MSN Nurse
Deidre Alessio Practitioner FNP, mother and grandmother Somerville
Social epidemiology and global
Erica Felker-Kantor Epidemiologist, PhD health Atlanta
Hilary Rasch Phd candidate Boston
Daniel Donadio J.D. Attorney Boston
Sprague
Linda Martinez PhD Social Work Boston
Emily Blank concerned citizen Brentwood
Linda Green MD Internal medicine, APHA member Mount Rainier
Rebekah Rollston MD, MPH Family Medicine Physician Newton, MA
PhD, FNP-C, Associate Internal Medicine, Primary
Soimise Verdieu Medical Director. Care Provider Everett
Laura Harris MD MPH MS Family Medicine Berkeley
Catherine Caron BA in Education Educator Spokane

Signatories’ Institutions

Cambridge Health Alliance

First Parish Concord Immigration Justice Task Force
Tulane University School of Medicine
Boston medical center
Harvard Medical School/Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
NYU
Harvard Medical School
MUSC
University of California, San Diego
FXB Center for Health and Human Rights
UW - Madison
Economic Mobility Pathways
Boston Medical Center/Boston University School of Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Penn State Health
Medical College of Georgia
Physicians for Human Rights, Survivors of Torture, International
BIJAN
First Parish in Concord
Harvard FXB Center for Health and Human Rights
Massachusetts General Hospital
Northeastern University
Somerville Community Corporation
Rian Immigrant Center
Boston University
First Parish UU Concord - Immigration Justice Task Force
Boston Children's Hospital
Western Colorado Pediatrics and St Marys Medical Center
Integrando
Immigrant Service Providers Group/Health
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston University School of Medicine
University of Minnesota
Neponset Health Center
Congregation Beth Elohim, Acton
Brazilian Women's Group
Metrowest Worker Center - Casa
Massachusetts General Hospital
MetroHealth
Edwards Church, UCC
MGH
Massachusetts General Hospital
La Clinica da la Raza
NewYork-Presbyterian
Boston Medical Center
University of Colorado
Boston Healthcare for the Homeless Program
University of Utah
HAUINC AND TOTAL HEALTH MINISTRIES
Member of Beacon Hill Friends Meeting (Quakers) Boston
Doctors for Camp Closure
HMS. Center for Bioethics
BHCHP
Jamaica Plain Progressives
Children's Mercy, Kansas City (but i represent myself)
Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine
University of Southern California
Children's Mercy Hospital
Yale
Northwestern University - The Feinberg School of Medicine
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Montefiore Medical Center
MGH
Montefiore Medical Center
Berkeley Law
Montefiore
Boston University School of Medicine
Cambridge Health Alliance
Terra Firma/Bronx Health Collective/Montefiore Hospital
Boston Children’s Hospital
Refugee and Immigrant Assistance Center
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Brigham & Women’s Hospital
Montefiore Medical Center
njms.rutgers.newark
Beth Am Synagogue
Boston College
Columbia University School of Nursing
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
UVM
USC
NYP Health System
Disciples Refugee & Immigration Ministries
Tufts Medical Center
Bronx Health Collective of Montefiore Medical Center
Univeristy of Connecticut, Smilow Cancer Hospital
Sonoma State University
MGH and Yale
Yale
Orange County Jewish Coalition for Refugees
Witness at the Border
First Congregational United Church of Christ, Albuquerque
OCJCR
Bend the Arc: Jewish Action Maryland
Tulane School of Public Health
Brown University
New England Innocence Project
APHA

(1) https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-and-asylum/asylum/asylum-frequently-asked-
questions/questions-and-answers-asylum-eligibility-and-applications

(2) https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/08/qa-us-title-42-policy-expel-migrants-border

(3) https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-pandemics-public-health-new-york-health-
4ef0c6c5263815a26f8aa17f6ea490ae

(4) https://www.newsweek.com/mexico-asylum-seeker-tijuana-pregnant-labor-sent-back-
1580091

(5) https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/us/politics/haitians-border-patrol-photos.html

(6) https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6824221-COVID-19-CAPIO.html

(7) https://www.propublica.org/article/leaked-border-patrol-memo-tells-agents-to-send-
migrants-back-immediately-ignoring-asylum-law

(8) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/08/05/2021-16856/public-health-
reassessment-and-order-suspending-the-right-to-introduce-certain-persons-from

(9) https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/program-forced-migration-and-
health/letter-cdc-director-walensky-hhs-secretary-becerra-and-dhs-secretary-mayorkas-
august-2021-title-42-0

(10) https://www.wired.com/story/calling-the-caravans-migrants-diseased-is-a-classic-
xenophobic-move/