EEM 557 MM 12. Hafta - 21 Aralık 2020

Antennas in Microwave Systems
Antenna Types :
A wide variety of antennas have been developed for different applications,
1. Wire antennas :
• Generally have low gains, most often used at lower frequencies (HF to UHF).
Advantages : light weight, low cost, and simple design
- dipoles,
- monopoles,
- loops,
- Yagi–Uda arrays,
(for pictures ref.: Wikipedia)
22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 1
Antenna Types :
2. Aperture antennas :
• Most commonly used at microwave and millimeter
wave frequencies, and have moderate to high gains
- Open-ended waveguides,
- Rectangular or circular horns,
- Reflectors,
- Lenses,
- Reflectarrays
22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız (for pictures ref.: Wikipedia) 2
Antenna Types :
3. Printed antennas :
• Most often used at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies.
• Easily arrayed for high gain.
• Made with photolithographic methods, both radiating elements and feed
circuitry fabricated on dielectric substrates.,
- printed slots,
- printed dipoles,
- microstrip patch antennas.
22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız (for pictures ref.: Wikipedia)
3
Antenna Types :
4. Array antennas :
• Regular arrangement of antenna elements with a feed network. USAF PAVE PAWS; 420 -
450 MHz radar antenna for
• Pattern characteristics (i.e., beam pointing angle, sidelobe ballistic missile detection, Alaska.
The two circular arrays are each
levels) can be controlled by adjusting the amplitude and phase composed of 2677 crossed dipole
antennas (ref: Wikipedia)
excitation of the array elements.
• Phased arrays. Variable-phase shifters are used to electronically scan the
main beam of the antenna.
- Beam Forming Feed Network : Delay Lines, Vector Modulator, True
time delay line
e we do not require detailed solutions to Maxwell’s equations for our purposes, we do
to be familiar with the far-zone electromagnetic fields radiated by an antenna. Con-
Field Radiated by an Antenna :
an antenna located at the origin of a spherical coordinate system. At large distances,
At large
e the localized distances
near-zone (Far
fields areField), the radiated
negligible, electric
the radiated field
electric of of
field anan
arbitrary
arbitraryantenna can
nna can bebeexpressed
expressedasas :
! " e− jk0 r
Ē(r, θ, φ) = θ̂ Fθ (θ, φ) + φ̂ Fφ (θ, φ) V/m, (14.1)
r
e Ē is theWhere;
electric field vector, θ̂ and φ̂ are unit vectors in the spherical coordinate
m, r is the radial
• Edistance from the
is the electric origin,
field vectorand k0 = 2π/λ is the free-space propaga-
constant, with wavelength λ = c/ f . Also defined in (14.1) are the pattern functions,
, φ) and Fφ (θ, θ! and
• φ). Theφ "interpretation
are unit vectors in the
of (14.1) is spherical coordinate
that this electric system
field propagates in
adial direction• with a phase variation of e − jk0 r and an amplitude variation with dis-
r is the radial distance from the origin
e of 1/r . The electric field may be polarized in either the θ̂ or φ̂ direction, but not in the
• kthis
l direction, since 0 = 2π/λ is thewave.
is a TEM free-space propagation
The magnetic fields constant,
associatedwith withwavelength
the electric λ = c/ f
of (14.1)22.12.2020
can be found from (1.76) as EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 5
ar-zone fields areĒ(r, θ, φ) =theθ̂ radiated
negligible, + φ̂ Fφfield
Fθ (θ, φ)electric (θ, φ) V/m,
of an arbitrary (14.1)
ed as r
,m,
e Ē is the! electric field vector, "θ̂eand
θ,rφ)is=theθ̂ radial
Fθ (θ, φ) + φ̂ Fφ (θ,
distance from
− jk0 rφ̂ are unit vectors in the spherical coordinate
φ)the origin, V/m, and k0 = 2π/λ(14.1) is the free-space propaga-
r
constant, with • k0wavelength = c/ f . Also
= 2π/λ is the λfree-space defined
propagation in (14.1)
constant, are
with the pattern
wavelength λ =functions,
c/ f
fieldand
c, φ) Fφ (θ,θ̂ φ).
vector, andTheφ̂ are interpretation
unit vectors in of the
(14.1) is thatcoordinate
spherical this electric field propagates in
adial
distance • Fthe
direction
from (θ,φ)
θwith aand
origin, Fφ(θ,φ)
phase
and = are2π/λ
kvariation the pattern
ofis e − jk
the functions
0 r and anpropaga-
free-space amplitude variation with dis-
0
evelength
of 1/r . λ
The=
• c/E-ffield
. Also
electric propagates
defined
field may in in (14.1)
be the radial
polarized aredirection
the with
pattern
in either aθ̂ phase
thefunctions,
or φ̂ direction, ! "#$
variation ofbut not% &in
andthe
.l The interpretation
direction, since of (14.1)
this
an amplitude is that
is a variation
TEM this The
wave.
with electric field
(1/r).propagates
magnetic
distance in
fields associated with the electric
th a phase variation of e − jk0 r and an amplitude variation with dis-
of (14.1)Thecan be found
electric field from
is a TEM(1.76)wave,as so it may be polarized in either the θ or φ direction,
ric field may be polarized in either the θ̂ or φ̂ direction, but not in the
but notwave.
his is a TEM in theThe
radial direction.
magnetic Eθ
fields associated with the electric
Hφ = , (14.2a)
ound from The(1.76)
magnetic
as fields associated with theη0 electric field are :
Eθ −E φ
Hφ = , Hθ = , Where '(=377 ohms
(14.2a) (14.2b)
η0 η0
−E φ
22.12.2020 Hθ = , EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız (14.2b) 6
η
where η0 = 377 ", the wave impedance of free-space. Note that the magnetic field vector
is also polarized only in the transverse directions. The Poynting vector for this wave is
g vector is given by 14.1
(1.90)System
as Aspects of Antennas
1 Antennas in Microwave Systems
1 ∗ S̄ = Ē × H̄ ∗
W/m 2
= Re { S̄} = Re { Ē × H̄ } W/m .
wave impedance of free-space. Note that2the magnetic field (14.4) ,
vector (14.3)
2 transverse 2directions. The Poynting vector for this wave is
the
The Poynting vector and the
and the time-average time averaged
Poynting Poynting
vector isFIGURE vector are given as :
14.1 Photograph of various millimeter wave antennas. Clockwise fro
at at large distances the near fields of an antenna are negli- 38 GHz reflector antenna with radome, a prime-focus parabolic
lectric field can be written
∗ 2 as in (14.1).
1We can give 1 a more ∗ horn antenna,
gated conical 2 a 38 GHz planar microstrip array,
S̄ = Ē × H̄ W/m , S̄avg = Re { S̄} = (14.3) Re { Ē × H̄with}a W/m
antenna . module, and a multibeam(14.4)
Gunn diode reflector a
2
pt by defining the far-field distance as the distance where the 2
A transmitting antenna can be viewed as a device that converts a gui
ynting Far
vector Field
is Distance
We :
mentioned earlier
by an antenna becomes a close approximation that at large distances
neticto a the
theon ideal
wave near fields
transmission line intoof an antenna
a plane are negli-
wave propagating in free s
wave. 1This gible, and that the radiated electric field
side can be written
of anaperture
antenna appearsasasinan(14.1).
electrical We
circuitcan givewhile
element, a morethe oth
The approximation
1 distanceapplies
far-field over
is∗ the distance
2
thewhere
radiating
the spherical wave front radiated
an interface with a propagating plane wave. Antennas are inherently bidi
=
nds on2the
avg Re { S̄}
maximum=
precise Re {
meaning
Ē × to
H̄
dimension }
this
W/mconcept
of the. by
antenna.defining
If
they we
can
the far-field
(14.4)
call
be used this
for both
distance
transmit
asreceive
and
the distance
functions.
where14.2
Figure
theillu
by anspherical
antenna
2 becomes
wave front a close approximation
radiated by an antenna to becomes
the ideal aplanarclose phase front
approximation to the ideal
the far-field distance is defined as
er that atoflarge
a plane
planarwave.
phasethe
distances front offields
near a planeofwave. This approximation
an antenna are negli- applies over the radiating aperture
ed electric field of the
2Dantenna,
can be
2 writtenandassoinit (14.1).
dependsWe oncanthe give
maximum a more dimension of the antenna. If we call this
oncept byRdefining = the m.
ff maximum dimension
far-field D, then
distance thedistance
as the far-field where
distance (14.5)
theis defined as
λ
iated by an antenna becomes a close approximation to the ideal
2D 2
he wave.Where,
lanecondition Thisthat Dthe
is the maximum
approximation
actual applies
sphericaldimension
overwave of R
the radiating
frontthe antenna
aperture
ff radiated
= m.by (14.5)
depends on the◦ from
maximum dimension of the
EEMantenna. Dr. λ
π/8 = 22.522.12.2020
a true plane wave front overIfFIGURE
thewemaximum
call
557 Microwave Engineering this
H. Yıldız 7
14.2 Basic operation of transmitting and receiving antennas.
Far field condition :
The actual spherical wave front radiated by the antenna departs less than π/8 = 22.5◦
from a true plane wave front over the maximum extent of the antenna.
For electrically small antennas, (short dipoles, small loops, etc.) this may give a too
small far-field distance; in this case, a minimum value of Rff = 2λ should be used.
Example :
A parabolic reflector antenna used for reception with the direct broadcast system
(DBS) is 18 inches in diameter and operates at 12.4 GHz. Find the far-field distance
for this antenna.
Solution
4.1 FAR-FIELD DISTANCE OF AN ANTENNA
The operating wavelength at 12.4 GHz is
eflector antenna used for reception with the direct broadcast sys-
18 inches in diameter and operates at 12.4 GHz. Find thec far-field
3 × 108
his antenna. λ= = = 2.42 cm.
9 f 12.4 × 10
Solution :
18 inches
wavelength GHz The
at 12.4 makes far-field
is 0.457 metersdistance is found from (14.5), after converting 18 inches to 0.45
c 3 × 108 2D 2 2(0.457)2
λ= = = 2.42 cm. Rff = = = 17.3 m.
f 12.4 × 109 λ 0.0242
distance is found from (14.5),
Theafter converting
actual distance18from
inchesa to
DBS0.457 m:
satellite to Earth is about 36,000 km, so it is
Radiation Intensity :
2 to say 2that the receive antenna is in the far-field of the transmitting antenna.
2D 2(0.457)
Radiation
Rff = intensity
= is defined
= 17.3 as
m.“the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid
λ 0.0242
angle.” Next, define the radiation intensity of the radiated electromagnetic field as
tance from a DBS satellite to Earth is about 36,000 km, so it is safe
The radiation
receive antenna is in theintensity is the
far-field of a far-field parameter,
transmitting antenna.and it can! be obtained by simply
r 2■ "
U (θ, φ)by=the
multiplying the radiation density | S̄avg | =
r square of the
2
Re E θ θ̂ ×
distance Hφ∗ φ̂ + E φ φ̂ × Hθ∗ θ̂
2
he radiation intensity of the radiated electromagnetic
22.12.2020
field as
EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 9
r2 # 2 2
$ 1 # 2 2
$
The actual
The actual distance
distance from from aa DBS DBS satellite
satellite to to Earth
Earth is is about
about 36,000
36,000 km, km, so
so itit is
is safe
safe
to
to say2.9that
say
Figure that the receive
the
Calculatedreceive antenna
antenna
radiation patterns is in
is in the
of a paraboloidthe far-field
far-field
antenna of the
the transmitting
ofdistances
for different transmitting antenna. ■
from the antenna. antenna. ■
Antennas Next,
in Microwave Systems
(source: J. S. Hollis, T. J. Lyon, and L. Clayton, Jr. (eds.), Microwave Antenna Measurements, Scientific-
Atlanta, Inc., July 1970).
Next, define the
define the radiation
radiation intensity
intensity of the
of the radiated
radiated electromagnetic
electromagnetic field
field as
as
r 2
2 ! ""
U (θ, 2
= rr 2 ||S̄S̄avg|| = r
=1 rad Re
r
Re E ! × H ∗
∗φ̂ + E φ φ̂ × Hθ∗θ̂ ∗
Radiation Intensity (U) : U (θ, φ)φ) = θθ θ̂ ×
avg 2 r E θ̂ H φ φ̂ + E φ φ̂ × Hθ θ̂
φ
2
alculated radiation patterns of a paraboloid antenna for different distances2 from the antenna.
Hollis, T. J. Lyon, and L. Clayton, Jr. (eds.), Microwave Antenna = rr 2 ##|E θ Scientific-
Measurements, 2 2
$$ 11 ## 2 2
$$
uly 1970). = 2η0 |E θ ||2 + + |E |E φ ||2 =
φ = 2η 0
|F
|Fθ
θ
||2 +
+ |F
|Fφφ
||2 W, W, (14
(14
2η0 (a) Radian 2η0
Area = r 2
Equivalent
in area
r
r
r
1 rad r Area of a sphere
r Area = r 2 A= 4π ! " = 4π steradian
dA = ! " sinθ dθ dφ
$%
(a) Radian
Circumference of a circle
1 sr
dΩ = &' = sinθ dθ dφ
Area = r 2
C= 2πr = 2π radian Equivalent
in area
r
Reference : Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, C.A. Balanis. 4th Ed.
22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave(b) Steradian
Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 10
r 2.10
Figure Geometrical arrangements for defining a radian and a steradian.
waveSystems Pozar September 26, 2011 18:40

The unit of Radiation Intensity (U) is Watts per unit solid angle, since the radial
dependence has been removed.
Chapter 14: Introduction to Microwave Systems
The radiation intensity gives the variation in radiated power versus position
around the antenna.
where (14.1), (14.2), and (14.4) were used. The units of the radiation intensity are watts,
or watts per unit solid angle, since the radial dependence has been removed. The radiation
The total gives
intensity power theradiated
variationbyinthe antenna
radiated is found
power versus by integrating
position aroundthe
the Poynting
antenna. We can
vector
find theover
totalthe surface
power of a sphere
radiated of radius
by the antenna byr integrating
that encloses
the the antenna.
Poynting vector over the
surface of a sphere of radius r that encloses the antenna. This is equivalent to integrating
This is equivalent to integrating the radiation intensity over a unit sphere.
the radiation intensity over a unit sphere:
!2π !π !2π !π
Prad = S̄avg · r̂r 2 sin θdθdφ = U (θ, φ) sin θdθdφ. (14.7)
φ=0 θ=0 φ=0 θ=0

26 FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS AND FIGURES-OF-MERIT OF ANTENNAS

Antenna Radiation Pattern :
A plot of the magnitude of the far-zone field
strength (E, H) vs position around the
antenna.
The radiation pattern can be plotted from the
pattern function Fθ (θ,φ) or Fφ (θ,φ), vs
either the angle θ (for an elevation plane
pattern) or the angle φ (for an azimuthal
plane pattern).
Reference : Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, C.A. Balanis, 4th Ed.
Figure 2.1 Coordinate system for antenna analysis.
22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız
b. power pattern (in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the square12of the magni
28 Antennas in Microwave Systems
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS AND FIGURES-OF-MERIT OF ANTENNAS
z
First null beamwidth Major lobe Normalized Field
(FNBW) Pattern (linear scale)
1
Half-power beamwidth 0.9
(HPBW) + +
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Side lobe 0.4
Minor lobes 0.3
- - 0.2
Radiation lobes and beamwidths of

0.1
+ +
- - y
+ + an antenna amplitude pattern in
-
x
Minor lobes Back lobe polar form.
Reference : Antenna Theory, Analysis
(a) and Design, C.A. Balanis. 4th Ed.
Radiation Normalized Field
Pattern (linear scale)
+ +
- - y
+ +
-
Antennas in Microwave Systems x
Minor lobes Back lobe
(a)
Radiation Normalized Field

Pattern (linear scale)
intensity 1
p
Half-power beamwidth ((HPBW)) j lobe
Major 0.9
First null beamwidth (FNBW) + + 0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
HPBW
Side lobe 0.4
Minor lobes
0.3
Back lobe 0.2 Linear plot of power

FNBW
− − 0.1
pattern and its lobes
− + + − and beamwidths.
− + + −
π π/2 0 π/2 π
(b)
22.12.2020
Figure 2.3 (a) Radiation lobes and beamwidths of an EEM 557 Microwave
antenna amplitudeEngineering
pattern inDr. polar
H. Yıldızform. (b) Linear plot 14
n beam at which the power level has dropped 3 dB from its maximum value (its half-
er points). The 3 dB beamwidth of the pattern of Figure 14.3 is about 10◦ . Antennas

ng a constant pattern in the azimuthal plane are called omnidirectional, and are useful
applications such as broadcasting or for hand-held wireless devices, where it is desired
ansmit or receive equally in all directions. Patterns that have relatively narrow main
ms in bothAntenna Directivity
planes are known as :pencil beam antennas, and are useful in applications
h as radarDirectivity
and point-to-point
is the radio
ratio links.
of the maximum radiation intensity in the main beam to the
Another measure of the focusing ability of an antenna is the directivity, defined as the
average radiation
o of the maximum radiationintensity
intensity over
in the allbeam
main spaceto the average radiation intensity
all space:
Umax 4πUmax 4πUmax
D= = = , (14.8)
Uavg Prad ! !
π 2π
U (θ, φ) sin θ dθ dφ
θ =0 φ=0
re (14.7) has been used for the radiated power. Directivity is a dimensionless ratio of
er, and isDirectivity is a dimensionless
usually expressed in dB as D(dB)ratio= 10of power, and is usually expressed in dB as
log(D).
An antennaD(dB) = 10 log(D)
that radiates equally in all directions is called an isotropic antenna. Apply-
the integral identity that
!π !2π
sin θ dθ dφ = 4π
havingU a(θ, φ) sin pattern
constant θdθdφin the azimuthal plane are called omnidirectional, and are
θ=0 for
φ=0applications such as broadcasting or for hand-held wireless devices, where it is
en used for the radiated power.
to transmit or receive equally in all directions. Patterns that have relatively narrow
beams Directivity is a dimensionless
in both planes ratiobeam
are known as pencil of antennas, and are useful in appli
y expressed in dB as D(dB)such = 10aslog(D).
radar and point-to-point radio links.
radiates An antenna
equally in allthat radiates
directions isequally
called
Another in all
an directions
isotropic
measure is called
antenna.
of the focusing an
Apply-
ability of isotropic
an antennaantenna.
is the directivity, defined
ity that and; ratio of the maximum radiation intensity in the main beam to the average radiation in
!π !2π over all space:
Umax 4πUmax 4πUmax
sin θdθdφ = 4π D= = = ,
Uavg Prad ! !
π 2π
θ=0 φ=0 U (θ, φ) sin θ dθ dφ
f (14.8) for U (θ, φ) = 1 shows that the directivity of an isotropic ele- θ =0 φ=0
dB. Since the minimum directivity of any
where (14.7) hasantenna
been used is for
unity,
the directivity
radiated power. Directivity is a 4π dimensionless r
as relative The directivity
to the directivityofof
ananisotropic
power, isotropicantenna element
radiator,
and is usually inDdB= as
and written
expressed 1,asD(dB)
ordBi.
0 dB.
= 10 log(D).
for some common antennas areAn 2.2 dB forthat
a wire dipole, 7.0indB
allfor a
Directivity of antennas isantenna radiates
stated as relative equally
to directions
the directivity of anisisotropic
called an isotropic
antennaantenna.
enna, 23 dB for a waveguide inghorn antenna,
the integral and 35
identity thatdB for a parabolic
and written as dBi. !π !2π
directivity are both measures of the focusing ability of an antenna: sin θ dθ dφ = 4π
with a narrow
22.12.2020main beam will have a high directivity,
EEM 557 while
Microwave Engineering a pattern
=0H.φ=0
θDr. Yıldız 16
Beamwidth and directivity are both measures of the focusing ability of an an
an antenna pattern with a narrow main beam will have a high directivity, while a p
with a wide beam will have a lower directivity. We might therefore expect a direct r
between beamwidth and directivity, but in fact there is not an exact relationship be
these two quantities. This is because beamwidth is only dependent on the size and
Typicalofdirectivities for some
the main beam, common
whereas antennasinvolves
directivity are: integration of the entire radiation p
2.2 dBThus it is possible
for a wire dipole, for many different antenna patterns to have the same beamwid
quite different directivities due to differences in sidelobes or the presence of more th
7.0 dBmain
for a beam.
microstrip
Withpatch antenna,
this qualification in mind, however, it is possible to develop appro
23 dB relations betweenhorn
for a waveguide beamwidth
antenna, and
and directivity that apply with reasonable accuracy to
number of practical antennas. One such approximation that works well for antenna
35 dB for a parabolic reflector antenna.
pencil beam patterns is the following:
∼ 32,400
For antennas with pencil beam patterns : D= ,
θ1 θ2
Wherewhere
θ1 andθθ12 and θ2 are
are the the beamwidths
beamwidths in two orthogonal
in two orthogonal planes
planes of of the
the main main beam, in de
beam,
This This
in degrees. approximation
approximationdoesdoes
notnot
work
workwell
wellfor
foromnidirectional
omnidirectional patterns
patterns because the
well-defined main beam in only one plane for such patterns.
crowave Systems
Antennas
n to Microwave Systems
in Microwave Systems
Example :
TTERN CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIPOLE ANTENNA
c4.2field The far-zone

radiated
PATTERN electric field
by an electrically
CHARACTERISTICS OFradiated
small wire byANTENNA
dipole
A DIPOLE an electrically small wire dipole antenna
antenna
s is given by
oriented
electric field radiatedon by
theanz-axis is given
electrically below.
small Find the
wire dipole main beam position of the dipole
antenna
he z-axis isantenna, e − j k0 r
given by its beamwidth,
E θ (r, θ, φ) = V0 sin θ V/m,and its directivity.
r
e− jk0 r
E φ (r, θ,Eφ) φ) = V0 sin θ
θ (r,=θ,0. V/m,
r
position of E φthe φ) =antenna,
dipole
(r, θ, 0. its beamwidth, and its direc-
Solution
n beam position : dipole antenna, its beamwidth, and its direc-
of the
ty for theThe radiation

above intensity for the above far field is
far-field is
U (θ,
intensity for theφ)above sin2 θ, is
= C far-field where the constant C = V02/2η0
C = V02 /2η 0 . TheUradiation
22.12.2020
C sin2 θ,
(θ, φ) = pattern is seen to EEM
be 557
independent
Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 18
(r, θ, φ) = 0. x y
0
(a) With minor lobes
on of the dipole antenna, its beamwidth, and its direc- Normaliz

z Pattern (lin
Example :
the above far-field is
The radiation pattern is omnidirectional in
2
U (θ, φ) = C sin θ, independent of φ).
azimuth plane (i.e., x y
(b) Without minor lobes
2 /2η . The radiation pattern is seen to be independent ◦ (alongpatterns
0 0 The pattern has a “donut” shape, with nulls at θ = 0 and θFigure
= 1802.17 Omnidirectional
thewithz-and without minor lobes.
nd so is omnidirectional
axis), in the azimuthal
and a beam maximum plane.
at◦θ = 90◦ (the The plane).
horizontal 20 30.01
e, with nulls at θ = 0 and θ = 180 (along the z-axis), 18 D (exact)

12.55
o
θ = 90The angles where the radiation

Theintensity
angles has dropped
the by 3 dB (or half of the
16 Do (McDonald)(Eq.2-33a) 12.04
◦ (the horizontal plane). where
Do (Pozar)(Eq. 2-33b)
Directivity Do (dimensionless)
14 11.46
pped bypower) are given

given by
bythe
thesolutions to to sinn
Directivity Do (dB)
U= θ
12 10.79
3 dB are solutions 10 10.00
8 9.03
sin2 θ = 0.5; From the equation θ = 450 is found 6 7.78
4 6.02
135◦ − 45◦ 90◦ .

2 3.01
er, beamwidth is = 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız n 19
ulated using (14.8). The denominator of this expression
g effect is the 3Solution
dB beamwidth of the antenna, defined as the angular width ◦
of the
= maximum
0isand θ =value
0.2
pattern
am at whichhas
the
The a radiation
“donut”
power shape,
levelintensity with
has dropped
for the3nulls
dB from
above atfar-field
θ its 180 (its (along
half- the z-axis), 0.1
x y
andThea beam maximumofatthe = 90 of ◦ (the horizontal plane). ◦
oints). 3 dB beamwidth θ pattern Figure 14.3 2is about 10 The angles(a) With
. Antennas whereminor lobes
the
= given
radiation
a constant intensity
pattern has dropped
in the azimuthal planeby areU (θ,
dBφ)are
3called C sin θ,by the and
omnidirectional, solutions
are useful to z
Normaliz
Pattern (lin
ications such aswhere

broadcasting or for
the constant C= hand-held
V02 /2η0 .2wireless
The radiationdevices, where
pattern it istodesired
is seen be independent
mit or receive equally
Example
of in all directions.
the: azimuth angle φ, and sin
Patterns = 0.5;
so isθomnidirectional
that have relatively
in thenarrow
azimuthal main plane. The
n both planes are known
pattern has aas“donut”
pencil shape,
beam with antennas,
nulls at andθ= are θ◦ =in180
useful
0 and ◦ (along the z-axis),
applications
thus the 3 dB, or half-power, beamwidth is 135 ◦ − 45 = 90 ◦.
radar andThen, andthea 3beam
point-to-point dB (or links.
half-power)
maximum
radio at θ = 90 beamwidth
◦ (the horizontal plane). The angles where the
The directivity
HPBW
other measure radiation
of = 135
the 0−is 45
focusing calculated
intensity 0has
= 90
ability dropped using
(or,
of0 an 2 x3(14.8).
by
antenna dBis0are
45 =90 The) denominator
thegiven defined of
by the solutions
0directivity, to this
as the expression
is
the maximum radiation intensity in the main beam to the average radiation intensity
The Directivity can be found as : sin2 θ = 0.5; x y
space: Reference : Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, C.A. Balanis. 4th Ed.
2π
!π !thus ! π " # (b) Without minor lobes
Umaxthe 3 dB,4πUormax 4πUmaxis 135◦ − 45◦ = 90◦ . Figure
half-power, beamwidth 4(14.8) 8πC patterns with and without minor lobes.
D= = = 3 2.17 Omnidirectional
!π = = 2πC of this=
U φ)Psin θdθdφ ,
Uavg (θ,directivity
The
rad !2π2πC
is calculated using (14.8). sin The
θdθ denominator
3
expression
3
,
is 20 30.01
θ=0 φ=0 U (θ,θ=0 φ) sin θdθdφ 18
D (exact) o
12.55
!π !2π " # DD (McDonald)(Eq.2-33a)

!π 16 o 12.04
where Pthe required integral θ=0 φ=0

identity is listed in Appendix D. 4
Since U 8πC = C, the
(Pozar)(Eq. 2-33b) o
Directivity Do (dimensionless)
3
rad = = = =
U (θ, φ) sin θdθdφ 2πC sin θdθ 2πC 14
max , n
11.46
Directivity Do (dB)
U = sin θ
12 3
14.7)directivity
has been used for the
reduces toradiated power. Directivity is a dimensionless ratio of 3 10.79
θ=0 φ=0 θ=0 10 10.00

and is usually expressed in dB as D(dB) = 10 log(D). 8 9.03
where the
antenna that radiates required
equally in allintegral
directions 3
identity is listed
is called anin Appendix
isotropic D. Since
antenna. Umax = C, the
Apply-
Since U = C D = = 1.76 dB. 6
■ 7.78
thatmax reduces to
ntegral identitydirectivity 2 4 6.02
2 3.01
! !
π 2π
22.12.2020 EEM 5573Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 0 20
D= = 1.76 dB. 0 50 100 150 ■n
200 250 300 350 400 450
equired integral identity is listed in Appendix D. Since Umax = C, the
educes to
Antennas3 in Microwave Systems
D = = 1.76 dB. ■
2
Antenna Gain and Efficiency :
Due to the resistive losses (caused by non-perfect metals and dielectric materials),
the power radiated by an antenna is less than the power delivered to the input of
due to that antenna.
nonperfect metals and dielectric materials, exist in all practical
osses result in a difference between the power delivered to the input of an
The radiation efficiency of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the output power to
power radiated by that antenna. As with many other electrical components,
theefficiency
e radiation supplied ofinput power: as the ratio of the desired output power
an antenna
nput power: Where;
Prad Pin − Ploss Ploss Prad : power radiated by the antenna,

ηrad = = =1− , (14.10)
Pin Pin Pin Pin : power supplied to the input of the antenna,
e power radiated by the antenna, Pin is the power supplied Ploss : power
to the inputlost inofthe antenna.
Ploss is the power lost in the antenna. Note that there are other factors that
22.12.2020 loss of transmit power, such
o the effective EEM 557
as Microwave
impedanceEngineeringmismatch
Dr. H. Yıldız at the 21
Antenna Gain and Efficiency :
Then, the Antenna Gain can be defined as the product of directivity and efficiency:
G = ηrad D
Gain is always less than or equal to directivity.
Gain is usually expressed in dB,
G (dB) = 10 log (G)
There are other loss factors :
• impedance mismatch at the input to the antenna,
• polarization mismatch with the receive antenna.
Elimination is possible using matching networks, or the positioning of the Rx antenna
ned as the effective aperture area of the receive antenna. The effective
dimensions of m2 , and can be interpreted as the “capture area” of a
ntercepting part of the incident power density radiated toward the receive
ntity Pr in (14.14) is the power available at the terminals of the receive
red to a Effective
conjugatelyAperture
matchedArea (Ae):
load.
m effectiveTheaperture
effectivearea
aperture
of an area (Ae) can
antenna can be
be shown
definedtoasbe
therelated
“capture area” of a receive
to the
antenna antenna,
as [1, 2] intercepting part of the incident power density radiated toward the receive
antenna. Dλ2
Ae = , (14.15)
4π
• For electrically large aperture antennas (reflectors, horns, etc.), the effective
erating wavelength of the antenna. For electrically large aperture antennas
aperture
ture area is often closearea
to istheoften close
actual to the actual
physical physical
aperture area. aperture
However, area.
• However
ypes of antennas, such asfordipoles
some other
and types
loops,ofthere
antennas,
is no such as dipoles
simple relationand loops, it is not
sical cross-sectional area of the antenna and its effective aperture area.
so simple.
fective aperture area as defined above does not include the effect of losses
• In order to include the effect of losses in the antenna, D can be replaced by G,
hich can be accounted for by replacing D in (14.15) with G, the gain, of
the gain, of the antenna.
14.2 Wireless Commun
Frii’s Transmission Formula :
Consider a general radio system link Gt Gr
as shown in figure. Pt Pr
Pt is the transmit power
Gt is the transmit antenna gain, R
Gr is the receive antenna gain
FIGURE 14.9 A basic radio system.
Pr is the received power (delivered to a matched load)
R is the distance between the transmit and receive antennas.
Savg is the power density radiated by an isotropic source
A general radio system link is shown in Figure 14.9, where the transmit p
(D=1, or 0 dB) transmit antenna gain is G , the receive antenna gain is G , and the recei
22.12.2020 t Dr. H. Yıldız
EEM 557 Microwave Engineering r 24
U (θ, φ) sin θ dθ dφ = 2πC sin θ dθ = 2πC = ,
3 3
θ =0 φ=0 θ =0

k is shown in Figurewhere14.9, where integral
the required the transmit power
identity is P
is listed int ,Appendix
the D. Since Umax = C, the
14.2 Wireless Commun
t , the receive antenna gainreduces
directivity is G r ,toand the received power (de-
Frii’stransmit
is Pr . The Transmission Formulaantennas
and receive : are separated Gby the Gr
3 t
D = = 1.76 dB. ■
The power density radiated by an Pt 2 Pr
the power density
isotropic antennaradiated
(D = 1 =by0 dB)
an at
isotropic
a antenna (D =
is givendistance
by R is :
R
Pt
Savg = W/m2 .due
Resistive2 losses, to nonperfect
FIGURE 14.9 A basicmetals
radioand (14.22)
dielectric materials, exist in all practic
system.
4π R
antennas. Such losses result in a difference between the power delivered to the input of
t that we• If mustthe transmit
be able
antenna andantenna
to
therecover
powerdirectivity
all of >the
radiated by0that
dB,
radiatedwe must
antenna. power As multiply the other
by many
with Pt by electrical
D componen
If thewetransmit
radius •R surrounding can define
the the radiation
antenna;
antenna efficiency
since
has losses, the canofinclude
wepower anisantenna
distributed as the ratio
the radiation of the desired output pow
efficiency
isto4πthe
of a spherefactor, R 2supplied
, (14.22) input power:If the transmit antenna has
follows.
converting directivity
A generaltoradio
gain.system link is shown in Figure 14.9, where the transmit p
dB, we can find the radiatedtransmit powerantenna
density Prad by ismultiplying
gain PGint ,−thePloss by antenna
receive Ploss gain is G r , and the receiv
ηrad D where, ηrad = = =1−
vity is definedGas=the ratio of livered
the actual radiation
to a matched intensity
Pin load) isPin to the ,
Pr . The transmitPinand receive antennas are se
(14.1
on intensity.
22.12.2020 In addition, if the transmit
distance antenna
R. 557 Microwave
EEM has
Engineering losses,
Dr. H. Yıldız we
where P is the power radiated by the antenna, P is the power supplied to the input
25
rad in
of a sphere is 4π R 2 , (14.22) follows. If the transmit antenna has
area of a sphere is 4π R 2 , (14.22) follows. If the transmit antenna has
0 dB, we can find the radiated power density by multiplying by
han 0 dB, we can find the radiated power density by multiplying by
tivity is defined as the ratio of the actual radiation intensity to the
irectivity is defined as the ratio of the actual radiation intensity to the
tion intensity. In addition, if the transmit antenna has losses, we 14.2 Wireless Communic
adiation intensity. In addition, if the transmit antenna has losses, we
efficiency factor, which has the effect of converting directivity to
The general
ion efficiency expression
factor, which hasforthe
the effect
power of
density
converting directivity
Gt to Gr
xpression for the power density radiated by an arbitrary transmit
al expression
radiatedfor
bythe power density
an arbitrary transmitradiated
antenna by
is :an arbitrary
Pt transmit Pr
G t Pt 2
Savg = G t P
W/m
t . 2 (14.23) R
Savg4π= R 2 2 W/m . (14.23)
4π R FIGURE 14.9 A basic radio system.
cident on The thereceived
receivepower
antenna,can webe can use
found by the concept of
multiplying the effective
power density incident on
sn incident on the receive antenna,
(14.14), to find the received power: we can use the concept of effective
the receive
ned in (14.14), antenna
to find with the effective
the received power: aperture area (Ae) ;
G t Pt Ae A general radio system link is shown in Figure 14.9, where the transmit po
Pr = Ae Savg = W.
G2t Pt Ae transmit antenna gain is G t , the receive antenna gain is G r , and the receive
Pr = Ae Savg 4π = R W.
4π R 2 livered to a matched load) is Pr . The transmit and receive antennas are sep
to relate the effective area to the directivity of the
distance R. receive antenna.
sed to relate
losses in thethe effective
receive area can
antenna to the bedirectivity offortheby
From (14.6)–(14.7),
accounted receive
using the antenna.
power density radiated by an isotropic a
theby
22.12.2020 1 = 0 dB) at a distance R
EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız is given 26
of losses in the receive antenna can be accounted
tivity) of the receive antenna. Then the final result for the received for by using the
s of m2 , and canGbe t Pinterpreted
t 2
as the “capture area” of a
part of theSavg = power
incident 2
W/m . radiated toward the receive(14.23)
density
4π R
(14.14) is the power available at the terminals of the receive
cident
jugately Antennas in Microwave Systems
onmatched
the receive
load.antenna, we can use the concept of effective 14.2 Wireless Commun
naperture
(14.14), to find
area of anthe received
antenna can power:
be shown to be related to the Gt Gr
1, 2] Inserting the effective aperture area (A e ) as:
G t Pt Ae
Pr = Ae Savg = 2
W. Pt Pr
Dλ2 4π R
Ae = , (14.15)
to relate the effective
4π area to the directivity of the receive antenna. R
losses in
elength of the
the receive antenna
antenna. For can belarge
electrically accounted 14.9 for
aperture
FIGURE by using
antennas
A basic the
radio system.
ivity) ofThe
the losses
receivein antenna.
the receive antenna
Then the can be
final included
result for thein received
the gain (Gr) of the receive
often close to the actual physical aperture area. However,
antenna. Then the final result for the received power is :
nnas, such as dipoles and loops, there is no simple relation
ectional area of the antenna and its effective aperture area.
G t G r λ2 A general radio of
system link is shown in Figure 14.9, where the transmit p
=
ure area asPrdefined above Pdoes
2 t W. not include the
transmit
effect
antenna
losses
gain is G
(14.24)
(4π R) t , the receive antenna gain is G r , and the receiv
accounted for by replacing D in (14.15)livered with toG,a matched
the gain, of is Pr . The transmit and receive antennas are se
load)
distance R.
This equation is known as the Frii’s Transmission
the Friis radio link formula, and it addresses Formula or Frii’s Radio Link Formula.
the fundamental
From (14.6)–(14.7), the power density radiated by an isotropic
wer is received
22.12.2020
by a radio antenna. EEM
In1557=
practice,
0 dB) at a the distancevalue R isgiven
Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız
given by
27
rpreted as the maximum possible received power, as there are a P
ed to relate the effective area to the directivity of the receive antenna.
of losses in the receive antenna can be accounted for by using the
ectivity) of the receive antenna. Then the final result for the received
Antennas in Microwave Systems Gt
14.2 Wireless Communica
Gr
G t G r λ2 Pt Pr
Pr = 2
Pt W. (14.24)
(4π R)
R
The received
s the Friis power
radio link (Pr) calculated
formula, from FIGURE
the Frii’s
and it addresses the Transmission
A basic radio system.Formula is the
14.9 fundamental
power is maximum
receivedreceived power,
by a radio because
antenna. Inthere are other
practice, the factors
value given to reduce the received
nterpretedpower in an
as the actual system.
maximum These
possible are : power, as there are a
received
can serve to reduce the received power in
• impedance mismatch at each antenna,an Aactual radio
general radio systemsystem.
link is shown in Figure 14.9, where the transmit pow
transmit antenna gain is G t , the receive antenna gain is G r , and the received
ce mismatch at either antenna, polarization mismatch between
livered to a matched load) isthePr . The transmit and receive antennas are sepa
• polarization
ffects leading mismatch
to attenuation between TXdistance
or depolarization, andmultipath
and RX
R. antennas, effects
From (14.6)–(14.7), the power density radiated by an isotropic an
ancellation•ofpropagation
the receivedeffects
field.causing to attenuation
1 = 0 dB) ator depolarization,
a distance R is given by
Pt
• multipath effects (cancellation of the received field due toSavg
interference)
=
4π R 2
W/m2 .
This result reflects the fact that we must be able to recover all of the radiat
22.12.2020 integrating
EEM 557 Microwave over
Engineering Dr. a sphere of radius R surrounding the antenna; since
H. Yıldız 28 the power i
isotropically, and the area of a sphere is 4π R 2 , (14.22) follows. If the transmit
Gr
Pt Pr
Observations :
R
!
1. the received power decreases by # as the separation
FIGURE 14.9 between Tx and Rx
A basic radio system.
"
increases.
!
2. The decay of "# is better than the losses in aA wired link.
general radio systemBecause,
link is shown inthe
Figure 14.9, where the transmit powe
$ −2αz
attenuation of power on a transmission line varies
livered to with
a matched load) is Pr(where αand
. The transmit is receive
the antennas are separ
distance R.
attenuation constant of the line). From (14.6)–(14.7), the power density radiated by an isotropic ante
1. At large distances the exponential function $ −2αz decreases faster

1 = 0 dB) at a distance R is given by
Pt
than
! Savg = W/m2 .
"#
dependence. Thus, radio links will have better performance 4π R
than
2
This result reflects the fact that we must be able to recover all of the radiate
wired links for long-distance communications.
integrating over a sphere of radius R surrounding the antenna; since the power is
a directivity greater than 0 dB, we can find the radiated power density by mu
the directivity, since directivity is defined as the ratio of the actual radiation inte
22.12.2020 equivalent
EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız isotropic radiation intensity. In addition, if the transmit
29 antenna has
can include the radiation efficiency factor, which has the effect of converting d
Gr
Pt Pr
Observations :
R
3. The received power is proportional with Pt Gt which

FIGURE 14.9 A means the power radiated
basic radio system.
by an isotropic antenna with input power Pt Gt . Then, this product is defined

as the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP):
A general radio system link is shown in Figure 14.9, where the transmit powe
EIRP=PtGt (W) livered to a matched load) is Pr . The transmit and receive antennas are separ
distance R.
The received power is proportional to the EIRP of the transmitter and can only
From (14.6)–(14.7), the power density radiated by an isotropic ante
1 = 0 dB) at a distance R is given by
be increased by increasing the EIRP which means increasing: Savg = Pt W/m2.
4π R 2
• the transmit power, or This result reflects the fact that we must be able to recover all of the radiate
integrating over a sphere of radius R surrounding the antenna; since the power is
• the transmit antenna gain, or both a directivity greater than 0 dB, we can find the radiated power density by mu
the directivity, since directivity is defined as the ratio of the actual radiation inte
22.12.2020 equivalent
EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız isotropic radiation intensity. In addition, if the transmit
30 antenna has
can include the radiation efficiency factor, which has the effect of converting d
! "
4π R
L 0 (dB) = 20 log > 0. (14.26)
λ
oss depends on wavelength (frequency), which serves to provide a normal-
nits of distance.
Link Budget
bove definition of pathCalculations
loss, we can: write the remaining terms of the Friis
wn in the Link
following link
budget budget:
from the Friis formula can be calculated as :
Transmit power Pt
Transmit antenna line loss (−)L t Added
Transmit antenna gain Gt
4*+
Path loss (free-space) (−)L 0 Path Loss : !" = 20 &'(
,
Atmospheric attenuation (−)L A Added
Receive antenna gain Gr
Receive antenna line loss (−)L r Additional loss factors :
• Impedance mismatch at the antennas,
Receive power Pr • Polarization mismatch (Pol. Loss Factor)
cluded loss terms for atmospheric attenuation and line attenuation. Assum-
cted by the antenna from the incoming signal will not be maximum because14.2of theWireless Com
s. Assuming that the electric field of the incoming wave can be written as
Antennas inEMicrowave
i =ρ
̂ w Ei Systems
write the receive power as
(2-69)
r P (dBm) = P − L + G − L − L + G − L
t t t 0 A r r
Link Budget Calculations : 14.2 Wireless Communications
e unit vector of the wave, and the polarization of the electric field of the receiving
If the
expressed as quantities summarized in the table
If the transmit and/orarereceive
given in antenna
dB scale, then theimpedance
is not link budget matche
ceive power
formulaas becomes
receiver
: (or to their connecting lines), impedance mismatch will reduc
by the E =
factor ̂
ρ(1E − |!| 2 ), where ! is the appropriate (2-70)
reflection coeffi
P (dBm) = P − L a+ G a−a L − L + G − L .
r t t t 0 A r (14.27)
r
impedance mismatch loss,
ransmit For
unit vector the
and/or additional
(polarization loss factors
vector),
receive antenna the : impedance
polarization
is not lossmatched
can be taken to the intotransmitter/
account by
2
olarization
• loss factor
Impedance (PLF).
mismatch It is
at defined,
the
to their connecting lines), impedance mismatch will based
antennas: on
L imp reduce the received power ) ≥ 0,
the (dB) =
polarization−10 of the
log(1 − |!|
antenna
ng(1
or mode,
− •|!| as2 ), where ! is the appropriate reflection coefficient. The resulting
Polarization
can mismatch
be included(Polarization
in the Lossbudget
link Factor-PLF) to account for the reduction in rece
mismatch loss, 2 2
PLF = |ρ̂ w ⋅ ρ̂Another
a | = | cos |
p (dimensionless)
possible
𝜓
Where, ρ!entry in the link budget relates
# 2is the polarization of E field of Tx antenna and
(2-71)
to the polarizat
L imp (dB) = −10
transmit log(1 − antennas,
and receive |!| ) ≥ 0, as maximum power transmission betw
(14.28)
ρ! $is the polarization of Rx Antenna
angle between the two
PLF(dB) = 10unit
%&'vectors.
receiver (+,-)Theboth
requires
() relative alignment
antennas to beof polarized
the polarizationin the ofsame
the manner. If
uded Ref : Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, C.A. Balanis
and in
of the
the link
22.12.2020
budget
antenna is to
shown
vertically
account
in Figurefor
polarized,
the
2.24. reduction
EEM 557for If the
example,
Microwave antennain received
is
Engineering Dr. H.maximum
Yıldız
power.
polarization
power matched,
will only be
32 deliver
r possible entry in the link budget relates to the polarization matching of the
SUMMARY 73
Antennas in Microwave Systems ψp ψp

SUMMARY 73
ψp ψp
PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 1 PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = cos2 ψp PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 0

(aligned) (rotated) (orthogonal)
PLF for transmitting and receiving

PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 1 (a) PLF
PLFfor ^ • ^ |2 = cos
= | transmitting and2 receiving
ψp PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 0
(aligned)
w
aperture
a
antennas
(rotated) (orthogonal) aperture antennas
ψp
(a) PLF for transmitting and receiving
aperture antennas
ψp ψp
ψp
PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 1 PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = cos2 ψp PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 0 PLF for transmitting and receiving
(aligned) (rotated) (orthogonal) linear wire antennas
Ref : Antenna
^ ^ Theory, Analysis and^ Design, C.A. Balanis
2
PLF = | w • a| = 1 ^ 2 and
(b) PLF for transmitting 2 receiving
PLF = | w • a| = cos ψp PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 0
22.12.2020
(aligned) wire antennas EEM 557 Microwave Engineering
linear(rotated) Dr. H. Yıldız
(orthogonal) 33
it and receive antennas, as maximum power transmission between transmitter and
r requires both antennas to be polarized in the same manner. If a transmit antenna is
lly polarized, for example, maximum power will only be delivered to a vertically po-
receiving antenna, while zero power would be delivered to a horizontally polarized
antenna, and half the available power would be delivered to a circularly polarized
Link Margin
a. Determination : polarization loss factor is explained in references [1], [2],
of the
. In practice, the received power level must be greater than the threshold level
practicalrequired
communications systemsacceptable
for the minimum it is usually desired
quality to have This
of service. the received
is definedpower
as the
eater than the threshold
minimum level required
carrier-to-noise ratiofor the minimum
(CNR), or minimumacceptable
signal quality
to noiseofratio
service
(SNR).
y expressed as the minimum carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), or minimum SNR). This
allowanceTheforlink marginpower
received can beisexpressed
referred toasasthe
thedifference between
link margin, thebe
and can designed
expressed received
power
difference (Pr) and
between the the minimum
design value ofthreshold
receivedvalue
powerof and
receive
the power
minimum (Pr(min) ) and typical
threshold
f receivevalues
power: for link margin is 10 to 20 dB approximately.
Link margin (dB) = LM = Pr − Pr(min) > 0, (14.29)
all quantities are in dB. Link margin should be a positive number; typical values may
rom 3 to 20 dB. Having a reasonable link margin provides a level of robustness to the
to account for variables such as signal fading
22.12.2020 due Engineering
EEM 557 Microwave to weather,
Dr. H. Yıldızmovement of a mobile 34
Example : Link Anaysis of DBS Television System (Reference : Microwave Engineering, by
D.M. Pozar, 4th Ed.)
The Direct Broadcast System (DBS) in North America operates at 12.2–12.7 GHz,
with a transmit carrier power (Pt) of 120 W, a transmit antenna gain (Gt) of 34 dB,
distance (R) from the geostationary satellite to Earth of 39,000 km. The 18-inch
receiving dish antenna has a gain (Gr) of 33.5 dB.
Let us take the frequency as 12,5 GHz, Path Loss can be calculated as :
4*+ 4*(390102
!" = 20 &'( = 20&'( = 206 56
, 0.024

The link budget can be calculated as :
Pt=120 W =50.8 dBm
Gt=34 dB
L0=206 dB
Gr=33.5 dB
Pr=Pt+Gt-L0+Gr =50.8dBm + 34dB – 206dB + 33.5dB = – 87.7 dBm = 1.7 10#$% W

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Antennas in Microwave Systems

Antennas in Microwave Systems

22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 11

Antennas in Microwave Systems

Side lobe 0.4

Minor lobes 0.3

Radiation lobes and beamwidths of

Radiation Normalized Field

Back lobe 0.2 Linear plot of power

Antennas in Microwave Systems

c4.2field The far-zone

ty for theThe radiation

(a) With minor lobes

on of the dipole antenna, its beamwidth, and its direc- Normaliz

Antennas in Microwave Systems

e, with nulls at θ = 0 and θ = 180 (along the z-axis), 18 D (exact)

θ = 90The angles where the radiation

pped bypower) are given

sin2 θ = 0.5; From the equation θ = 450 is found 6 7.78

135◦ − 45◦ 90◦ .

ications such aswhere

!π !2π " # DD (McDonald)(Eq.2-33a)

where Pthe required integral θ=0 φ=0

θ=0 φ=0 θ=0 10 10.00

Prad Pin − Ploss Ploss Prad : power radiated by the antenna,

Antennas in Microwave Systems

1. At large distances the exponential function $ −2αz decreases faster

3. The received power is proportional with Pt Gt which

by an isotropic antenna with input power Pt Gt . Then, this product is defined

Antennas in Microwave Systems ψp ψp

PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 1 PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = cos2 ψp PLF = | ^ w • ^ a|2 = 0

PLF for transmitting and receiving

22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 35

22.12.2020 EEM 557 Microwave Engineering Dr. H. Yıldız 36

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