Current Affairs PDF - April 1 15 2021

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Current Affairs [PDF] - April 1-15, 2021
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Current Affairs [PDF] - April 1-15, 2021
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Contents
......................... ........ .... .... ..... ......... ................................................
News Headlines ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
April 1, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
April 6, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
April 7, 2021 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
April 8, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
April 9, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
April 10, 2021 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
April 11, 2021 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
April 12, 2021 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
April 13, 2021 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
April 14, 2021 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
April 15, 2021 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
April 1, 2021 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Utkal Divas – 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10
What are Military Farms? Why Indian Army has closed them? ................................................................................................ 10
PLI Scheme for Food Processing Industry: Key Facts ................................................................................................................... 11
What is Carnivac-Cov Vaccine? .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Computer Aided CME Tracking Software (CACTus) and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) ............................................. 12
Mahendragiri: Odisha's Second Biosphere Reserve ....................................................................................................................... 13
Forest Governance by Indigenous and Tribal Peoples: Key Findings ....................................................................................... 13
What is Article 244(A) of the Constitution? .................................................................................................................................. 14
2021 Global Gender Gap Index: Key findings and India's Rank ................................................................................................ 15
What are New Rates on PPF, Small Savings Schemes? ............................................................................................................... 15
April 3, 2021 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
What is Suez Canal Blockade? ........................................................................................................................................................... 16
First Image of Black Hole Magnetic Field ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Biggest Floating Solar Power Plant of India ................................................................................................................................... 17
IRDAI: Health Insurance and Motor Insurance Filing Process Standardised .......................................................................... 18
Thermal Power Plants Emission Standards ..................................................................................................................................... 19
National Register for Driving Licenses: Key Facts ........................................................................................................................ 20
Indian Railway Electrification: New record ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Tribes India Contest by TRIFED ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
Pakistan’s stand on Trade with India ............................................................................................................................................... 22
HSN Code: New rules ......................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Why did Haryana Government amend the Rules for conduct of business in Assembly? .................................................... 23
April 4, 2021 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
World in 2030: Public Survey Report ............................................................................................................................................. 24
NSO report: Women and Men in India, 2020 .............................................................................................................................. 25
PM SVANidhi Scheme: 1.6% loans from private sector ............................................................................................................. 26
April 5, 2021 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Small Savings Schemes: West Bengal becomes the highest contributor ................................................................................. 27
Digital India: India leads in Digital Payments ................................................................................................................................ 28
ARWU Ranking, 2020 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Climate Change: Japan sees the earliest Cherry Blossoms ever ................................................................................................ 29
Police and Crime Bill: Why are people protesting in UK? .......................................................................................................... 30
Shantir Ogroshena, 2021 .................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Plant-Insect Gene Transfer reported for the first time ................................................................................................................ 31
Miami Open: Hubert Hurkacz of Poland wins the title ............................................................................................................... 32
IIT Kanpur develops touch sensitive watch for visually impaired ............................................................................................. 32
SANKALP SE SIDDHI launched by TRIFED ................................................................................................................................ 33
National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021 .......................................................................................................................................... 34
What is Advanced Chaff Technology? ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Amendment Ordinance, 2021 ............................................................................................. 35
April 6, 2021 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
National Maritime Day: April 5 ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
© 2021 GKToday | All Rights Reserved | https://www.gktoday.in 2

India sets new record in ethanol blend with petrol ...................................................................................................................... 37
What is NFT Marketplace? ................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Word Highest Bridge: Chenab Bridge Arch Closure Completed ............................................................................................. 38
Monthly Economic Review: March 2021 ........................................................................................................................................ 39
What is Ingenuity Helicopter? ........................................................................................................................................................... 39
Integrated Health Information Platform: Key Facts ..................................................................................................................... 40
E9 Education Ministers Meet ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Longi Green Enters Hydrogen Market ............................................................................................................................................ 41
What is the new Russian Legislation signed by Putin? ................................................................................................................ 42
Facebook Data leak, 2021 .................................................................................................................................................................. 42
FPI inflows in India: Rs 2.74 lakh crores in 2021 ........................................................................................................................ 43
Chief Justice of India: Justice Ramana to assume charge ........................................................................................................... 44
SEBI: India should separate the roles of Chairperson and Managing Director ..................................................................... 44
DRDO to partner with Private Sector in Missile Production ..................................................................................................... 45
April 7, 2021 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Uttar Pradesh Regulation of Urban Premises Tenancy (second) Ordinance 2021 ............................................................... 46
What is RXIL? ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Benjamin Netanyahu and Israeli Government ............................................................................................................................... 47
FDA approves ADHD Drugs ............................................................................................................................................................ 47
Robots made from stem cells of frogs ............................................................................................................................................ 48
World Health Day: April 7 ................................................................................................................................................................ 48
RBI Monetary Policy ........................................................................................................................................................................... 49
World Economic Outlook .................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Atal Innovation Mission, CIPS join hands for Innovation in Public System ............................................................................ 50
BRICS Finance Ministers Meet, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................... 51
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: 92% Target achieved .................................................................................................................. 52
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana: 1.12 crore employment generated .......................................................................................... 52
Forbes list of India’s 10 richest billionaires ..................................................................................................................................... 53
Second Wave of Bird Flu in Himachal Pradesh ............................................................................................................................ 54
What are Prepaid Payment Instruments? ........................................................................................................................................ 54
What is India H2 Alliance (IH2A)? .................................................................................................................................................. 55
National Programme on High Efficiency Solar PV Modules ...................................................................................................... 56
Union Cabinet: PLI Scheme for Air Conditioners and LED Lights approved ........................................................................ 56
April 8, 2021 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 57
India-Japan: MoU signed for Academic and Research Cooperation ........................................................................................ 57
INS Sarvekshak: Joint Hydrographc Survey in Mauritius ........................................................................................................... 58
IRDAI Guidelines on Trade Credit Insurance ............................................................................................................................... 58
S Ramann: New Chairman and Managing Director of SIDBI .................................................................................................. 59
What is Jordan Crisis? ......................................................................................................................................................................... 59
G-sec acquisition programme - G-SAP 1.0 ................................................................................................................................... 60
RBI Consumer Confidence Index ...................................................................................................................................................... 61
MCA: 60% Eligible for pre-pack turnaround Scheme ................................................................................................................ 61
World Bank-IMF launch Climate Change platform for poor countries .................................................................................. 62
RBI: Inflation Forecast Model Amended ......................................................................................................................................... 62
IMF: Solidarity Tax on Pandemic Winners ..................................................................................................................................... 63
PM FME Scheme: Ministries Converge .......................................................................................................................................... 63
Madhukranti Portal and Honey Corners launched ...................................................................................................................... 64
Anamaya: Tribal Health Collaborative ............................................................................................................................................ 65
Robo Plant: Technology to interact with plants ............................................................................................................................ 65
MoU signed between Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying and Ministry of AYUSH .................................... 66
April 9, 2021 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Copyright (Amendment) Rules, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................. 67
Committee: 3 out of every 1,000 pregnant women in Meghalaya test positive for HIV .................................................... 67
ADB approves 484 million USD for CKIC Project ..................................................................................................................... 68
What are Quasars? How do they help in understanding Universe? ......................................................................................... 69
Three-branded Rosefinch: New bird species in India .................................................................................................................. 69
IMF: India’s Debt to GDP increased to 90% ................................................................................................................................ 70
India-Seychelles High level Virtual Event ........................................................................................................................................ 70

Central Mine Planning and Design Institute gets Drone Use Permission ................................................................................ 71
Jal Jeevan Mission: State-Wise Planning Exercise started for 2021–22 .................................................................................... 72
What is KVIC’s RE-HAB Project? ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
ULPIN: Unique Land Parcel Identification Number ..................................................................................................................... 73
US Navy conducted Freedom of Navigation Operation in Indian Ocean Region ................................................................. 74
Tika Utsav: COVID-19 Vaccination Drive ...................................................................................................................................... 75
PM Modi releases Hindi Translation of Odisha Itihaas ............................................................................................................... 75
Net Tax Collection exceeds revised estimates in FY21 ................................................................................................................ 76
India-US to focus on Climate Finance ............................................................................................................................................ 77
April 10, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
HDFC Bank SmartUp Grants to 21 Social Sector Start Ups ..................................................................................................... 77
AI for Agriculture Hackathon: Key Highlights ............................................................................................................................. 78
Online Dispute Resolution Handbook of NITI Aayog ................................................................................................................ 78
NanoSniffer: Microsensor based Explosive Trace Detector ....................................................................................................... 79
Crushing the Curve Mass Vaccination Drive ................................................................................................................................. 80
India-Netherlands Strategic Partnership in Water Sector ........................................................................................................... 80
Atal Innovation Mission: CSIR Adopts 295 Atal Tinkering Labs .............................................................................................. 81
Supreme Court: Adults are free to choose their religion ............................................................................................................ 81
India’s Petroleum consumption contracts 9.1% in FY21 ............................................................................................................. 82
What are Dark Sirens? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 83
Volcano erupts in Southern Caribbean ........................................................................................................................................... 83
NASA’s Ingenuity to make first flight attempt ............................................................................................................................. 84
Mask Abhiyan of Odisha .................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Many Endemic species may go extinct if GHG emissions rise .................................................................................................. 85
Who was Samuel Hahnemann? ........................................................................................................................................................ 86
April 12, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Basic Savings Account can be opened in Post Offices ................................................................................................................ 86
GoI to launch National Programme on Artificial Intelligence ................................................................................................... 87
Indian National Young Academy of Sciences: COVID-19 Vaccination Awareness Campaign .......................................... 87
UAE names first Female Astronaut .................................................................................................................................................. 88
Little Guru: World’s First Gamified Sanskrit Learning Application .......................................................................................... 89
Iran launches advanced nuclear centrifuges .................................................................................................................................. 89
Endangered Irrawaddy dolphins count increase in Chilika Lake .............................................................................................. 90
Artemis Programme: NASA to land first person of colour on the moon .............................................................................. 90
Lilavati Awards, 2020 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 91
India: Second most hit by COVID-19 in the world ...................................................................................................................... 91
G20 nods to IMF for fresh SDR issue ............................................................................................................................................ 92
Bhutan: 93% of adults vaccinated in 16 days ................................................................................................................................ 93
BAFTA Awards: Nomadland wins four prizes .............................................................................................................................. 93
What is Historical Nihilism commonly used phrase in China? .................................................................................................. 94
April 13, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Punjab to involve Arhtiyas in Direct Payments to Farmers ........................................................................................................ 94
Melting of Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier “Doomsday Glacier” ................................................................................................ 95
Draft Electricity (Rights of Consumers) (Amendment) Rules, 2021 ....................................................................................... 96
India: Expert panel recommends approval to Sputnik V vaccine .............................................................................................. 96
Sushil Chandra: Next Chief Election Commissioner .................................................................................................................... 97
India Energy Dashboards (Version 2.0) by NITI Aayog ............................................................................................................ 97
DGFT Trade Facilitation App launched ......................................................................................................................................... 98
Central Asia: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan trans-border trade center ............................................................................................. 99
Remdesivir Shortage in India ............................................................................................................................................................ 99
How will Japan release contaminated Fukushima water into the ocean? ............................................................................. 100
Tax collections for FY 21 .................................................................................................................................................................. 100
2021 Global food policy report ........................................................................................................................................................ 101
Odyssey Completes 20 years: NASA releases Electric Blue Dune Images ............................................................................ 101
Aahaar Kranti: Mission launched by Health Minister ................................................................................................................ 102
Astronomers discover the farthest Gamma-ray emitting active galaxy ................................................................................. 103
April 14, 2021 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 103
eSanta: Platform for Marine Products ........................................................................................................................................... 103

Ambedkar Jayanti: April 14 .............................................................................................................................................................. 104
Raisina Dialogue, 2021 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 105
What is Currency Chest? .................................................................................................................................................................. 105
Bohag Bihu Bird Count 2021 begins ............................................................................................................................................. 106
Poshan Gyan: Digital Repository on Nutrition Information ..................................................................................................... 106
ITCN Programme .............................................................................................................................................................................. 107
PLI Scheme: Critical Bulk Drugs approved .................................................................................................................................. 107
Why is GoI fast tracking the Emergency use of foreign made COVID-19 Vaccines? ........................................................ 108
IMF's Asia Growth Forecast ............................................................................................................................................................ 109
Mandatory Gold Hallmarking from June 1 .................................................................................................................................. 109
National Housing Bank: Rs 10,000 crore Special Refinance Facility launched .................................................................... 110
April 15, 2021 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 110
New Zealand Climate Change law for Financial firms ............................................................................................................... 110
Deadly algae kill 4,000 tonnes of Salmon in Chile ..................................................................................................................... 111
What is eFuel? ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Agriculture Ministry sign MoU with Microsoft for farmer welfare ......................................................................................... 112
Himachal Day: April 15 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 113
WHO Guidelines on Zoonosis .......................................................................................................................................................... 113
Withdrawal of US Forces from Afghanistan ................................................................................................................................. 114
Online Grievance Management Portal of NCSC launched ........................................................................................................ 115
MANAS Application launched ......................................................................................................................................................... 115
ISRO Espionage Case ......................................................................................................................................................................... 116
BRICS seminar on Misuse of Internet by Terrorists ................................................................................................................... 117
Flipkart to acquire Cleartrip ............................................................................................................................................................. 117
Facebook’s First Renewable Project in India ................................................................................................................................. 118
IMF to distribute SDR to member countries by August ............................................................................................................ 118
120 Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................................................................................................ 119

News Headlines
April 1, 2021
India
SC-appointed committee submits report on agricultural laws; its members were P. K. Mishra, Anil
Ghanwat and Ashok Gulati
DCGI (Drugs Controller General of India) extends shelf life of Covishield vaccine from six to nine
months
No charging of electronic devices on board trains between 11 pm and 5 am: Railways
Cruise service starts between Surat and Diu; 13 hours one-way journey, 900 Rs. ticket
Punjab: Women can travel for free in all govt.-run buses within the state from April 1
UP: New excise policy to cut price of beer by Rs. 20/bottle from April 1
Army shutting down its 39 military cattle farms across the country; had annual maintenance cost of
Rs. 300 crores
Economy & Corporate
MPC (Monetary Policy Committee) inflation target band retained at 2%-6% for next 5 years: Govt.
At 4.6% in February 2021, core industries show sharpest contraction in six months
Auto-debit payments: RBI extends timeline for implementation of new rules till Sept 30 as banks
missed April 1 deadline
Government mops up Rs 32,835 crore from disinvestment of CPSEs in 2020-21
approves production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for food processing sector entailing an outlay of
Rs 10,900 crore
Covid impact: Govt extends deadline for PAN-Aadhaar linkage till June 30
World Bank raises India’s 2021-22 GDP growth forecast to 10.1% from 5.4% earlier
extends Rs 3-lakh-crore emergency credit line guarantee scheme (ECLGS) by till June 30
Atal Innovation Mission launches ‘AIM-PRIME’ in partnership with BMGF & Venture Center
SBI inks $1-bn loan agreement with Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) to extend loans
to supply chain of Japanese automobile industry in India
India-Mauritius Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) to come
into force from April 1, 2021
Pakistan to resume import of sugar and cotton from India after 2 years
World
World Health Organisation & China release report on coronavirus origin, say virus transmission was
from bats to another animal and subsequently to humans
China refutes assertions of WHO Director General Dr. Tedros Ghebreyesus that it did not provide
necessary access to the team of international experts and withheld data from them
Google to contribute 25 million euros towards the European Media and Information Fund to
strengthen media literacy skills and fight misinformation
Hitachi to buy US software developer GlobalLogic for $9.6 billion
April 6, 2021
Here are Today’s News Headlines by GK Today for April 6, 2021
India
DRDO develops Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard naval ships against enemy missile attack
Health Minister Harsh Vardhan launches Integrated Health Information Platform; India becomes 1st
country to adopt such advanced disease surveillance system
CVC asks govt depts to transfer staff who have completed over 5 years in vigilance at same place

Arch of world’s highest railway bridge on Chenab river in J&K completed; is 359 m above river bed
level
Maharashtra Home Minister Anil Deshmukh resigns after Bombay HC directed CBI to conduct
preliminary inquiry into corruption allegations against him
Economy & corporate
Spices Board India and UNDP India’s Accelerator Lab sign MoU to develop blockchain-powered
traceability Interface for Indian spices
Govt brings ordinance to introduce pre-packaged debt resolution for MSMEs
India attracts $72.12 bn FDI in Apr-Jan FY21; 15% higher than Apr-Jan FY20
World
Russia extends punitive Twitter slowdown until mid-May
International Day of Conscience celebrated by the UN on April 5
Sports
Ex-Gujarat DGP Shabir Hussein Shekhadam Khandwawala appointed as BCCI anti-corruption unit
chief
April 7, 2021
Here are Today’s News Headlines by GK Today for April 7, 2021
India
FM Nirmala Sitharaman meets US Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry to discuss
various climate change issues
External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar holds talks with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov in New
Delhi.
Closing ceremony of 25-day long Dandi Padyatra as part of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav held in Dandi,
Gujarat
Justice N. V. Ramana to take charge as Chief Justice of India on April 24
Tarun Bajaj appointed new revenue secretary, Ajay Seth new Secretary for Department of Economic
Affairs (DEA)
Economy & corporate
IMF raises its FY22 growth forecast for India to 12.5% from 11.5% in its World Economic Outlook
(WEO) report
The IMF expects world output to grow 6% in 2021 and 4.4% in 2022
India hosts BRICS finance ministers and central bank governors meeting virtually from New Delhi
Centre promulgates Tribunals Reforms Ordinance; powers of appellate authorities shifted to High
Courts
National Dialogue on Manufacturing Excellence and Innovation for Competitiveness and
Sustainability of Chemicals Manufacturing held in New Delhi
India Inc must separate CMD post, April 01, 2022 deadline won’t be extended: SEBI
World Bank President David Malpass praises Serum Institute of India for coronavirus vaccine
World
International Day of Sport for Development and Peace observed by UN on April 6
Israel’s President Reuven Rivlin nominates PM Benjamin Netanyahu to form a govt following latest
inconclusive election
Arab world’s first nuclear power plant in UAE starts commercial operations; built by South Korea
Bangladesh: 27 dead as launch capsizes after collision with cargo vessel in Shitalakkhya river
IMF favours global minimum corporate tax: Chief economist Gita Gopinath

Sports
North Korea decides not to participate in Tokyo Olympics
April 8, 2021
Here are Today’s News Headlines by GK Today for April 8, 2021:
India:
Union Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan and Tribal Affairs Minister Arjun Munda launch ‘Anamaya –
the Tribal Health Collaborative’ to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribal communities
Economy & corporate
Monetary Policy review: RBI keeps repo rate, reverse repo rate unchanged at 4% and 3.35%
RBI decides to open up RTGS, NEFT facilities for payment system operators such as Prepaid Payment
Instrument (PPI) issuers & white label ATM operators
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman attends Second Virtual G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank
Governors Meeting
President promulgates Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Ordinance, 2021; aim is to
provide an efficient alternative insolvency resolution framework for MSMEs
Agriculture Minister Narendra Singh Tomar launches “मधुक्रान्तिपोर्टल” an initiative of National Bee
Board (NBB) to enable traceability source of honey and other beehive products
Govt launches Rs 4,500-cr PLI (Production Linked Incentive) scheme for manufacturers of solar PV
modules
Govt launches Rs 6238 crore PLI Scheme for manufacturers of Air Conditioners and LED Lights
MEA launches first online PDOT (Pre-Departure Orientation Training) Programme for migrant workers
launched to supplement physical training
WORLD
World Health Day celebrated on April 7, theme: “Building a fairer, healthier world for everyone”
International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda observed on April 7
S. restores assistance for Palestinians, to provide $235 million in aid
Sports
Nethra Kumanan becomes first Indian woman sailor to qualify for Olympics
April 9, 2021
India
PM Modi participates in virtual meeting with President of Seychelles Wavel Ramkalawan; the two
leaders jointly inaugurate New Magistrates’ Court Building in Seychelles capital Mahe, a fast patrol
vessel (FPV) christened as ‘PS Zoroaster’, one MW solar power plant and 10 HICDPs (High Impact
Community Development Projects)
India-Bahrain High Joint Commission meeting held in New Delhi; co-chaired by EAM S. Jaishankar
and his Bahrain counterpart Dr. Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani
1st meeting of India-Maldives Joint Working Group on ‘Counter Terrorism, Countering Violent
Extremism and De-Radicalisation’ held on a virtual platform
Air Chief Marshal RKS Bhadauria flies Su-30MKI fighter jet in Bengaluru to witness its ‘capability
enhancement’
Indian Army officer Lieutenant Colonel Bharat Pannu breaks two Guinness World Records for fastest
solo cycling
Army Chief Gen. M. M. Naravane leaves for Bangladesh on 5-day visit
Project RE-HAB (Reducing Elephant Human Attacks using Bees) will soon be replicated in all states:

Govt.
Try artificial rain to douse forest fires: Uttarakhand High Court tells state govt.
Varanasi Court orders ASI probe into Kashi Vishwanath Temple-Gyanvapi Mosque dispute
Economy & corporate
RBI doubles limit of maximum balance that an individual customer can hold with payments banks to
Rs 2 lakh
World
India contributes $500,000 to United Nations Trust Fund for Counter-Terrorism; India’s total
contribution now USD 1.05 million.
BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) nations ask developed economies to provide finance to
developing nations to battle climate change
Australian air force to call its personnel aviators rather than airmen, women comprise 20%
Recovery underway after worst global recession since World War II: IMF MD Christine Georgieva
France: President Emmanuel Macron announces plans to scrap elite ENA (Ecole Nationale
d’Administration) graduate school and replace it with a new institute; ENA seen as symbol of elitism
Sports
Athlete Dutee Chand to receive Chhattisgarh government’s Veerni Award; holds national record of
11.22 secs in women’s 100m
April 10, 2021
India
PM Modi holds virtual summit with PM of Netherlands Mark Rutte
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh holds talks with Defence Minister Kazakhstan Lieutenant General
Nurlan Yermekbayev in New Delhi
US Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry calls on PM Modi in New Delhi
US Navy conducts exercise in India’s Exclusive Economic Zone without prior consent; 130 nautical
miles west of the Lakshadweep Islands
Deposit compensation for 2 Indian fishermen killed off Kerala coast by Italian marines in Feb 2012,
SC tells Centre
NanoSniffer, world’s first microsensor-based explosive trace detector, launched; developed by
NanoSniff Technologies, an IIT Bombay incubated startup
Economy & corporate
India’s consumption of petroleum products contracts 9.1% in 2020-21; first since 1998-99
Net direct tax mop up exceeds revised estimates by 5% at Rs 9.45 lakh crore in 2020-21
India’s foreign exchange reserves decline by $2.415 billion to $576.869 billion in the week ended April
2
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman participates in 103rd meeting Development Committee Meeting
of World Bank-IMF
World
Covid-19: IMF policy panel endorses $650 billion increase in resources to support for vulnerable
countries
1 NASA astronaut, 2 Russian cosmonauts arrive at International Space Station on Soyuz MS-18
spacecraft that had taken off from Baikonur launch facility in Kazakhstan
UK’s Prince Philip, husband of Queen Elizabeth II, dies at age of 99

April 11, 2021
India
West Bengal Assembly elections: 4 killed in CISF firing at a polling booth in Cooch Behar district
Centre to observe ‘Tika Utsav’ on April 11-14 across the country; aim to vaccinate maximum eligible
people
World Homeopathy Day celebrated on April 10; the birth anniversary of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann
(1755-1843)
World Homeopathy Day theme for India: “Homeopathy- Roadmap for Integrative Medicine”
S. Swaminathan felicitated for work towards TB eradication by Chennai-based NGO REACH
CSIR removes NEERI (National Environment Engineering and Research Institute), Nagpur head Rakesh
Kumar as Director over corruption allegations
Economy & corporate
NITI Aayog launches Online Dispute Resolution Handbook
World
BASIC nations oppose European Union’s idea of ‘carbon border tax’ as part of its green push; call it
trade barrier
ICCR (Indian Council for Cultural Relations) launches ‘Little Guru’ app to promote Sanskrit learning, in
the Indian embassy at Beijing
La Soufrière volcano erupts on Caribbean island of St. Vincent
Indonesia: 6.0 magnitude earthquake on Java Island kills seven
Sri Lanka: Jaffna Mayor Viswalingam Manivannan arrested for ‘promoting LTTE ideology’; released on
bail
Iran unveils advanced nuclear centrifuges at Natanz uranium enrichment plant
UAE names first female astronaut Noura al-Matroushi for its space programme
China imposes $2.8 bn penalty on Jack Ma’s Alibaba Group in monopoly probe
Sports
Sports Minister Kiren Rijiju inaugurates Khelo India State Centre of Excellence for Rowing at Water
Sports Academy in Srinagar
Women wrestlers Anshu Malik (57 kg), Sonam Malik (62 kg) qualify for Tokyo Olympics
April 12, 2021
LILAVATI AWARDS
Union Minister of Education Ramesh Pokhriyal ‘Nishank’ presented the AICTE Lilavati Awards 2020 in
New Delhi
Based on the theme ‘Women Empowerment’, the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
selected winners in 6 sub themes
Six sub themes: Women’s Health, Self-Defense, Sanitation and Hygiene, Literacy, Women
Entrepreneurship and Legal Awareness
SWEAT (Sona Women Entrepreneurship and Training) from Sona College of Technology, Tamil Nadu
won in the ‘Women Entrepreneurship’ sub theme
Under the ‘Literacy’ sub theme, Bharatiya Vidyapeeth of Institute of Management and
Entrepreneurship Development Pune won the award
WIT Women Health Coalition from Walchand Institute of Technology, Maharashtra won the award
under the ‘Women’s Health’ sub theme

Radiant Seetha from Thiagarajar Polytechnic College won the contest in the ‘Legal Awareness’ sub
theme
Paritrana from St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu won the award for the ‘Self Defense’
sub theme
India
Indian Army chief Gen M. M. Naravane attends the Army Chiefs’ Conclave in Bangladesh
ECONOMY & CORPORATE
Centre prohibits exports of injection Remdesivir and Remdesivir Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
(API) till the COVID situation in the country improves
SBI collected Rs 300 crore from zero-balance accounts for certain services in 5 years, reveals study
World
Philippines and US to hold 2-week “Balikatan” (Shoulder-to-Shoulder) military exercise from April 12
Ramsey Clark, former U.S. attorney general and human rights activist, dies at 93
K. to set up £43 million fund for migrants from Hong Kong; will offer help in accessing housing, jobs
and education
Vietnam: Nguyen Xuan Phuc sworn in as new President in capital Hanoi
BAFTA
British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) awards presented in London
Best Picture: ‘Nomadland’
Best Director: Chloe Zhao for ‘Nomadland’
Best Actress: Frances McDormand for ‘Nomadland’
Best Actor: Anthony Hopkins for ‘The Father’
SPORTS
Japan’s Hideki Matsuyama wins the Masters tournament at the Augusta National Golf Club in
Augusta (US)
April 13, 2021
India
President appoints Sushil Chandra as the Chief Election Commissioner in the Election Commission of
India
VP releases commemorative postage stamp in memory of former Chief of Brahma Kumaris Rajyogini
Dadi Janki
1 crore plants along national highways geotagged across the country: Environment Minister Prakash
Javadekar
Centre extends ceasefire pacts with 3 Naga insurgent groups by a year
Sonu Sood appointed brand ambassador for Punjab’s COVID vaccination drive
Economy & corporate
Minister for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Dr Jitendra Singh launches 75 series Pension
awareness to mark 75 years of independence
Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal launches trade facilitation mobile app of Directorate
General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)
Factory output, measured in terms of Index of Industrial Production (IIP), contracts 3.6% in February
2021
Consumer price index (CPI)-based inflation rises to 5.5% in March
No meals in domestic flights with a duration of less than two hours

World
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan launch construction of trans-border trade center named ‘Central Asia’
Norway raises alarm over unhindered exploitation of dual use technology by Pakistan
Tropical cyclone Seroja rips across 1000 kilometers stretch of Western Australia
International Day of Human Space Flight celebrated on April 12; commemorates the historic space
flight that Yuri Gagarin took on 12 April, 1961.
April 14, 2021

India
Raisina Dialogue being organised by the Ministry of External Affairs and the Observer Research
Foundation from April 13 to 16
Raisina Dialogue theme: “#ViralWorld: Outbreaks, Outliers and Out of Control”
‘Poshan Gyan’, a digital repository on health and nutrition, launched by NITI Aayog in tie up with Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation and Ashoka University
Economy & corporate
Minister for Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal launches e-SANTA – an electronic marketplace
connecting aquaculture farmers and buyers
Govt’s indirect tax collections at Rs 10.71 lakh crore for FY21, 12% up vs FY20
NCDC (National Cooperative Development Corporation) secures Rs. 600 crores loan from Germany’s
Deutsche Bank for onward lending to cooperatives in the country
Private weather forecast company Skymet forecasts ‘healthy normal’ monsoon in 2021
Atal Innovation Mission collaborates with Bayer to work towards healthcare and agriculture
innovations
India gets third coronavirus vaccine as DCGI approves Russia’s Sputnik V for ‘restricted use in
emergency situations’
World
Ecuador: Guillermo Lasso elected new President
Pakistan human rights icon I.A. Rehman dies at 90 in Lahore
Japan to release over 1 million tonnes of contaminated water from Fukushima nuclear plant into sea
Fukushima nuclear plant was crippled by a 2011 earthquake and tsunami
Sports
Former hockey player Balbir Singh Junior (88) dies; was member of team that won silver at the 1958
Asian Games
April 15, 2021
India
Principal Scientific Adviser to Govt, Prof. K Vijay Raghavan launches MANAS App promote wellbeing
across age groups
MANAS stands for Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System
Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan launches Aahaar Kranti mission with the motto ‘Uttam Aahaar-
Uttam Vichaar or Good Diet-Good Cognition’ to spread awareness about nutrition
Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad launches Online Grievance Management Portal of National
Commission for Scheduled Castes
Raisina Dialogue: ‘Huge potential for India, NATO to collaborate,’ says NATO Secretary General Jens

Stoltenberg
India, France can assume leadership role in boosting global action against climate change: French
Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian
Former Chief Election Commissioner G.V.G. Krishnamurty dies at 86
Economy & corporate
Fund raising for Public Issues (Rs 46,030 crore) and Rights Issues (Rs. 64,059 crores) registered an
increase of 115% and 15% respectively in FY 2020-21
Fund raising through corporate bond issues (Rs. 7,82,427.39 crore) rises by 13.5% in FY 2020-21
Atal Innovation Mission and NITI Aayog sign agreement with Dassault Systemes Foundation to boost
innovation among aspiring young minds
Union Ministry of Agriculture signs MoU with Microsoft for a pilot project in 100 villages of 6 states to
develop farmer interface for smart and well-organized agriculture
IFC to invest $100 mn in JC Flowers India fund to help resolve NPAs
International Finance Corporation (IFC) is a World Bank Group entity
World
Alessandra Galloni becomes first woman editor-in-chief of Reuters in its 170-year history
US: Bernie Madoff, mastermind of giant Ponzi scheme, dies in prison at 82
World Chagas Disease Day observed by WHO on April 14
April 1, 2021
Utkal Divas – 2021
Odisha will celebrate its 85th foundation day of the state on April 1. The day is also known as ‘Utkal Divas’.
The day marks the date when the state became independent in the year 1936.
Key Points
Utkal Divas or Utkala Dibasa or Odisha Day is celebrated on April 1 every year.
The day is celebrated in the memory of the struggle for achieving a separate identity for the state that
was once part of Kalinga ruled by emperor Ashok, and later by Kharavela.
Odisha became India’s first independent state on a language basis on April 1, 1936, i.e. 85 years ago.
After a long struggle of more than three centuries, Odisha became a separate province.
The state was carved out of the combined Bengal-Bihar-Orissa province.
The day is usually celebrated through various public events. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has
affected the celebrations this year and the day will be celebrated in a low-key manner.
Odisha
As of 2019, the state has 30 districts. It is the 8th largest state of the country by area and 11th largest by
population. The neighboring states of Odisha are Andhra Pradesh to the south, Chhattisgarh to the west,
and West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north.
What are Military Farms? Why Indian Army has closed them?
Indian Army has closed its Military farms on March 31 after 132 years of service. Military farms are the
farms that were formed with an aim to supply hygienic cow milk to troops in garrisons across British India.
Key Points
Now, the military farms have been closed and all the officers and workers of the farms have been
redeployed within the Ministry to continue providing service to the organization.
Various recommendations were given in the past to shut down the farms.
In the year 2012, the Quarter Master General branch had recommended their closure.
After this again in December 2016 Lt. Gen. DB Shekatkar (retd) committee also suggested the
shutdown of farms.
The first military farm was formed on February 1, 1889, at Allahabad.
After independence, the farms increased with 30,000 heads of cattle in 130 farms all over India.
In the 1990s, farms were even established in Leh and Kargil.
For over a century, these farms supplied 3.5 crore litres of milk and 25,000 MT of hay yearly.
The farms were required as cantonments were located at a distance from urban areas.
Now with urban expansion, cantonments have also come within towns and cities and milk
procurement is being increasingly done from the open market.
Various allegations of corruption surrounding the farms were also noticed over the years. This was
also one of the reasons contributing to the shut down of the farms.
The farms are also credited with introducing organized dairying in India and pioneering the technique
of artificial insemination of cattle.
These farms provided yeoman service during the 1971 war, supplying milk at the Western and Eastern
war fronts as well as during the Kargil operations to the Northern Command.
Project Freiswal
They established “Project Freiswal” in association with the Ministry of Agriculture. Project Freiswal is
credited to be the largest cattle cross-breeding programme in the world. These farms also teamed up with
the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in the development of bio-fuel.
PLI Scheme for Food Processing Industry: Key Facts
The Union Cabinet has approved a production-linked incentive scheme for the food processing industry with
an outlay of Rs 10,900 crore.
Key Points
The scheme was announced by the Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution,
Piyush Goyal.
The scheme is a fitting tribute to farmers and it will be helpful in generating employment for 2.5 lakh
people.
The scheme would also lead to additional exports of Rs 30,000 crore to Rs 35,000 crore.
The aim of the scheme is to strengthen select Indian brand of food products for global visibility,
support the creation of global food manufacturing champions, increase employment opportunities of
off-farm jobs, ensuring remunerative prices of farm produce and higher income to farmers and wider
acceptance in the international markets.
The scheme would cover ready-to-eat, ready-to-cook, marine products, processed fruits and
vegetables, and mozzarella cheese.
Organic products, poultry meat, egg products, and free-range eggs were also covered.
The implementation of the PLI scheme will be helpful in the expansion of processing capacity for
generating processed food output of Rs 33,494 crore.
It will also create employment for nearly 2.5 lakh persons by the year 2026-27.
The selected applicants for the scheme will have to invest in plant and machinery in the first two years –
2021-2022 and 2022-2023.
What is Carnivac-Cov Vaccine?
The first animal vaccine against the novel coronavirus in the world has been registered in Russia. It was
announced by the country’s agriculture safety watchdog Rosselkhoznadzor.
Key Points
The world’s first animal vaccine against the novel coronavirus has been named as Carnivac-Cov.
As per the watchdog, the immunity will last for 6 months after the vaccination. However, the
developers of the dose are continuously analyzing this.

As per Rosselkhoznadzor, the mass production of the Covid-19 vaccine is expected to start as early
as April 2021.
As per Russian scientists, the use of this vaccine can prevent the development of virus mutations in
animals.
All about Carnivac-Cov
Carnivac-Cov vaccine for animals has been developed by a unit of Rosselkhoznadzor (Federal Service
for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance).
The clinical trials of Carnivac-Cov began in October 2020 and the trials included cats, minks, dogs,
foxes, Arctic foxes, and other animals.
This vaccine is the world’s first and only product for preventing Covid-19 in animals.
The results of the trials showed that the vaccine is harmless and highly immunogenic as all the
vaccinated animals developed antibodies to the coronavirus in 100% of cases.
Covid-19 Cases in Russia
Coronavirus cases in Russia rose by 8,711 to 4,528,543 on 29 March. Russia already has 3 Covid-19
vaccines for humans to deal with the pandemic. The most popular vaccine used for humans is Sputnik V.
Moscow has also given emergency approval to two others, CoviVac and EpiVacCorona.
Computer Aided CME Tracking Software (CACTus) and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
Scientists have developed a new technique for tracking the huge bubbles of gas threaded with magnetic
field lines that are ejected from the Sun, disrupting space weather and causing satellite failures,
geomagnetic storms, and power outages.
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
The ejections from the Sun are technically called Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). These cause several
disturbances to the space environment and thus forecasting their arrival time is very crucial. The
forecasting accuracy is however hindered by limited CME observations in interplanetary space.
Computer Aided CME Tracking Software (CACTus)
Computer Aided CME Tracking Software (CACTus) is a software-based on computer vision algorithm
that was so far used to detect and characterize such eruptions automatically in the outer corona
where these eruptions cease to show accelerations and propagate with an almost constant speed.
However, due to the vast acceleration experienced by these eruptions, this algorithm could not be
applied to the inner corona observations.
This problem limited the capability to track the eruptions as CMEs accelerate in the lower corona.
In addition to this, with the advancement in space technology, there has been a tremendous increase
in the amount of data obtained from spacecraft.
Thus, it can become a tedious task to identify and track the solar eruptions in a huge number of
images if done manually.
CMEs Identification in Inner Solar Corona (CIISCO)
Research led by Mr. Ritesh Patel, Prof. Dipankar Banerjee, and Dr. Vaibhav Pant from Aryabhatta
Research Institute of observational sciences (ARIES), Nainital along with their collaborators from
Royal Observatory of Belgium, has led to the development of an algorithm, CMEs Identification in
Inner Solar Corona (CIISCO).
CIISCO has been developed to detect and track the accelerating solar eruption in the lower corona.
CIISCO was tested on various eruptions observed by space observatories, including Solar-Terrestrial
Relations Observatory, PROBA2/SWAP, and Solar Dynamics Observatory launched by ESA and NASA,
respectively.
The parameters which are determined by CIISCO are helpful in characterizing these eruptions in the

lower corona. When CIISCO will be implemented on the large volume of data available from space
observatories, it will help in improving our understanding of eruptions in the inner corona.
Aditya-L1
Aditya-L1, the first solar mission of India, will observe the lower region of the solar corona. Thus,
implementation of CIISCO on the Aditya-L1 data will provide new insight into the CME properties in this less
explored region.
Mahendragiri: Odisha's Second Biosphere Reserve
The Odisha state government has proposed a second biosphere reserve in the southern part of the state at
Mahendragiri. It is a mountain in the Gajapati district of the state. It is at an altitude of 1,501 metres.
Mahendragiri is also the second-highest peak in the state.
Key Points
The area of the proposed 2nd biosphere reserve of the state- Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve is
approximately 470,955 hectares.
As per a feasibility report prepared by the Biosphere Reserve Committee for the proposed project, the
hill ecosystem is acting as a transitional zone between the flora and fauna of southern India and the
Himalayas. This makes the region an ecological estuary of genetic diversity.
The feasibility report has been submitted to the government which will now be taken up by the Union
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
Recently, at a workshop titled Integrated Development of Mahendragiri Hill Complex, many
environmentalists also urged the state government to send a proposal to centre for declaring
Mahendragiri a biosphere reserve.
At some time, the protected archeological remains of Mahendragiri were listed in the tentative list of
Unesco World Heritage Sites, thus, it is easy to declare it as a biosphere reserve.
Soura people are the inhabitants at Mahendragiri. Soura is a particularly vulnerable tribal group as
well as the Kandha tribe.
As per the report of the proposed Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve, Mahendragiri has diverse
vegetation. The rich flora in Mahendragiri represents 40 percent of the reported flora of Odisha, with
around 1,358 species of plants.
Also, out of the 41 species of threatened medicinal plants found in Odisha (as per the International
Union for the Conservation of Nature), 29 are found in the biosphere reserve area.
The faunal diversity of the hills consists of 388 species of animals, including 165 species of birds, 27
species of mammals, 23 species of snakes, three species of turtles, 15 species of amphibians, and
19 lizards.
Similipal Biosphere Reserve
Similipal Biosphere Reserve is the first biosphere reserve of Odisha. It was notified on May 20, 1996. It has
an area of a 5,569-square kilometre.
Forest Governance by Indigenous and Tribal Peoples: Key Findings
A new report titled Forest Governance by Indigenous and Tribal Peoples has been released by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Fund for the Development of Indigenous
Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (FILAC).
Key Points
The deforestation rates in the Caribbean and Latin America are lower in Indigenous and Tribal
territories.
On the basis of over 300 studies published in the last two decades, the new report highlights that
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples have generally been much better guardians of their forests in

comparison to those responsible for the region’s other forests.
Indigenous and tribal peoples and the forests in their territories play important roles in regional and
global climate action as well as fighting against hunger, poverty, and malnutrition.
These territories contain about 1/3rd of all the carbon stored in the forests of Latin America and the
Caribbean and 14% of the carbon stored in tropical forests worldwide.
The best results were found in indigenous territories that have recognized collective legal titles to
their lands: between 2000 and 2012, deforestation rates in these territories in the Brazilian, Bolivian,
and Colombian Amazon were only 1/2 to 1/3rd of those in other forests with similar ecological
characteristics.
Titled territories suffer lower deforestation, emit less carbon
As per one of the studies analyzed in the FAO/FILAC report, the deforestation rate inside indigenous
woodlands where the land property has been ensured is 2.5 times lower than outside such areas in Brazil, 2
times less in Colombia, and 2.8 times lower in Bolivia.
In these three countries, the titled collective territories were found to avoid between 42.8 and 59.7 million
metric tons (MtC) of CO2 emissions each year. These combined emissions were equal to taking between 9
and 12.6 million vehicles out of circulation for one year.
As per the FAO/FILAC report, the costs involved in securing indigenous lands are 5 to 42 times lower as
compared to the average costs of avoided CO2 through fossil carbon capture and storage for both gas-fired
and coal power plants.
Indigenous and tribal peoples are invaluable agents against climate change
It should be noted that around 45% (half) of the intact forests in the Amazon Basin are present in
indigenous territories. The area of intact forest decreased by only 4.9% between the years 2000 and 2016 in
the region’s indigenous areas. However, in the non-indigenous areas, the decline was 11.2%.
What is Article 244(A) of the Constitution?
Recently, Congress leader Rahul Gandhi in a video message promised to implement Article 244 (A) of the
Constitution in order to safeguard the interests of the people in tribal-majority districts of Assam.
What is Article 244(A) of the Constitution?
Article 244(A) of the Constitution allows the creation of an ‘autonomous state’ within Assam in certain tribal
areas. It was inserted into the Constitution by the Congress government in the year 1969. It also includes a
provision for a Legislature and a Council of Ministers.
How the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution is different from Article 244(A)?
The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution — Articles 244(2) and 275(1) — is a special provision that allows
decentralized governance and greater political autonomy in certain tribal areas of the Northeast through
autonomous councils that are administered by elected representatives. If we talk about Assam, the hill
districts of Karbi Anglong, West Karbi, Dima Hasao, and the Bodo Territorial Region are under the provision
of the 6th schedule.
On the other hand, Article 244(A) provides more autonomous powers to tribal areas.
Why is the demand for implementing Article 244(A) in Assam?
Initially, a demand for a separate hill state came up in certain sections of the tribal population of undivided
Assam in the 1950s. In the year 1960, several political parties of the hill areas came together to form the All
Party Hill Leaders Conference and put forward the demand for a separate state. As a result of these
prolonged agitations, Meghalaya was formed in the year 1972.
At that time, the leaders of the North Cachar Hills and Karbi Anglong were also part of this movement. They
were given an option to stay in Assam or join Meghalaya. They stayed in Assam on the promise of the
Congress government of providing greater powers, including Article 244 (A).

Since then, there has been a demand for implementing Article 244 (A) in the state. In the 1980s, a violent
movement also took place for the demand.
Recently in February 2021, around 1,040 militants of five militant groups of Karbi Anglong district laid down
arms at an event in Guwahati in the presence of Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal.
2021 Global Gender Gap Index: Key findings and India's Rank
The World Economic Forum has released the Global Gender Gap Report 2021. India has seen a decrease in
its ranking on the index by 28 places.
Key Points
India has been ranked 140th among 156 countries on the index. With this, India became the third-
worst performer in South Asia.
As per the index, India has closed 62.5% of its gender gap to date.
In 2020, India was ranked 112th among 153 countries.
The decline also took place on the economic participation and opportunity subindex.
The report highlighted that India’s gender gap on this dimension widened by 3% this year, leading to a
32.6% gap closed till date.
Most of the decrease has been seen on the political empowerment subindex, where India regressed
13.5 percentage points. The women ministers have declined to 9.1% in 2021 from 23.1% in 2019).
One of the drivers of this decline is a decrease in women’s labor force participation rate, which
decreased from 24.8% to 22.3%.
The share of women in professional and technical roles also decreased to 29.2%.
In senior and managerial positions, the share of women is also low. Only 14.6% of these positions are
held by women and only 8.9% of firms are with female top managers.
The income earned by women in India is the only 1/5th of that earned by men. This has put India
among the bottom 10 globally on this indicator.
Discrimination against women is also seen in the health and survival subindex statistics. With 93.7%
of this gap closed to date, India has been ranked among the bottom five countries in this subindex.
India and its Neighbours
Among India’s neighbors, Nepal has been ranked 106, Bangladesh 65, Afghanistan 156, Pakistan 153,
Sri Lanka 116, and Bhutan 130.
South Asia is the second-lowest performer on the index among regions. The region has an overall
gender gap closed at 62.3%.
In the South Asia region, only two countries- Pakistan and Afghanistan have been ranked below India.
Iceland has topped the index for the 12th time and is the most gender-equal country in the world. The top 10
most gender-equal countries are Iceland, Finland, Norway, New Zealand, Rwanda, Sweden, Ireland, and
Switzerland.
What are New Rates on PPF, Small Savings Schemes?
The government withdrew its a day before the order of reduction of 40-110 basis points in interest rates of
small savings schemes including Public Provident Fund (PPF) and National Savings Certificate (NSC).
What was the announcement?
As per an announcement on March 31, the government announced a sharp cut in the interest rate of PPF,
NSC, and others. As per the order, PPF would have fetched an interest rate of 6.4 percent and NSC 5.9
percent. But, the order has been withdrawn on April 1. The present interest rates of the schemes are given
below.
Public Provident Fund (PPF)
A Public Provident Fund or PPF will give an interest rate of 7.1 percent (compounded annually). PPF is a

long-term tax-saving instrument that provides a fixed rate of interest annually on the amount that you
invested during the year. PPF has a lock-in period of 15 years. The interest earned in a PPF account is tax-
free. The amount that is deposited during the fiscal year can be claimed under Section 80C.
National Savings Certificate (NSC)
A National Savings Certificate or NSC gives an interest rate of 6.8 percent which is compounded annually
but payable at maturity. NSC has a tenure of five years and comes with a fixed rate of interest.
Sukanya Samriddhi Account Scheme
Sukanya Samriddhi Account Scheme will provide an interest of 7.6 percent compounded annually. It is also
known as Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana and was launched in the year 2015 as part of the “Beti Bachao, Beti
Padhao” initiative of the government. It can only be opened by the natural or legal guardian of a girl child
aged below 10 years.
The account matures after 21 years from the date of opening. If the marriage of the account holder takes
place before 21 years, then the operation of the account is not permitted beyond the date of her marriage.
Kisan Vikas Patra
Kisan Vikas Patra is a savings scheme available at the India Post Offices in the form of certificates. The
scheme provides a fixed rate and doubles the investment after a predetermined period of time. At present,
the interest rate is 6.9% and the time period is 124 months.
Senior Citizen Savings Scheme
Senior Citizen Savings Scheme at present offers an interest rate of 7.4 percent (compounded quarterly).
The scheme is available for those over 60 years of age.
April 3, 2021
What is Suez Canal Blockade?
A container ship called the “Ever Given” recently ran aground in the Suez Canal. This blocked more than 400
ships from transiting the canal. The blockage created huge impacts on global trade and is referred to as
Suez Canal Crisis 2021 or Suez Canal Blockade.
Impacts of the Blockade
The Cargo ship was headed from China to Netherlands. It had run aground in the canal and got stuck for a
week. The global trade losses due to the blockage is estimated to be 9 billion USD.
India’s Four Point Plan to deal the Blockade
The Government of India had framed a 4-Point Plan to deal with the Suez Canal Blockade. The plan included
prioritization of cargo, advisory to ports, freight rates and re-routing of ships. The plan mainly focuses on
reducing Indian trade losses due to the blockage.
Under prioritization of cargo, the APEDA, MPEDA and FIEO will work together and identify perishable cargo
for priority movement.
APEDA-Agricultural and Processed food products Export Development Authority
MPEDA-Marine Products Export Development Authority
FIEO-Federation of Indian Export Organizations
About Suez Canal
The Suez Canal connects Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The canal was officially opened in 1869. Until
1956, the canal was primarily owned by the European shareholders (mostly British and French) and partly by
the Egyptian Government. In 1956, the then President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal.
This led to Suez Canal Crisis.
Suez Canal Crisis
It is also called Suez Crisis or the second Arab-Israeli war. In Israel, it is called the Sinai war and in the Arab
world it is called the Tripartite Aggression. The motive of the aggression was to regain the control of Suez

Canal and remove President Nasser who had nationalized the canal. The aggression against Egypt was
started by Israel followed by UK and France. The three allies succeeded in capturing the canal. However,
there was huge pressure from the US and the Soviet Union against the invasion.
The crisis led to the closure of the canal between October 1956 and March 1957. Due to the conflict, the UN
created the United Nations Emergency Force Peacekeepers. The force polices Egyptian-Israeli border.
The British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigned due to the crisis. The Canadian External Affairs Minister
Lester Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end the conflict.
First Image of Black Hole Magnetic Field
For the first time, international scientists working on the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) have created an
image showing the magnetic field around a black hole. The black hole is located in M87 galaxy.
Black Hole Magnetic Field Image
In 2019, the astronomers working on the EHT captured the first image of the shadow of the same black
hole. The shadow of the black hole is a dark region that surrounds the black hole. It is three times the
diameter of the black hole. The shadow of the black hole is the point beyond which even light cannot
escape.
Now the scientists have analyzed the polarization of light in the bright region around the shadow of the
black hole. According to the analysis, some matter is sucked into the black hole and the other matter is
blasted out in jets. This blasted out matter is hot and violent. It creates large amounts of light as the matter
here is accelerated.
The conclusion of the analysis is that only presence of strong magnetic fields shall polarize this huge
volume of light energy.
The new image will help to understand how powerful jets of radiation are emitted by black holes.
What is Polarization of light?
Polarization is a phenomenon caused due to the electromagnetic property of light. Light waves vibrate in
more than one plane and is referred to as unpolarized light wave. On the other hand, the polarized light
waves are waves in which vibrations occur in a single plane.
As light waves are electromagnetic in nature, only strong magnetic field can polarize light waves.
M87
Messier 87 or M87 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It has more than 15,000 globular clusters. It is larger in
size as compared to the Milky Way that has only 150 globular clusters. The M87 is one of the brightest radio
sources. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1781. It is 53 million light years away from the earth.
Event Horizon Telescope
The Event Horizon Telescope is a telescope array that consists of a global network of radio telescopes. The
main observational targets of the telescope project are two black holes. These black holes are located in
Messier 87 and Sagittarius A. Just like M 87, Sagittarius A is also a radio source and is located at the
Galactic Center of the Milky Way. Galactic Centre is the rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy.
The Milky Way galaxy is at its brightest in three spots. They are Sagittarius, Scorpius and Ophiuchus. The
Milky Way is brighter in Sagittarius probably due to the presence of a black hole.
In 2020, Andrea Ghez and Reinhard Genzei received Nobel Prize in Physics. They discovered that black hole
is the only explanation for the mass and brightness around Sagittarius A.
Biggest Floating Solar Power Plant of India
The biggest floating solar power plant of India is to be set up at Ramagundam in Telangana.
About Ramagundam Solar Power Plant
The capacity of the solar power plant is 100 MW.
It is expected to be opened in May 2021.

The solar power plant is being set up at the Ramagundam Thermal Power Plant reservoir.
The solar power plant is to be set up in 450 acres of the reservoir.
The project is commissioned by NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation). NTPC aims to reduce
its carbon footprints and increase its green energy production to 30% of its capacity through this
solar power plant.
The cost of the project has been estimated as Rs 423 crores.
The power plant will have 4.5 lakh photovoltaic panels.
World largest Floating Solar Power Plant
The largest solar power plant in the world is being set up by India on Omkar Eshwar Dam on Narmada river
in Madhya Pradesh. The cost of this project is estimated to be Rs 3,000 crores. The project is expected to
start its power generation by 2022-23.
The panels of the solar power plant are capable of adjusting their positions when the water level of
the dam is low.
The World Bank, Power Grid and International Finance Corporation are providing financial aid for the
project.
The power plant is designed in such a way to withstand strong waves and floods and continue to
generate power at the same time.
Floating Solar Power Plants in India
The first floating solar power plant in India was installed in Kolkata in 2014. Currently, the largest floating
solar power plant of India is located in Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad, Kerala. The capacity of this
plant is 500 KW.
Types of Solar Power Plants
The two major types of solar power plants are Floating Photo Voltaic Solar Power Plant and Concentrated
Solar Power Plant. The concentrated solar power plants use mirrors to redirect the solar power. On the
other hand, the floating solar power plants are mounted on a structure that floats on a water body.
Advantages of Floating Solar Power Plants
As floating solar power plants are compact, installation and decommissioning are much easier.
No land is required
The cooling system of floating solar power plants is simpler. It is natural.
Environment friendly.
IRDAI: Health Insurance and Motor Insurance Filing Process Standardised
The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) recently standardised the technical
notes for filing health and motor insurance policies.
The IRDAI has lately been taking up several initiatives to standardise the health insurance products in the
country. This is mainly being done to reduce the complexities faced by the customers at the time of renewal
or buying an insurance policy.
What are the new rules introduced?
The IRDAI has standardised the technical notes to file health and motor insurances. The insurers will now
need to submit a technical note detailing the price of his or her insurance product (Insurer is the person who
offers the insurance). In other words, the insurer should explain the pricing of every feature of the insurance
product. By this, the customers can make an informed and calculative choice. Also, this will ensure
uniformity among insurers.
Background
Earlier there were huge price hikes in the health insurance sector because of new feature additions. Now
with this new change, the insurance company is answerable to every penny charged over a feature.

What is the issue?
IRDAI recently modified the guidelines on health insurance products. Accordingly, the health insurers were
not allowed to modify existing benefits. However, they shall add new benefits to their existing products.
This increased the prices of the insurance policies.
Legal Parameters of the new changes
The changes are being introduced under the provisions of Section 34 of Insurance Act, 1938 and Schedule
III of IRDAI (Health Insurance) Regulations, 2016.
IRDAI
The IRDAI is the apex body that regulates and develops the insurance industry of India. It was established
under the IRDAI Act, 1999. The headquarters of IRDAI is located in Hyderabad, Telangana. The main
functions of IRDAI are as follows
It protects the rights of policy holders
It provides the registration certificate to insurance companies in India.
It is also responsible for modification, renewal and cancellation of insurance policies.
It creates guidelines and regulations to protect the interests of policy holders in the country.
Insurance sector in India
The insurance sector in India has witnessed several changes over the years. They are as follows
LIC Act, 1956.
GIC Act, 1972.
IRDAI Act, 1999.
Opening up of the insurance sector to private and foreign players in 2000.
In 2015, the foreign investment in the insurance sector was increased from 26% to 49%.
In 2019-20 Union Budget, 100% FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in the insurance sector was
announced.
Thermal Power Plants Emission Standards
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently amended the rules of thermal power
plants emission standards. The new rule has extended the deadline for the thermal power plants within ten
kilometres of National Capital Region and in cities with more than ten lakh population to comply with the
new emission norms by the end of 2022. Earlier these power plants were required to comply with the
revised norms by December 2019.
What is the plan?
A task force is to be constituted by the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board). The task force will
categorise thermal power plants in three categories based on their location.
The deadline for the thermal power plants in “Non-Attainment Cities” to meet the emission norms has been
extended till December 31, 2023. The non-attainment cities are those that have consistently failed to meet
the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Around 124 such cities have been identified by the CPCB.
The coal fired power plants in the rest of the areas have to comply the new standards by December 2024.
Background
In 2015, the Environment Ministry revised the emission norms for Sulphur Dioxides, Nitrogen Oxides and
Particulate Matter released from thermal power plants. According to these norms, the thermal power plants
have to install emission control systems by 2017. However, the deadline was pushed to 2022 due to
implementation issues.
Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants
The pollutants released from a thermal power plant are Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxide, carbon monoxide,
ozone, Suspended Particulate Matter, non-methane hydrocarbons and lead. However, Sulphur Dioxide is the

major pollutant released from a thermal power plant.
Sulphur Dioxide in India
According to a report from the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air, the Sulphur Dioxide emissions
in India declined by 6% in 2019 as compared to 2018. Still, India is the largest emitter of Sulphur Dioxide.
India has chosen the Flue Gas Desulphurization technique to reduce the emissions of toxic Sulphur Dioxide.
Flue Gas Desulphurisation
The removal of Sulphur Dioxide is called Flue Gas Desulphurization. The method removes gaseous
pollutants such as Sulphur Dioxide from exhaust flue gases generated from boilers and furnaces.
Initially, India had set 2017 as deadline to install Flue Gas Desulphurization Units. However, it was later
changed to 2022.
National Register for Driving Licenses: Key Facts
The Ministry of Road Transport recently announced that the National Register for Driving Licenses is to be
created. This is being done to remove duplication of driving licenses in the country. Most of the states are
already on the SARATHI portal of National Informatics Centre. These states have been instructed to migrate
to the newly created national register.
About the register
Around 1.5 lakh deaths occur in India annually due to road crashes. Most of these accidents are due to
driver’s fault. The register will include separate section to show the names of the people whose driving
licenses were revoked. Also, the register will red-flag them. This will help to minimise rash driving in the
country.
Driving License in India
Indian driving license norms permit use of electronic document for a learner’s license, medical
certificate and renewal of driving license.
The complete process of obtaining the learner’s license has been made online.
The driving licenses shall be renewed one year before the date of expiry.
The need to furnish vehicles for inspection at the RTO (Regional Transport Office) for registration has
been cancelled.
Types of Driving License in India
The different types of permanent driving license in India are as follows
Motorcycle without gear: The applicant should be at least sixteen years old to get this license. Also,
he or she should get a consent from his or her parent or guardian.
Motorcycles with gear: The applicant should be at least eighteen years old to get this license.
Commercial Heavy Vehicles: The applicant should have completed eighth standard and should be at
least eighteen years old.
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
The eligibilities and rules to obtain a driving license have been provided under Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
According to the act, a theoretical test (15 multiple choice questions) on basic driving and traffic rules
should be conducted at the RTO when a person applies for license.
Section 130 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 allows a police officer to ask for vehicle related documents.
When asked, the driver should produce the documents within fifteen days at the police station or at the
concerned department.
Speed Limits in India
In April 2018, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways fixed the maximum speed on expressways as
120 km/hr. The speed limit for national highways is 100 km/hr. The speed limit for urban roads is 70 km/hr
for M1 category vehicles. The M1 category vehicles are those that have less than eight seats.

Indian Railway Electrification: New record
The Indian Railways has achieved the highest ever electrification of sections during 2020-21. It has covered
6,015 kilo metres of electrification in a single year. This is 37% higher than that achieved in 2019-20.
About the achievements
The Broad-Gauge network of Indian Railway currently stand at 63,949 kilo metres. Of this 71% has
been electrified.
In the last seven years, the electrification of Indian Railways has increased by seven times.
Totally 45,881 kilometres has been electrified. Of this 34% were electrified in the last three years.
The Indian Railways has also commissioned a record of 56 Traction Substations in 2020-21. In
2019-20, this was 42. Thus, the traction sub stations have increased by 33%.
Some of the major routes electrified in 2020-21 are Delhi-Darbhanga-Jaynagar, Mumbai-Howrah,
Gorakhpur-Varanasi, Chennai-Trichy and Jabalpur-Nainpur-Gondia-Ballarshah.
What is a Traction Substation?
A Traction Substation is an electrical substation. It converts electric power provided by the electric power
industry to a suitable power to be used in electric trains.
Electric Rail Transport in India
India uses 25 KV 50 Hz AC traction on its electrified tracks. DC traction is used for metros.
The first railway electrification in India began between Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Kurla in
1925.
In 2017, Indian Railways announced that the entire rail network in the country is to be electrified by
2022. The deadline has been extended to 2024.
Central Organisation for Railway Electrification
The CORE is the centralised agency for railway electrification of Indian Railways. It was founded in 1961.
The headquarters of CORE is located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh.
Benefits of Railway Electrification
100% Electrification provides seamless train operation. This is because it will eliminate the need to
change the traction from diesel to electric and vice versa.
The line capacity shall be enhanced due to higher haulage capacity and higher speed.
The safety of the trains increase as the signalling system in electric traction is better.
The electric traction is much cheaper than diesel traction.
The electric trains are ideal for suburban services as they require higher acceleration and braking
features.
Electric Locomotive manufacturing units in India
Electric Locomotives are mainly manufactured in Chittaranjan Locomotive Works located in West Bengal. It
was founded in 1950. It is the largest locomotive manufacturer in the world. In 2019-20, it produced 431
locomotives.
The Madhepura Electric Locomotive Factory is located in Bihar. It is a joint venture between Alstom and
Ministry of Railway. It was established in 2015.
Tribes India Contest by TRIFED
The TRIFED (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation Limited), Ministry of Tribal Affairs and
the Government of India have launched two interesting competitions for the tribal people. They are “Be the
Brand Ambassador of Tribes India” and “Be a Friend of TRIBES INDIA” contest. The contests were launched
in association with MyGov.in.
About the Contests
The contests were launched mainly to promote tribal crafts, lifestyle and culture. These contests will help in

increasing the awareness about tribal heritage, crafts and art among the general public. With more
awareness, the citizens will contribute more towards the tribal empowerment by purchasing more tribal
products.
Be the Brand Ambassador of Tribes India
This contest invites stories featuring a tribal product across the country. The story should highlight the
experience of the customer in using the tribal product.
Be a “Friend” of TRIBES INDIA
It is a quiz contest on Indian culture.
Significance
Tribes constitute to 8% of Indian population. However, they are the most disadvantaged sections of the
society. A general attitude that prevails among the public is that the tribes have to be taught and helped.
However, the truth is that the tribal population have a lot to teach the urban India. Their handicrafts, arts and
skills need to be preserved and promoted. The contests will help to achieve these objectives.
The contest is primarily held by TRIFED. TRIFED works towards improving the livelihoods of tribal people.
Other Initiatives of TRIFED
The Van Dhan Yojana was launched in 2018. It aims to promote the minor forest produce by establishing
Van Dhan Vikas Kendras. These kendras provide training facilities, infrastructure support, skill building
support, working capital to the tribal population. In August 2020, TRIFED launched TRIFOOD project along
with the Ministry of Food Processing Industries. These TRIFOOD parks operate along with Van Dhan Yojana.
In March 2020, the Tech for Tribals scheme was launched. It aims to provide training to the forest product
gatherers. The scheme empowers the tribal entrepreneurs to run their business with marketable products.
The Van Dhan Samajik Doori Jagrookta Abhiyan was launched to educate the tribal population in COVID-19
related safety measures. This programme was launched in association with UNICEF.
Pakistan’s stand on Trade with India
Pakistan had stopped all the trade with India after Abrogation of Article 370 by the Indian Government. Also,
the Pakistani Government had announced that it would not talk to India until the Indian Government
completely rolled back the changes in Jammu and Kashmir. Lately, Pakistan has been softening its stand.
The Wagah border has been reopened for cotton and sugar imports from India almost after two years!
India-Pakistan Trade
The Indian exports to Pakistan fell by 16% in 2016-17 after the Uri attacks. In 2015-16 India exported
2.17 billion USD. In 2016-17, the Indian exports to Pakistan fell to 1.82 billion USD. On the other hand,
India imported 454.49 million USD from Pakistan in the same year.
In 2017-18, Indian exports increased by 6% and were at 1.92 billion USD. Indian imports increased by
7.5% and were at 488.56 million USD.
In 2018-19, the Indian exports to Pakistan again increased by 7.5% and were at 2.07 billion USD.
However, India reduced its imports from Pakistan in this financial year. In 2018-19, the imports from
Pakistan to India were at 494.87 million USD. This is just 1% increase and is highly low as compared
to the previous import growth.
In 2019 the political relations between the countries entered a deep freeze and India further reduced
its imports from Pakistan.
Why is Pakistan easing out its stand?
India has had trade surplus with Pakistan over the years. In 2018-19, Pakistan was one of the top fifty trade
partners of India. However, Pakistan was pushed out of the list in 2019-20. This affected Pakistan badly as
the country is heavily dependent on India for its raw materials, especially in pharmaceuticals and textiles
industries.

In 2018-19, organic chemicals and cotton accounted for half of Pakistani imports from India. The other
major Pakistani imports from India are nuclear reactors, plastic, dyeing extracts, boilers, mechanical
appliances, machinery. After the ban, the imports of these products fell drastically. The COVID-19 crisis
worsened the situation for Pakistan. This is now forcing Pakistan to ease trade relations with India.
Impacts on India
While Pakistan is facing troubles due to the trade ban, India has been stable in spite of the issue. This is
because India has found alternate trading destinations such as Saudi Arabia, Chile and UAE.
India mainly imports oil, Sulphur, edible fruits, mineral fuels, plastering materials, leather, slag and ash and
ores from Pakistan.
HSN Code: New rules
The Ministry of Finance recently announced that the businesses with annual turn over of more than Rs 5
crores will have to furnish six-digit HSN code on their tax invoices. The businesses with an annual turn over
of less than five crores of rupees have to furnish four-digit HSN code. Previously, the requirement was four
digits and two digits respectively.
What is HSN Code?
HSN is Harmonised System of Nomenclature. It was adopted by World Customs Organization in 1988. It is a
six-digit code that classifies various products. India adopted the HSN coding system in 1986 (even before
WCO) mainly to classify commodities for Customs and Central Excise.
The HSN codes apply to both GST and Customs.
It is used all over the world.
HSN codes make the process of filing GST easy as they remove the need to upload details about the
goods.
Understanding the HSN Code
The HSN code consists of 21 sections. Each section is divided into 99 chapters. Each chapter is divided
into 1244 headings. Each heading is divided into 5,224 sub headings. India uses eight-digit HSN code.
The first two digits of the HSN code denotes the chapter of the goods. It can be edible goods, non-
edible goods, perishable goods, inflammable goods, etc.
The next two digits in the HSN code denote headings in the chapter. This can be tomato, fish, petrol,
etc.
The rest of the code denotes the subheading. It can be chilled, fresh, dry, etc.
Who needs HSN code in India?
In India, the importers, exporters and manufactures have been using the HSN codes for a long time. Indian
dealers with an annual turn over of less than Rs 1.5 crores need not adopt HSN codes for their
commodities.
Significance of HSN code
More than 200 countries are using the HSN codes to gather international trade statistics, make trade
policies and to monitor goods. Thus, the HSN system helps to maintain a harmonized trade procedure all
over the world. It also helps to reduce the costs in international trade.
What is SAC HSN Code?
SAC Code is Services Accounting. The SAC HSN codes are issued by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes
and Customs (CBIC). These codes are used in invoices generated for the services delivered.
In December 2020, the CBIC had made it mandatory to mention the eight digit HSN code in tax invoices for
49 chemical based products.
Why did Haryana Government amend the Rules for conduct of business in Assembly?
The Haryana State Government recently added several new provisions to maintain the decorum of the State

Assembly. The provisions have been included based on the recommendations made by the committee
constituted by the Speaker of the Haryana State Legislative Assembly.
New Rules
The following are the new rules added to the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Haryana
State Legislative Assembly:
A new provision has been added to Rule 76. According to the new rule, at least two ministers should
be present at every sitting of the house.
The members shall not tear off the documents in the House in protest.
The Sub Rule 46(11) has been substituted with a new rule. The new Sub Rule says that the question
asked by the members during the sitting of the house shall not contain more than 150 words. This
will help the ministers get a better clarity and provide proper reply to the query raised.
Another new provision says that a supplementary question shall be held out of order by the speaker if
in his opinion if the question has following issues
If the question does not arise from the main question.
If it provides information instead of seeking information.
If the question seeks confirmation or denial of an opinion.
If the question infringes any of the rules regarding the questions.
Rule 243 (A) has been added. The rule states that timely action should be taken when the committees
constituted by the Speaker of the Vidhan Sabha make recommendations.
New Definition to the Leader of Opposition
The new rules have given different definition to the Leader of Opposition. According to the new definition,
the Leader of Opposition is the leader of the legislative party with largest number of members other than the
party that has formed the government. If more than one party has got equal number of members then the
party with greater number of votes is to be chosen. If the number of votes received are also equal, then the
Office of the Leader of Opposition shall be held alternatively.
April 4, 2021
World in 2030: Public Survey Report
The World in 2030: Public Survey Report was recently published by UNESCO. The report was published by
the organisation based on the survey held between May 2020 and September 2020. The survey collected
responses from more than 15,000 people from all over the world.
Key Findings of the Report
According to the report, Climate Change, Violence and Conflict, Loss of Biodiversity and
discrimination and inequality, water and housing, lack of food are the four biggest challenges to
peaceful societies of 2030.
According to the participants, education is the only crucial solution to many difficulties to be faced in
2030. However, the North Americans (US, Canada) believe in science and not in education.
Apart from education, the only other solution is international cooperation.
Challenges
The top challenges to be faced in 2030 according to the report are as follows:
Violence and Conflict
Discrimination and Inequality
Disinformation and Freedom of Expression
Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity
Lack of food, water and housing
Health and Disease

Lack of Decent work and opportunities
Political Participation and Democratic Principles
Artificial Intelligence and New Technologies
Traditions and Culture at risk
Asia Pacific
Climate change and biodiversity loss were the top concern in the Asia and Pacific region. The Asia Pacific
respondents of the survey highlighted natural disaster risk, localised impacts and importance of culture as
the other major challenges. The top solutions to address the concerns in Asia Pacific are as follows:
Effective Health education
Sharing of research and scientific knowledge
Effective international cooperation
Ensuring a health relationship with nature
Ensuring access to reliable and accurate information
The top challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, Arab states, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean was
also Climate change and biodiversity.
UNESCO
UNESCO is United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
It was established in 1945.
The headquarters of UNESCO is located in Paris, France.
Some of the major initiatives of UNESCO are as follows:
World Heritage List: UNESCO is responsible in providing the tag, “World Heritage Site” to a
place. According to UNESCO, there are 1,121 World Heritage sites located in 167 countries.
Man and the Biosphere Programme: The programme aims to establish biosphere reserves.
There are currently 701 biosphere reserves located in 124 countries. India has 18 biosphere
reserves. Of these eleven have been recognised by the Man and the Biosphere Programme.
NSO report: Women and Men in India, 2020
The National Statistical Office operating under Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
(MoSPI) recently released the Women and Men in India report. The report consolidates the crucial socio-
economic indicators that portray gender situation in the country. This is the twenty second issue in its
series. The report is published annually by the MoSPI.
Population related Statistics
The projected population of India in 2021 is 136.13 crores.
Sex ratio has increased from 933 in 2001 to 943 in 2011.
Delhi recorded the highest increase in sex ratio followed by Chandigarh, Arunachal Pradesh.
On the other hand, Daman and Diu had the highest decline in sex ratio.
Health Statistics
The Age Specific Fertility Rate for the females belonging to the age group 25-29 years was the
highest at 146.4.
The Infant Mortality Rate decreased from 39 in 2014 to 32 in 2018.
The Maternal Mortality Rate decreased from 212 in 2007-09 to 113 in 2016-18.
The Total Fertility Rate of rural India was 2.3 in 2018. It was 1.7 in urban areas in 2018.
The Adolescent Fertility Rate declined from 13 in 2017 to 12.2 in 2018.
According to National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), almost 100% institutional delivery was
observed in the states of Goa, Kerala, Lakshadweep.
The HIV incidence per 1000 people decreased from 0.07 in 2017 to 0.05 in 2019.

Education
The literacy rate of India increased from 73 in 2011 to 77.7 in 2017.
The Gender gap in literacy rates was the highest in Rajasthan, Bihar, UP.
Only 8.3% of females of age 15 years had completed graduation. On the other hand, 12.8% of males
of the same age had completed graduation.
8% of female students were pursuing education up to tenth standard.
Participation in Economy
According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2018-19, the worker population ratio in rural sector
was 52.1 for males and 19 for females. In urban areas, it was 52.7 for males and 14.5 for females.
The average wage per hour earned by female population in the age group of 15 years was highest in
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Rs 147 per hour). It was followed by Lakshadweep, Nagaland. The
lowest was in the states/UTs of Daman and Diu, Odisha.
The average wage per hour earned by male population in the age group of 15 years was the highest in
Lakshadweep (Rs 121 per hour).
Participation in Decision Making
The representation of women in the Central Council of Ministers is 9.26% in 2020.
In 2019 Lok Sabha election, there were 437.8 million women electors. This is higher as compared to
that of the 2014 election (397 million).
Highest women participation in the Panchayati Raj institutions was observed in the states of
Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh.
PM SVANidhi Scheme: 1.6% loans from private sector
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs recently announced that over twenty lakh street vendors have
been provided loans under the PM SVANidhi scheme till March 29, 2021. Of this, eighteen lakh loans were
provided by the Public Sector Banks. On the other hand, the private sector banks have provided only 32,534
loans. Bottom line, the private sector banks have provided only 1.6% loans under the PM SVANidhi scheme.
Top performers in PM SVANidhi Scheme
Among the public sector banks, the State Bank of India topped the list and has provided 5.8 lakh
loans under the scheme. The SBI was followed by Union Bank of India and Bank of Baroda.
Among the private banks, Jammu and Kashmir Limited was the largest contributor. It had disbursed
9,595 loans under the scheme.
Among the States and Union Territories, Uttar Pradesh has disbursed maximum number of loans
under the scheme. UP was followed by Madhya Pradesh, Telangana.
Of the total beneficiaries, fruits and vegetable vendors accounted to 45%. The hawkers selling fast
food accounted to 21%. The hawkers selling cloth and handloom material accounted to 13%.
Why are the private sector banks reluctant?
The private sector banks are reluctant to provide loans under the PM SVANidhi scheme due to the following
reasons
The private sector banks are scared that the free loan might turn into a non-performing asset.
When it comes to opening an account, private sector banks are not the first choice of street vendors.
Without a bank out, the loan processes automatically get affected.
What is PM SVANidhi scheme?
The PM SVANidhi scheme is the Prime Minister Street Vendor Atma Nirbhar Nidhi. The scheme was
launched in June 2020. The scheme aims to provide credit facilities to street vendors affected by
COVID-19. The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
Under the scheme, the vendors are provided with an initial capital of Rs 10,000. The vendor availing

the loan facility will get an interest subsidy of 7%.
The vendor does not need to provide collateral security to access the loan.
The main objective of PM SVANidhi scheme was to help the street vendors resume their livelihood
activities that was affected largely due to the lockdown (due to COVID-19).
April 5, 2021
Small Savings Schemes: West Bengal becomes the highest contributor
The National Savings Institute operating under the Ministry of Finance recently announced that West Bengal
is the top contributor to the Small Savings Scheme in the country. The state contributes 15% of the total
corpus. It has so far collected Rs 90,000 crores under the Small Savings Scheme.
Top performers of Small Savings Scheme
West Bengal was followed by Uttar Pradesh with a contribution of 15.09%. The state of Uttar Pradesh
has collected Rs 69,660 crores.
Maharashtra was ranked third. The state of Maharashtra contributed 10.57%, which is Rs 63,026
crores.
Gujarat was ranked fourth. Gujarat contributed 8.16%, that is Rs 48,645 crores.
Tamil Nadu ranked fifth contributing 4.8%, which is Rs 28,598.
Recent Developments of Small Savings Schemes
The Small Savings Schemes attracted deposits of Rs 6 lakh crores in 2017-18.
The Government of India recently announced that the interest rates of Small Savings Schemes are
being lowered. The interest rates of Public Provident Funds are lowered from 7.1% to 6.4$. The
interest rates of National Savings Certificate are lowered from 6.8% to 5.9%. The interest rates of
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana is to be lowered from 4% to 3.5%.
What are Small Savings Schemes?
The Small Savings Schemes consist of twelve instruments. The major Small Savings Schemes are as
follows:
National Savings Certificate
Public Provident Fund
Kisan Vikas Patra
Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme
National Savings Certificate
It is a fixed income investment that can be opened at any post office. It helps small to mid income investors
to invest while saving on income tax. There is no maximum limit on purchase of National Savings
Certificate. However, according to Section 80 of Income Tax Act, only investments up to Rs 1.5 lakhs can
bring tax breaks.
Public Provident Funds
The Public Provident Fund was introduced in India in 1968. The main objective of Public Provident Funds is
to mobilize small saving in the form of investment. Basically, Public Provident Funds is a long-term
investment. The interests earned under the scheme are not taxable.
Kisan Vikas Patra
It was launched in 1988. Kisan Vikas Patra is a small saving certificate scheme. It is a long-term
investment.
Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme
The scheme was launched for the parents of girl child. It encourages the parents of a girl child to build
funds for her future education.

Digital India: India leads in Digital Payments
The UK based payments system company ACI recently released a report on digital payments. According to
the report, India has the highest number of real-time online transactions in 2020.
Key Findings of the Report
The Digital payment market of India is led by Paytm, PhonePe, BharatPe, Pine Labs, etc.
The UPI (Unified Payment Interface) transaction increased by 18.7% in March 2021 as compared to
February 2021. In February 2021, the UPI transaction was Rs 4.25 lakh crores and in March 2021, it
was Rs 5.05 lakh crores.
India was ahead of China, US, South Korea, UK, Thailand in number of online transactions.
According to the report, the share of electronic transactions in India will exceed 50% by 2024.
How did COVID-19 accelerate India’s digitisation?
According to Reserve Bank of India, India is now clocking around 100 million digital transactions in a
day. This is five times as compared to that in 2016. Much of these transactions are powered by UPI.
The acceleration of India’s digitisation during COVID-19 was mostly through JAM. JAM is Jan Dhan
Aadhaar Mobile. The JAM trinity was proposed by Economic Survey 2014-15. It is an initiative to link
Jan Dhan accounts, Aadhar cards and mobile numbers. JAM played the role of safety net during
lockdown.
During COVID-19, several e-retailers requested payments via digital mechanisms which is contactless
and also reduces the risk of spread of the virus. This was another major reason for the increase of
digital transactions during COVID-19.
India also moved towards UPI from card segment for money transactions during COVID-19 times. UPI
touched new highs every month during COVID-19.
Looking at the promising digital growth in India, Google announced an additional investment of 10
billion USD in India to provide internet access to the country.
Challenges in Digital Transformation in India
Most of the central digital services function in Hindi or English. With India being highly diverse in
culture, more services should be launched in local languages. Launching digital services in multiple
languages is one of the main objectives of Google’s 10 billion USD investment plan.
Unreliable performance and poor technical support, poor web or mobile application designs are
creating loss of faith and confidence in government digital channels.
ARWU Ranking, 2020
The ARWU (Academic Ranking of World Universities) is also called Shanghai Ranking. Around fifteen Indian
Universities have made it to the ARWU, 2020.
Indian Universities in ARWU Ranking, 2020
The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore has secured the top position among the higher education
institutes in India.
Calcutta University secured third position among the higher education institutes in India.
The other top performing institutes that were included in the ranking were as follows:
IIT Madras
IIT Delhi
IIT Kharagpur
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Aligarh Muslim University
Vellore Institute of Technology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences

Anna University
Bharathiar University
IIT Kanpur
IIT Roorkee
IISER (Indian Institute of Science and Education Research)
Though, the above institutes were included in the ranking, none of them were in the top 100 list. All the
Indian institutes were placed in the category of 501-600.
About ARWU
The ARWU ranking is prepared by the Shanghai Ranking consultancy. It is an independent organisation that
is dedicated to research on higher education, intelligence and consultation. The consultancy has been
publishing the Academic Ranking of World Universities since 2009.
How are the universities ranked in ARWU ranking?
The ARWU ranking uses six indicators to rank the universities. They are as follows:
Number of alumni and staff winning Nobel Prizes
Number of persons winning Field medals
Number of published journals of science and nature
Number of articles indexed in Social Sciences Citation Index
Number of articles indexed in Science Citation Index
Per Capita performance of the universities
More than 1800 universities are ranked every year.
Top performers of ARWU Ranking
The top performers of ARWU ranking are as follows:
Harvard University topped the list.
Stanford University occupied the second position.
Cambridge University was ranked at third position.
WITH (4th place)
Berkeley (5th place)
Princeton University (6th place)
Columbia University (7th place)
Climate Change: Japan sees the earliest Cherry Blossoms ever
The Japan Meteorological Agency recently announced that the Cherry Blossom season of Japan is in full
bloom. Usually, the Cherry trees of Japan reach their full bloom in April. This time the Cherry Blossom has
occurred ten days earlier. This is the first time the Cherry trees have bloomed this earlier in Japan.
Previously, the earliest Cherry Blossoms in Japan occurred before 1,200 years.
Earliest Cherry Blossom
According to Osaka University of Japan, the flowering of the Cherry trees was this earlier in 812 AD. This is
mainly due to Climate Change and global warming. The average temperature of Japan increased from 47.5
degrees Fahrenheit in 1953 to 51.1 degrees Fahrenheit in 2020.
Cherry Blossom in Japan
The emergence of Cherry blossoms in Japan is often a sign that the spring season is in its full bloom.
The Cherry Blossom in Japan is called Sakura.
During the Cherry Blossom season, Japan organises Hanami or flower viewing. Hanami has a long
history in the land of Japan. Hanami was started in 710 AD.
Cherry Blossom
Cherry Blossom is a flower. The Cherry Blossom trees are ornamental Cherry trees. They are different from

edible Cherry trees.
How is Climate Change affecting Cherry Blossom trees?
The leaves of the Cherry trees secrete a hormone that stops the flowers from blooming further. The
secretion of this hormone stops when the temperature increases. After the weather becomes warm, the
flowers bloom completely. This year, due to climate change, the flowers reached this stage earlier than
usual as the hormones stopped secreting.
Where are Cherry Blossom trees found?
Cherry Blossom trees are found throughout the world. They are usually common in Northern Hemisphere,
especially in regions with temperate climate. This includes Japan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, Korea, USA,
UK, Indonesia, etc.
Cherry Blossom in India
In India, Cherry Blossom is common in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Garo
Hills and Khasi Hills in the north east. Cherry Blossom festivals in India are held during autumn, that is, in
October and November. Shillong is known for its Cherry Blossom.
Police and Crime Bill: Why are people protesting in UK?
In the United Kingdom, thousands are protesting against the new legislation introduced in the British
Parliament. The new legislation is called the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill, 2021. The protests
against the bill have been named as “Kill the Bill” protest.
Why is Police and Crime Bill being passed?
Currently, the British Police is using public order legislation called the Public Order Act passed in 1986 to
manage the protests in the country. However, according to the British Government, this legislation is no
longer fit to manage the types of protests that are faced in the country. The “April Uprising” is being cited as
an example where the protests went out of control. The British Police spent 16 million USD to control the
April Uprising.
Police and Crime Bill features
The bill widens the range of conditions that the police shall impose on protests. They can impose
conditions such as start and finish times. Also, they can fix maximum permissible noise in static
protests.
The bill will introduce a statutory offence of public nuisance. This means that it will provide clarity on
forbidden conducts such as producing smells or noise, dangerous behaviour in public (like hanging
from bridges, etc).
If the protestors fail to follow police directions in conducting the protests, they shall be fined up to
2,500 Euros.
Maximum sentences for assaults against the emergency service workers.
The bill provides powers to closely monitor offenders released from prison.
Why are people protesting against the bill?
According to the critics, the provisions of the bill will provide more rights to the police to control and
monitor the protests.
The Labour Party of UK opposes the following provisions of the bill:
The bill criminalises protestors even for making noise.
It also accuses persons for creating serious annoyance or serious inconvenience. Such
persons can be imprisoned for a period for ten years.
Shantir Ogroshena, 2021
On April 4, 2021, the multinational military exercise “Shantir Ogroshena, 2021” was begun at Bangabandhu
Senanibas, Bangladesh. The exercise is being held to commemorate the birth centenary of Bangabandhu

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He is the Father of Bangladesh.
Shantir Ogroshena
The exercise is to be held between April 4, 2021 and April 12, 2021.
Indian Army contingent of thirty personnel are participating in the exercise.
The other participants in the exercise are Sri Lankan Army, Royal Bhutan Army, Bangladesh Army.
Also, military observers from UK, USA, Turkey, Kuwait, Singapore and Saudi Arabia are to participate
in the exercise.
The main objective of the exercise is to enhance interoperability among neighbourhood. This will help
in peace keeping operations.
The armies of the participating nations are to share their experiences in peace keeping during the
exercise.
The theme of the exercise is:
“Robust Peace Keeping Operations”
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the first president of Bangladesh. He is
popularly called as “Bangabandhu”.
He was a leading figure in Awami League political party that was founded in 1949. He later became
the leader of the party. The party played a major role in the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971.
His daughter Sheikh Hasina is the current President of Bangladesh.
In 1975, Rahman and most of his family members were killed by a group of young Bangladesh Army.
On March 17, 2020, the Bangladesh Government celebrated the 100 th birth anniversary of
Bangabandhu.
The Indian Government conferred the Gandhi Peace Prize for the year 2020 to Bangabandhu.
Other Military Exercises between India and Bangladesh
SAMPRITI is a joint military training exercise held between India and Bangladesh.
India and Bangladesh Navies hold CORPAT exercises annually.
In October 2020, the countries held BONGOSAGAR Naval exercise.
Plant-Insect Gene Transfer reported for the first time
The Chinese scientists have recently identified the transfer of genes from plants to insects. Usually transfer
of genes happen among the same family. For instance, the genes of a human parent get transferred to his
or her child. However, this is not the case in the recent discovery. Here the insect called whiteflies has
incorporated a portion of DNA from plants into their genome.
About the Gene Transfer
The transfer of gene from one family to another is referred to as horizontal gene transfer. Here, in the
recent discovery the transfer of gene is from the plant family to insect family.
The Chinese scientists have found that the insect whiteflies use the stolen gene to degrade common
toxins in plants. Plants use these toxins to defend themselves against insects. The incorporation of
the plant gene in the whiteflies allow the insects to feed on the plants safely.
The incorporated gene found was BtPMaT1. The whiteflies use this gene to neutralise the toxic
compounds produced by the plants against them.
According to the scientists, the whiteflies have incorporated the gene from the plants more than 35
million years ago.
This is one of the main reasons why whiteflies still prevail as the major threat to agricultural crops.
This is because they have built a strong defence mechanism against the plants using this gene
incorporation.

Whiteflies
Whiteflies are one of the major agricultural pests in the world. They are capable of attacking 600
different plants all over the world. Lately, these pests have acquired incredible adaptations to
circumvent plant defences.
Using this discovery, the Chinese scientists have now developed a strategy to counter back the super
power of whiteflies. They have developed a new molecule that will interfere with the gene BtPMaT1.
Whiteflies Resistant Cotton
In 2020, the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow developed a Whiteflies resistant cotton
variety. Cotton is one of the worst hit crops by whiteflies in India.
Whiteflies are the greatest threat to agriculture in warm and tropical regions and also in green
houses.
Miami Open: Hubert Hurkacz of Poland wins the title
Hubert Hurkacz of Poland has won the Miami Open title. He won the title playing against Jannik Sinner.
Hubert has become the Poland’s first Masters 1000 Champion.
Hubert Hurkacz
In 2018, Hubert qualified for the Next Gen ATP Finals held in Milan.
In 2019, he won his first ATP title in Winston-Salem.
His best performance in Grand Slam has been reaching the third round at Wimbledon in 2019.
In 2020 French Open, he was seeded at No.29.
In 2021, he was seeded 4th at the Delray Beach Open.
He reached quarter finals at the 2021 Great Ocean Road Open. It was held in Melbourne, Australia.
Strategies Used
Hubert Hurkacz uses an all-court game strategy. The other tennis strategies used by the players are
baseliners and volleyers.
A baseliner plays from back of the tennis court. He prefers to hit ground strokes. These players allow
more time to react to their opponent’s shots.
A volleyer prefers to hit volleys. He allows less time for his opponent to react to his shots. Volley is a
shot in tennis where the ball is struck before it bounces on the ground. The main objective of volley is
to cut the reaction time of the opponent.
An all-court player plays somewhere between the above two strategies.
Miami Open
The Miami Open is also called the Miami Masters. The tournament is held at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami,
Florida. The tournament is being held from 1987.
ATP Masters
It is a series of nine tennis tournaments that features top ranked players. Novak Djokovic holds the record
for winning most of the titles in this series. He is the only tennis player to complete Career Golden Masters.
IIT Kanpur develops touch sensitive watch for visually impaired
A professor and a research associate of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur have developed a
sensitive watch for the use of visually impaired people. The watch has tactile hour indicators of different
shapes. These indicators help the visually impaired persons to recognize the time easily.
About the Touch Sensitive Watch
The user has to touch and scan the hour indicator of the watch to know the time. The watch then
communicates back to the user with the help of different vibration patterns. The watch provides user
privacy as it does not require audio feedback.
Currently, mechanical watches are available for the visually impaired. Here the user has to feel the needles

of hour and minute hand to know the time. On the other hand, the touch sensitive watch developed has no
moving parts. Thus, there is no scope of breakage in the touch sensitive watch.
National Programme for Control of Blindness
The programme was launched in 1976.
The main objective of the programme was to reduce the prevalence of blindness in the country from
1.4% to 0.3%. The prevalence of blindness was 1% in 2007.
In 2016, under the National Programme for Control of Blindness, cataract surgeries were performed
on 6.5 million people.
Main causes of blindness in India
The main causes of blindness in India are refractive error, cataract, corneal blindness, surgical
complication, Glaucoma, Posterior Capsular Opacification, Surgical Complication, posterior capsular
opacification.
Blindness in India
According to World Vision Report of World Health Organization, the rate of cataract surgery has increased
by nine-fold between 1981 and 2012 in India.
Major barriers to access treatment
Financial constraint is the main barrier for men to access blindness treatment in India.
Local reasons and financial constraints are the main barriers for the women to access treatment for
blindness.
SANKALP SE SIDDHI launched by TRIFED
The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) operating under Ministry of
Tribal Affairs recently launched the “SANKALP SE SIDDHI”.
SANKALP SE SIDDHI
It is a hundred-day drive. The main aim of the drive is to activate the Van Dhan Vikas Kendras located
in tribal villages.
It aims to cover 1,500 villages in India in hundred days.
Around one hundred and fifty teams have been formed to roll out the drive. These teams will identify
the locations for clustering them as TRIFOOOD and SFURTI units.
SFURTI is Scheme for Fund for the Regeneration of Traditional Industries.
TRIFOOD is a joint initiative of Ministry of Food Processing and TRIFED. It was launched in
August 2020. The TRIFOOD parks will produce processed foods from minor forest produce and
also from the food gathered by the tribal people in that region.
What is the plan?
After the Van Dhan Vikas Kendras are activated in the selected 1,500 villages, these kendras will work
towards achieving Rs 200 crores of sales target.
Van Dhan Vikas Kendras
The Van Dhan Vikas Kendras were established under the Van Dhan Yojana. The Government of India
provides capacity building training and skill upgradation facilities for the tribal population in these
Van Dhan Vikas Kendras.
A Van Dhan Vikas Kendra is formed by fifteen tribal Self-Help Groups. Each group consists of twenty
artisans or tribal food gatherers.
The first Van Dhan Vikas Kendra was established in Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh.
Tribal Issues
According to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, the following are the problems faced by the tribal population in
India:

The tribal population in India has the largest number of anaemic women.
The mortality rates such as infant mortality rates and child mortality rates are the highest among the
tribal population.
The Gross Enrolment Ratio among tribal students has declined from 113.2 in 2014 to 109.4 in 2016.
The Gross Enrolment Ratio is used to determine the number of students enrolled in schools at
different grade levels.
As of 2015, there has been a short fall of 1,267 primary health centres and 309 community health
centres in the tribal areas.
Due to developmental projects, 85 lakh tribal people had to be rehabilitated. However, only 21 lakh
tribal members have been rehabilitated so far.
National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare recently approved the “National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021”.
Key Features of National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021
The policy focuses on early screening and prevention of rare diseases. This is to be achieved through
Health and Wellness Centres. The screening is to be supported by the Nidhan Kendras set up by
Department of Biotechnology.
Around eight health facilities are to be designated as Centres of Excellence of rare diseases. They
will focus on prevention and treatment of rare diseases. These centres are to be provided with a one-
time financial support of Rs 5 crores.
The Government of India has announced a financial support of Rs 20 lakhs under the Rashtriya
Arogya Nidhi for treatment of rare diseases. This financial assistance is to be extended to 40% of the
population. It is to be noted that the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi is allocated only to Below Poverty Line
people. However, this time it is being extended.
Challenges to be addressed by the policy
The National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021, will address the following challenges:
The research and development for majority of rare diseases is less as very little is known about
pathophysiology of these diseases.
The patient pool of rare diseases is less.
Lack of availability and accessibility of medicines to rare diseases.
Cost of treatment of rare disease is highly expensive.
What are Rare Diseases?
According to the World Health Organization, the rare diseases are those diseases with a prevalence of 1 or
less per thousand population. However, several other countries use their own definitions. Some even define
as prevalence of 1 per 10,000 population.
Rare Diseases in India
The rare diseases recorded in India are primary immunodeficiency disorder, Cystic Fibrosis, Pompe disease,
Gaucher’s disease, fabry disease, maple syrup urine disease, etc.
Preventive measures adopted by the policy
The preventive measures adopted by the National Policy for Rare Diseases are as follows:
Preventing birth of an affected child.
Prenatal Screening
Prenatal Screening by invasive testing
New born screening
Early postnatal diagnosis and treatment

Implementation of the policy
A National Registry for rare diseases is to be set up in ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research).
A digital platform is to be created to bring the notified centres of excellence together.
Ministry of Finance will be requested to reduce custom duties on import medicines related to rare
diseases.
The State Governments will be requested to create Department of Medical Genetics at least in one
medical college in the state.
AIIMS, Delhi is to act as the head in coordinating all the other centres of excellence to be established
under the policy.
February 28 is observed as Rare Disease Day every year.
What is Advanced Chaff Technology?
The Defence Research and Development Organisation recently developed an Advanced Chaff Technology to
safeguard naval ships against missile attacks. One of the DRDO laboratories located in Jodhpur developed
three variants of the Advanced Chaff Technology. They were Short Range Chaff Rocket, Long Range Chaff
Rocket and Medium Range Chaff Rocket.
Key Features of the Technology
The Chaff technology is used in Naval ships worldwide to self-defend against enemy radar and radio
frequency missile seekers.
The most significant fact of the Advance Chaff Technology developed by DRDO is that it uses very
less chaff material to deflect enemy missiles.
The technology is now ready for mass production.
Chaff
Chaff is originally called Window. The idea of using Chaff developed in the era of second world war.
It is basically a radio frequency counter measure.
It consists of aluminium coated glass fibres ranging in lengths of 0.75 centimetres to 0.8
centimetres. They are released in packets of 100 million such fibres.
Most of the modern armed forces use chaff to distract the missiles from their targets.
The warships use chaff for self-defence.
An intercontinental ballistic missile releases chaff in its mid-course.
Recent Developments by DRDO
In March 2021, the UXOR (Unexploded Ordnance Handling Robot) completed its user trials. The UXOR
was developed for Indian Air Force and Indian Army. It can handle 1,000 kg of ordnance.
In March 2021, NMRL conducted successful tests of indigenous air independent propulsion systems.
Sindhu Netra satellite developed by DRDO was deployed in space on February 28, 2021. The main
objective of the satellite is to boost the surveillance capability of India and monitor military warships
and merchant shipping in the Indian Ocean Region.
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Amendment Ordinance, 2021
The President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind recently promulgated the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
(Amendment) Ordinance, 2021. The ordinance will allow pre-packaged insolvency resolution process for
MSMEs. The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process is called PIRP.
About the Ordinance
The ordinance introduces a pre-packaged insolvency resolution process for corporate persons classified as
MSMEs under the MSME Development Act, 2006. Chapter III-A has been introduced to the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code, 2016 under the amendment. It explains the initiation of resolution, duties of resolution
professional and eligibilities to take the benefits of pre-packaged insolvency resolution processes, etc.

What is the main objective of the ordinance?
The ordinance aims to provide an efficient alternative insolvency resolution process for the corporate
persons classified as MSMEs.
How will the ordinance benefit the corporates?
The ordinance allows the corporate debtor to submit a “base resolution plan” to the resolution professional.
However, the debtor should have the plan ready before approaching the creditors to initiate PIRP. If the
committee of creditors did not approve the plan, then the resolution professional shall invite applicants to
submit different plans.
Applicability
The new pre-pack framework is applicable to MSMEs with a maximum default value of Rs 1 crore.
A PIRP cannot run in parallel to a CIRP. CIRP is Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process.
The PIRP should have a three-year cooling off period from the closure of the other PIRP or CIRP.
Control of Company during PIRP
During the PIRP framework, the management of affairs of the corporate debtor will continue to vest with the
Board of Directors.
What is the difference between PIRP and normal IBC process?
PIRP is applicable only to MSMEs. On the other hand, IBC is applicable to all the corporate debtors.
PIRP has a default threshold of Rs 1 crore. IBC deals with threshold greater than Rs 1 crore.
PIRP provides 90 days of timeline to submit a resolution plan. On the other hand, the IBC provides
180 days.
The management control lies with the corporate debtor in possession with creditor in control. On the
other hand, the management control in IBC lies with the creditor in control.
April 6, 2021
National Maritime Day: April 5
Every year the National Maritime Day is celebrated on April 5 in India. The first National Maritime Day was
celebrated in 1964. The day is dedicated to seafarers.
About National Maritime Day
The National Maritime Day is celebrated every year to support global economy through sea transport. It also
supports safe and sound environmentally responsive way of transporting goods from one part of the world
to the other. The theme of National Maritime Day, 2021 is as follows:
Theme: ‘Sustainable Shipping beyond COVID-19’ on the lines of ‘Aatma Nirbhar Bharat’ initiative
History
Indian shipping began on April 5, 1919. This is why India celebrates National Maritime Day on April 5 every
year. The first ship of India The SS Loyalty sailed from Mumbai to United Kingdom. It was manufactured by
the Scindia Steam Navigation Company Limited. This is highly historic as the sea routes were completely
under the British control in those days.
Awards
On National Maritime Day, the National Maritime Day Awards are presented. The awards recognise the
efforts of people from the Indian Maritime Sector. Varuna award is presented for their long and exceptional
contribution. The award consists of a statue of Lord Varuna. Also, the NMD Award of Excellence is
presented on this day.
Maritime Day in other countries
The other countries that celebrate Maritime Day are China, Mexico, Pakistan, United States.
World Maritime Day
World Maritime Day is celebrated on September 30 every year by United Nations and also by other

international organisations. Just like National Maritime Day, the World Maritime Day is also dedicated to the
seafarers. The theme of 2021 World Maritime Day is as follows
Theme: Seafarers at the core of Shipping’s future
Significance of National Maritime Day
India has 43 shipping companies that own more than 1,400 ships. They have a capacity of 12.69 million
tonnes. Shipping is the most efficient and cost-effective method of transportation of goods. Therefore,
India focuses on maritime security, maritime infrastructure, maritime education and development of
maritime standards in its policies.
Day of Seafarer
The Day of Seafarer is celebrated on June 25. The day is celebrated by the International Maritime
Organisation and also by other international organisations.
International Maritime Organisation
The organisation is responsible for maritime protection and preventing pollution from ships. India became
the member of IMO in 1959.
India sets new record in ethanol blend with petrol
In the first four months of ethanol supply year 2020-21, India has reached more than 7.2%. This is the first
time India has reached this level. This puts the country right on its course of achieving the target of 10%
blending by 2022.
Current Scenario
If oil marketing companies lift the ethanol they had contracted for, then by November 2021, India
shall reach an average blending of 8%. So far, the best ever ethanol blend with petrol in India was
5.2%.
In states of Karnataka, Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Delhi,
Daman and Diu, Himachal Pradesh, 9.5% to 10% ethanol is being blended with petrol. These states
and union territories are so close to achieving 2022 target.
Issues
According to ethanol policy, the sugar companies should deliver the contracted ethanol to the nearest Oil
Marketing Company (OMC) depot. The OMCs are to pay transportation charges. Here, the problem is that
the sugar companies are not getting full transport reimbursement. This is because, the base rate for
transport was fixed in October 2020, that is, before the current increase in fuel price.
Ethanol Blended Programme
It was launched in 2003. The OMCs are advised to acquire ethanol on the following priority order under the
programme
Sugarcane
B-Heavy molasses
C-Heavy molasses
Damaged food grains
Ethanol
Ethanol can be produced from maize, sugarcane, wheat, etc. In India, ethanol is mainly produced by
fermentation process.
As ethanol consists of oxygen, it allows easy and complete combustion of the fuel.
Ethanol is considered as a renewable fuel as ethanol is produced from plants that use the power of
sun.
Once blended ethanol cannot be separated from petrol.
Ethanol can be mixed with gasoline to form different blends.

However, the major disadvantage is using ethanol is that as ethanol can absorb moisture from
atmosphere it can cause issues with vehicle engines.
What is NFT Marketplace?
The WazirX, one of the leading cryptocurrency exchanges has recently launched India’s first market place
for NFT. NFT is Non-Fungible Tokens. The launch will now allow Indian creators to place their digital assets
(such as images or videos, music, etc) for auction and earn royalty.
What is Non-Fungible Token?
It is a unit of data on a digital ledger called a block chain. Every NFT data represents a unique digital item. It
can be audios, art, videos, video games or other forms of creative works. Now the question arises if a
painting can be placed for auction here? No. Only those things that can be used simply by buying or
downloading online can be placed here for auction. If an art work has been created using computer, then it
can be placed here for auction.
The NFTs, that is, the digital assets in these block chains can be bought from NFT markets. One such
market has now been established in India. In this system, the access to the copies of the original file is not
restricted to the owner of the token. As the digital files are infinitely reproducible, the NFTs representing
them provide the buyers with proof of ownership of the NFT.
How is NFT different from cryptocurrency?
A NFT is a cryptographic token. However, unlike cryptocurrencies, the NFTs are not mutually
interchangeable, that is, not fungible.
How is NFT created?
NFT is created when a file of art work is uploaded to the NFT auction market. From then on, the file can be
bought and resold with crypto currency.
Blockchains used in NFTs
NFTs were first created on Ethereum standard. The other block chains used to create NFT assets are Flow
and Tezos. However, there has been constant criticism that Ethereum and Bitcoin networks consume high
electric power.
Word Highest Bridge: Chenab Bridge Arch Closure Completed
The Indian Railways recently completed the arch closure of the world highest railway bridge, Chenab bridge.
The bridge is a part of Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link project.
About the Arch Closure
Arch Closure was one of the most difficult parts of the bridge.
The Arch consists of steel boxes. To improve the stability of the arch, concrete is to be filled in the
boxes. The two main benefits of using concrete filling are as follows:
The filled in concrete assist in controlling wind induced forces.
Also, using concrete filling removes the necessity of internal painting.
The overall weight of the Arch is 10,619 metric tonnes.
“Tekla” software was used for structural detailing of the arch.
The steel used in the arch can withstand -40 degrees Celsius.
The Arch span is 467 metres and arch length is 480 metres.
The Arch of the bridge is highly important to sustain vertical loads.
Chenab Bridge
The Chenab bridge is located in Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir. The height of the bridge is 359
metres.
The deck height, that is, the height above the river bed is 359 metres. The length of the bridge is 650
metres.

The construction of Chenab bridge was declared as a national project in 2002.
The most challenging aspect of this rail link was the large number of tunnels and bridges to be
constructed in the rugged mountainous terrain. Of all this, the most difficult part was to cross the
deep gorge of Chenab river whose arch closure has now been completed.
Another small arch bridge proposed in the same route is Anji Khad bridge.
Standards used in Chenab Bridge construction
The arch rail bridges at such heights require number of additional parameters such as global stability,
fatigue, composite action, second order effects, etc. In order to achieve these parameters, Indian
Construction Standards such as Indian Road Congress, Indian Standards and Indian Railway Standards were
inadequate. This is because the Indian Railway Standards are primarily intended for simply supported
bridges up to 100 metres of span. The span of Chenab bridge was greater than this. Thus, international
standards such as International Union of Railways, British Standards were supplemented to construct the
Chenab bridge.
Monthly Economic Review: March 2021
The Ministry of Finance recently released the Monthly Economic Review for March 2021. According to the
report, the Indian Economy is recovering from COVID-19 crisis. The report has highlighted several indicators
that prove economic recovery in the country.
Key Findings of the report
The Agricultural sector remains the bright spot of the Indian Economy. The food grain production
touched 303.3 million tonnes in 2020-21. This is the highest in the five years.
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme has acted as the strong pillar to
insulate the rural economy during the COVID-19 crisis. The MGNREGS has achieved this by creating
383.8 crore person days of employment in 2020-21. This is 44.7% higher as compared to that of the
previous year. The Central Government used the MGNREGS working hours to complete Jal Jeevan
mission during COVID-19 crisis. This was mainly done to support the livelihood of migrant workers
and also to support workers in informal sectors. Also the GoI had increased the wages under the
scheme.
Monthly GST collections attained an all-time high in March 2021 since its inception.
The PMI Manufacturing Index for the month of March 2021 was 55.4.
Power consumption showed a strong consistent recovery registering 22.8% growth.
Railway freight transport achieved a double-digit growth of 23.7%.
Exports climbed up to the highest since the inception of COVID-19 crisis and stood at 34 billion USD.
Healthy growth of exports was observed mainly in jewellery, engineering, gems and pharmaceuticals.
Crude oil prices increased averaging 64.7 USD/bbl in March 2021. In February 2021, the crude oil
prices stood at 61.2 USD/bbl.
Money supply growth stood at 12.6% in March 2021.
Conclusion
The report concluded that India is currently facing gradual yet steady recovery in overall credit growth.
What is Ingenuity Helicopter?
NASA recently announced that its Ingenuity Helicopter has been dropped on the surface of mars
successfully and is in preparation for its first flight.
Ingenuity Helicopter
Ingenuity is a technology demonstration of powered flight in another planet.
NASA is to perform a series of test flights over thirty Martian days with the help of Ingenuity
helicopter.

The main challenge of Ingenuity Helicopter is that it would have to survive temperatures as low as
-130 degrees Fahrenheit. Such low temperatures could freeze and crack the onboard batteries in the
craft. The helicopter has successfully survived the temperature.
The helicopter weighs 1.8 kilograms.
It is a solar powered helicopter. The energy from the solar array in the helicopter will power the
helicopter and also keep it warm during night.
The full speed of the helicopter is 2,400 rpm.
It is to reach a maximum height of 4.6 metres in Mars.
The Ingenuity helicopter was dropped on the Martian surface by the Perseverance rover as a part of
Mars 2020 mission.
Perseverance Rover
The Perseverance rover is an astrobiology mission. The mission aims to search signs of ancient
microbial life in mars.
The mission will characterize the geology and past climate of the planet.
Perseverance is the first mission to collect Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust).
Curiosity is the predecessor of Perseverance rover.
The rover carries seven payload instruments, two micro phones and nineteen cameras.
It will drill the Martian soil and collect core samples of martian rocks.
Mars 2020 Mission
Mars 2020 mission was launched in July 2020. It is a part of Mars Exploration Programme of NASA. Mars
2020 mission was launched from Atlas V Launch vehicle.
It is one of the three missions launched to Mars in 2020. The other two Mars missions were as follows:
Tianwen-1 mission launched by China
Hope Orbiter by UAE
Integrated Health Information Platform: Key Facts
The Union Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan recently launched the Integrated Health Information Platform.
According to the health ministry, India is the first country to adopt such an advanced surveillance system.
About the Platform
The Integrated Health Information Platform is to operate under the Integrated Disease Surveillance
Programme.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme operates under the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare.
The platform aims to strengthen the disease surveillance in the country. This is to be achieved by
establishing a decentralised state-based surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases.
The key features of the platform are real time data reporting through use of mobile applications, geo-
tagging of health facilities, etc.
The platform aims to provide better care and maintain confidential health data.
The platform will hold information about prevalence of disease in different districts of the country.
The information is to be collected through ASHA workers and ANMs.
How is the information collected?
The information for the platform is to be collected in the following way:
Every health worker is to be provided with a type of form namely S, P and L.
The S-form will be provided to the ground workers involved in surveys. They will help collect on spot
information about the prevalence of the disease.
The P-form is to be provided to the doctors. Through this form, the doctors will collect patient name,

address, contact number along with his diagnosis.
The L-form is provided to the laboratory personnel. Through this form, they will collect details of
pathological investigation.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme
The IDSP was launched in 2004. The programme is assisted by the World Bank. The main objective of the
programme is to detect and respond to disease outbreaks quickly.
E9 Education Ministers Meet
Minister of State for Education Sanjay Dhotre is to attend the Education Ministers meet of E9 countries. The
meeting is to be held under the following theme:
Theme: E9 initiative: Scaling up digital learning to accelerate progress towards Sustainable Development
Goal 4
About the meet
During the meet, the leaders are to create an initiative on digital learning and skills. The initiative is to target
marginalised children and youth. The initiative will mainly accelerate three of the 2020 Global Education
Meeting objectives. They are as follows:
Support to teachers
Investment in skills
Narrowing of the digital divide
The 2020 Global Education Meeting was organised by UNESCO. It acted as a unique platform for exchange
among high-level political leaders and policy makers.
E9 initiative
E9 is a forum of nine countries. It was created to achieve the goals of “Education for All” initiative of
UNESCO. In E9, E stands for Education and 9 represents nine member countries. The member
countries of E9 initiative are Brazil, Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Mexico and
Nigeria. These countries represent half of the world population. 70% of the world’s literate adults are
from these countries.
The E9 initiative was launched at the EFA Summit in New Delhi. The E9 initiative has become a forum
for countries to discuss their experiences related to exchange of best practices, education, etc.
The E9 members that are also G20 members are India, China, Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico.
Mexico is an OECD member.
In 1993, the E9 countries accounted only to 16.5% of the world GDP. However, today they account to
30% of the world GDP.
Education for All
It is a global movement led by UNESCO. It aims to meet the learning needs of youth, children and adults.
The Education for All initiative was adopted by the Darkar Framework in April 2000.
Longi Green Enters Hydrogen Market
The World largest solar company Longi Green is to enter the Hydrogen Market. Longi Green is a Chinese
company that manufactures solar panels, wafers and solar cells. Today several such solar companies are
entering the hydrogen market. This is mainly because hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel that can be produced
by electrolysis of water and then stored and transported and used in every possible machinery such as cars
to electrical generators to steel mills.
Longi Green
Longi Green was founded in 2000. The headquarters of Longi Green is located in Xi’an, China. Longi Green
has plants in India, Malaysia and China. In 2019, Longi Green brought 300 MW monocrystalline PV products
to India.

Hydrogen Market in India
The Hydrogen market in India is valued at 50 million USD. It is projected to reach 81 million USD by 2025. In
India, the major end use of hydrogen is in petroleum refining industry. Here, hydrogen is used to refine crude
oil.
Though India is moving towards clean fuel, the high transportation and high storage cost is hampering the
growth of hydrogen market in the country. However, the emerging liquid organic hydrogen carrier
technologies (LOHC) will make storage and transportation of hydrogen easier.
Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC)
They are organic compounds that can absorb and release hydrogen through chemical reactions. Thus,
LOHCs are ideal for hydrogen storage and transportation.
In 2020, Japan built the first international hydrogen supply chain in the world using LOHC. It was built
between Brunei and Kawasaki city using toluene based LOHC technology.
Working of LOHC
The dehydrated form of LOHC reacts with hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction. The end product thus
formed can be stored or transported under ambient conditions. Whenever hydrogen is needed the hydrogen
rich form of LOHC is dehydrogenated.
Hydrogenation is an exothermic reaction and dehydrogenation is endothermic reaction.
What is the new Russian Legislation signed by Putin?
The Russian President Vladimir Putin recently signed a legislation that will allow him to stay in power till
2036. The Russian leader had already been in power for more than two decades. And he is 68 years old.
Background
According to the previous constitution, Putin should have stepped down after his second consecutive term
that is to end in 2024. Now, with the new constitutional amendment, he can stay in power till 2036.
In 2020, the Russians voted for constitutional amendments that will allow Putin to recontest after 2024.
Majority voted in favour of the amendment.
Why the changes?
According to Article 81 of Russian Constitution, the same person cannot hold the office of President more
than two terms in a row. Vladimir Putin was elected as president in 2012 and again re-elected as president
in 2018. He will now stay in power till 2024. The term of a president in Russia is six years.
What are the changes made to the Russian Constitution?
The new constitution has not changed the two-term limit. However, it has removed the words “in a row”.
With this, Putin will be able to run for President elections for another two terms under the new constitution.
2020 Referendum
A Constitutional referendum was held in Russia in 2020. In this, 79% of the voters supported the changes to
the constitution.
The amendments increased the powers of advisory bodies and State councils. Bottom line, the amendments
tightened Putin’s grip over Russia.
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin was a former intelligence officer. According to Putin, India is one of the best Strategic
Partners of Russia.
Facebook Data leak, 2021
The personal data of more than 533 million Facebook users has been leaked online recently. The exposed
data included personal information of the Facebook users from more than 106 countries. This also included
records of 32 million users in the US, 11 million in UK and 6 million in India.

What is Facebook Data Leak, 2021?
The Facebook data leaked included personal details such as names and phone numbers associated with the
user accounts. They are now available in several online forums for free!
The current data leak is being considered as the biggest data breach as the phone number of Facebook CEO
Mark Zuckerberg was found in the leaked data. Also, his birth date and marriage details have been hacked.
The data breach comes during the time when Facebook owned WhatsApp is shifting to a safer alternative
such as Signal. These new terms of WhatsApp are creating controversies.
WhatsApp new terms
The new terms of WhatsApp are creating controversies as under the new terms Facebook can access user
chats with business accounts.
What caused the data breach?
The data leak is related to 2019 vulnerability that exposed the phone number linked to every Facebook
account. Facebook claimed that it had been fixed long back. However, the recent data breach says that still
flaws exist in the system that are aiding the hackers.
How can the data be misused?
The breached data has been put up in several forums. These details can be exploited by the advertisers.
Also, anyone with rudimentary skills can use these data to commit a cyber crime. Earlier in March 2018,
Facebook data were accessed by the UK-based Cambridge Analytica. The data gathered was used to help
the political candidates all over the world to win elections. This included data of more than 5.62 lakh
Indians.
India and Facebook
According to GoI, India has more than 52 crore WhatsApp users, 21 crores of Instagram users and 41
crores of Facebook users.
Several countries in the west have data protection regulations. However, India is yet to catch up. The
Sections 43A and 72A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 provides for compensation in case of
data misuse.
The Personal Data Protection Bill is yet to be passed in Lok Sabha. The bill has provisions relating to
data breach.
FPI inflows in India: Rs 2.74 lakh crores in 2021
In 2021, India has emerged as the largest recipient of Foreign Portfolio Investments. The net FPI inflow for
the fiscal year 2020-21 was Rs 2.74 lakh crores.
Investment in equity segment
The investments in the equity segment for the year 2020-21 touched Rs 2,74,503. This is the highest
quantum of money recorded since the National Securities Depository Limited began to make the Foreign
Portfolio Investment data publicly available. Earlier to this, the highest inflow in the equity segment was in
2012. And it has been recorded as RS 1.4 lakh crores.
Foreign Portfolio Investment in 2021
In the fiscal year 2020-21, the foreign portfolio investors have been the net buyers in all months except for
September, March, April and May 2020. In the previous fiscal year, the foreign portfolio investors were net
sellers.
The highest inflow of foreign portfolio investment seen in India has not been seen in other emerging
markets. This clearly proves that the foreign portfolio investors had been expecting India’s economic
recovery to be much faster than the other emerging economies.
What is the difference between FPI and FDI?
The Foreign Portfolio Investment refers to the purchase of securities and assets by investors from

other country. This can be mutual funds, bonds, stocks, etc.
On the other hand, Foreign Direct Investment is the investment made by an individual or a firm
(located in one country) in a business (located in another country). This includes establishing a
subsidiary in another country, merging or acquiring an existing foreign company or starting a joint
venture partnership with a company from a foreign land.
Portfolio Investment is seen as a short term move and direct investment is seen as a long-term move.
Chief Justice of India: Justice Ramana to assume charge
Justice N V Ramana, who was recently appointed as the Chief Justice of India is to assume charge on April
24, 2021. He is to take charge a day after the retirement of CJI Sharad Arvind Bobde. Justice Ramana is to
take over as the 48th Chief Justice of India.
Justice Ramana
Justice Ramana was born in 1957 in Ponnavaram village of Andhra Pradesh. He was enrolled as an
advocate in 1983. He became the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court in 2013. In 2014, he was appointed as
the judge of the Supreme Court. Justice Ramana had been a part of the following popular cases:
Justice Ramana was a part of a five-judge constitution bench that declined to refer to a seven bench,
a batch of pleas that challenged the constitutional validity of GoI decision to abrogate Article 370.
In November 2019, he was a part of a five judge Constitution bench that held that the office of Chief
Justice is a public authority under Right to Information Act.
In January 2020, Justice Ramana led bench had pronounced that freedom of speech and conducting
business on internet are protected under the Constitution. The bench had directed the Jammu and
Kashmir administration to review the curb orders.
In 2016, he was a part of the five-bench Constitution bench that ordered restoration of Congress
Government in Arunachal Pradesh.
In November 2019, Justice Ramana led bench ordered floor test for the then Chief Minister Devendra
Fadnavis to prove his majority in the house.
Constitutional Provisions
According to Clause (2) of Article 124, the President appoints the Chief Justice of India.
The Clause (3) of Article 124 provides the eligibility criteria for a person to become the Chief Justice
of India. They are as follows:
He or she should be a citizen of India
He should have acted as the Judge of High Court for at least five years. Or he should have
acted as an advocate in High Court for at least ten years.
He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President
The Clause (4) of Article 124 provides regulations for removal of Supreme Court Judge.
SEBI: India should separate the roles of Chairperson and Managing Director
The Securities and Exchange Board of India recently announced that it will not extend the deadline to
separate the posts of Managing Director and Chairperson. In April 1, 2020, SEBI asked the Indian companies
to separate the roles of chairperson and Managing Director. However, a time period of two years was
provided for compliance. Now the regulator has issued a warning that this deadline will not be extended.
The announcement comes as by the end of December 2020, only 53% of top 500 entities had complied with
this provision.
Why should the roles be separated?
The main objective in separating the roles is to provide a better and more balanced governance structure.
Separation of roles in other countries
Globally, the world seems to move towards separation of the posts. UK and Australia have already moved in

favour of the separation. Germany and Netherlands have a two-tier board structure that separates the roles
of the board and management.
Legal Provisions
The Section 203 of the Companies Act, 2013 says that an individual shall not be appointed as the
chairperson of a company as well as the Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer.
Chairman
Chairman is the person responsible for leading the board. He focuses on strategic matters, sets governance
standards and oversees group’s businesses. He plays a crucial role in bringing the effectiveness of the
board and individual directors.
Managing Director
A Managing Director is a whole-time director controlling the day-to-day affairs of the company.
SEBI
SEBI is a statutory body established on 1992 under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.
The main objective of SEBI is to protect the interests of the investors and regulate securities market. SEBI
has the power to appoint committees. A Securities Appellate Tribunal has been constituted to protect the
interest of entities that feel aggrieved by SEBI’s decision.
Under the Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014, SEBI shall regulate any money scheme of worth Rs 100
crores.
DRDO to partner with Private Sector in Missile Production
The Defence Research and Development Organisation recently allowed the private sector firms to develop
and produce missile systems. Also, they can make partnership with DRDO in Missile production. This is
being done under the Development cum Production Partner Programme. The organization has already
received bids for the Vertically-launched Short range Surface to Air Missile System. With this, VL-SRSAM
has become the first missile programme to receive DRDO-private sector partnership.
Why are the private sectors allowed in Missile Production?
The DRDO has opened up its partnership with the private sectors in order to develop complex military
systems under the Make in India project.
What are the recent DRDO-Private sector projects?
Recently DRDO helped TATA and Baba Kalyani industries to develop ATAGS howitzer. It is an artillery gun
for the Indian Army.
Private Sector Participation in DRDO
In 2010, the then Defence Minister A K Antony ordered the restructuring of DRDO by ensuring
effective participation of the private sector in defence technology.
So far, DRDO has been transferring technologies to the private sector for the mass production of
ordnances. For instance, the Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar was developed by DRDO with the
assistance from Israel. The radar is capable of tracking 200 targets and has a range of five hundred
kilo metres. This technology acquired from Israel had been transferred to the public and private
manufacturers.
In August 2020, DRDO identified 108 military systems for production by domestic industries.
Significance of DRDO-Private Partnership
DRDO recently banned 101 military systems and weapons such as light combat helicopters, cruise missiles,
transport aircraft. This is to be achieved in a staggered manner by 2024. This was done to promote the
domestic defence industry. Now, this partnership will boost the foreign companies (where the import ban
was imposed) to set up manufacturing units in India. They can also partner with DRDO.
A target of 25 billion USD turnover has been set in defence manufacturing. In order to achieve such high

targets, several hands need to work together. Thus, the private partnership will help in achieving the target.
April 7, 2021
Uttar Pradesh Regulation of Urban Premises Tenancy (second) Ordinance 2021
The Uttar Pradesh Cabinet recently approved the Uttar Pradesh Regulation of Urban Premises Tenancy
(second) Ordinance, 2021. The ordinance will reduce the tenancy disputes.
Key Features of the Ordinance
The ordinance makes it mandatory to sign contract will to rent out a property. This is being done to
safeguard the interests of both the tenant and the owner.
The ordinance will establish rent authority and rent tribunal to solve disputes. Currently there are no
clear mechanisms for conflict resolution.
Significance
The ordinance will help 1.1 crore vacant homes in the urban region to get suitable tenants in the state
of Uttar Pradesh.
It will encourage people to invest in more properties for renting purposes.
It will help in bringing robustness and dynamism to the real estate market. This is because the
provisions in the ordinance will reduce the friction between property owners and tenants.
The ordinance is very much similar to the Draft Model Tenancy Act.
Model Tenancy Act
The Model Tenancy Act was framed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. It is yet to be passed in
the parliament. The key features of the Model Tenancy Act are as follows:
Formation of Rent Authority. Every tenancy agreement should be reported to this rent authority.
For non-residential tenancy, the residential housing security deposit is to be capped at one month
interval and for residential-housing security deposit is to be capped at two months interval.
The landlords should provide access to basic amenities.
The landlords cannot hike the property rent in the middle of a tenancy term.
The tenants shall not sublet the property without the permission of the landlord.
What is RXIL?
RXIL is Receivables Exchange of India. Recently RXIL has become the first TReDS platform to cross monthly
throughput of Rs 1000 crores. The transaction volume in the platform grew from Rs 69 crores in April 2020
to Rs 1,105 crores in March 2021. This shows economic recovery in the country. Also, it shows that the
MSME sector that was badly hit during COVID-19 is getting revived.
About RXIL
RXIL was incorporated in 2016.
It is a joint venture between Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) and National Stock
Exchange of India Limited.
It operates TReDS.
It was the first entity to receive approval from RBI to launch the first TreDS Exchange of India.
RXIL is an integrated provider of financial platform that supports growth and development of MSMEs.
What is TReDS?
TReDS is an electronic platform that facilitates financing of MSMEs through multiple financiers.
The main three participants in the TreDS are MSMEs (sellers), financiers and Corporate entities
(buyers).
According to RBI, only MSMEs can participate as sellers in TReDS.
In 2015, RBI granted approval for SIDBI and NSICL to set up and operate TReDS.
It can help the MSMEs unlock their working capital.
It ensures higher efficiency and capital management.
How does TReDS work?
The seller first uploads an invoice. This invoice waits for an acceptance from a buyer. After the buyer
accepts the invoice, it goes for auction. The financiers enter discounting rates. The party bearing the
interest cost will accept the best bid. Later the financier account is debited and seller account is credited.
Legality of TReDS
The RBI granted permission for the operation of TReDS in the country based on the guidelines under
Payment and Settlement System Act, 2007.
Benjamin Netanyahu and Israeli Government
The President of Israel recently issued a mandate for Benjamin Netanyahu to try and form the Government.
Benjamin has been given twenty-eight days to form the government.
Israel Election
In March 2021, Israel conducted elections. This is the fourth election in two years. However, the election
results ended with no majority. Neither Netanyahu nor his opponent Benny Gantz secured the required
majority to form the government. However, in consultations with the political parties, Netanyahu received
more endorsements and thus the president has invited him to try and form the government.
What is the issue?
The thirty fifth Government of Israel was sworn in on May 17, 2020. It was originally to be established
following the April 2019 election. However, Knesset dissolved by itself as none could form a majority
Government. Knesset is the Unicameral National Legislature of Israel. Following this a third election was
held in 2020. After this election, Netanyahu and Gantz finally reached on an agreement to form a national
unity Government. A National Unity Government is a coalition government that consists of all parties in the
legislature. However, this government was dissolved in December 2020. Thus, Israel went for elections
again in 2021.
Benjamin Netanyahu
Netanyahu served as the Prime Minister of Israel between 1996 and 1999. Also, he served as the Prime
Minister since 2009. During his fourth term as Prime Minister of Israel, that is, in 2017, the police
investigation on Netanyahu began. He was investigated in two cases namely Case 1000 and Case 2000. He
was charged of crimes involving fraud, bribes and breach of trust in both the cases. In 2018, he was
charged of corruption. Some critics consider this as the major cause of 2019-2021 Israeli political crisis
that began after April 2019 elections.
FDA approves ADHD Drugs
The FDA of the US recently approved the ADHD drug for treating patients in the age group of 6 to 17 years.
ADHD is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The ADHD drug belongs to a group of medicines called
stimulants. These drugs work by increasing the activity of the brain. Several controversies have arisen in the
US as the FDA has approved the ADHD drug. This is the first ADHD drug approved by FDA in ten years.
What are the controversies over the approval?
The ADHD drug that has been approved by the FDA is called Qelbree. Qelbree was developed by Supernus
Pharmaceuticals of Rockville, Maryland. The controversies over the approval of Qelbree are due to the fact
that it carries a warning of “potential for suicidal thoughts and behaviour”.
ADHD in the US
The ADHD affects more than six million American children and adolescents in the United States. These
children struggle to pay attention and complete tasks. They also show signs of impulsiveness and fidgeting.
ADHD Drugs
There are two categories of ADHD Drugs. They are Stimulants and Non-Stimulants. According to FDA, the

stimulant medications increase dopamine levels in brain. Dopamine is a brain chemical that is associated
with motivation and attention. However, stimulant medications can bring side effects such as high blood
pressure, headaches, insomnia and decreased appetite. Most of the ADHD drugs are classified as Schedule
II substances as they pose risk of abuse and dependence.
Non-stimulant ADHD drugs include duanfacine, atomoexetine and clonidine.
ADHD in India
The ADHD affects 2% to 7% of children globally. In India more male child were found to have ADHD. 83.3%
of the patients in India discontinue taking their medicines within the first month. The Indian parents cite the
following reasons for stopping the medication:
Lack of effectiveness
Side-effects
Problems at the hospital
Fear that the child might become addicted.
Robots made from stem cells of frogs
The scientists have used the stem cells of frogs to create a new living robot. These robots have been
named Xenobots.
About Xenobots
Xenobots are capable of healing themselves.
They can record memories.
Xenobots are made from frog cells. They have been named after the Xenopus laevis frog that
supplied its cells to create the robot. Xenopus laevis is an African frog.
These robots are to be used to detect diseases and deliver drugs to specific areas of the body.
Xenobots are less than 1 milli metre long.
They are comprised of 500-1000 living cells.
Xenobots come in different basic shapes and can scoot themselves in linear or circular directions.
They are capable of joining up together to act collectively.
They can move small objects by harnessing their cellular energy for a maximum of ten days.
How were the Xenobots created?
The Xenobots were created by microengineering amphibian eggs with RNA. The biologists later removed
the egg membrane after 24 hours. They then harvested the stem cell tissue from the embryo. The tissues
then formed into spheres with tiny hair like structure called cilia. The cilia moved to propel the bots across a
surface creating a Xenobot.
How was the memory of the Xenobots created?
The memory retaining capability of the Xenobots was propelled by a protein called EosFP. This
protein normally glows green. However, it emits red colour when exposed to a light of 390 nm
wavelength.
The cells of frog embryos with messenger RNA coding enabled the Xenobots to record when exposed
to blue light (at around 390 nm of wavelength).
The scientists tested the above function on ten Xenobots that were swimming around a surface
where one spot was illuminated by the light of 390 nm of wavelength. After two hours, three of the
bots emitted red light and the rest remained green. This provides a memory of their travel experience.
World Health Day: April 7
Every year the World Health Day is celebrated by the World Health Organization on April 7. This year, the
World Health Day is celebrated under the following theme
Theme: Building a fairer, healthier World for everyone

World Health Day
The World Health Day is celebrated on April 7 as the World Health Organisation held its first World
Health Assembly on April 7, 1948.
The World Health day is seen as an opportunity to draw worldwide attention to a subject of major
importance to global health each year.
The first World Health Day was observed in 1950.
The World Health Day is one of the eleven official global health campaigns of WHO.
Global Health Campaigns of WHO
The eleven Global Health Campaigns of WHO are as follows:
World Tuberculosis Day
World Malaria Day
World Immunization Day
World No Tobacco Day
World Blood Donor Day
World AIDS Day
World Chagas Disease Day
World Hepatitis Day
World Antimicrobial Awareness Week
World Patient Safety Day
World Health Assembly
The World Health Assembly is governed by 194 member states. It is composed of health ministers
from the member states and is the highest health policy setting body in the world.
The World Health Organization is governed through the World Health Assembly.
The current chairperson of World Health Assembly is Dr Harsh Vardhan. He is the Minister of Health
and Family Welfare in India.
The main tasks of World Health Assembly are to decide major policy question and approve WHO work
programme and budget.
Major Action plans of World Health Assembly
The worldwide eradication of smallpox was endorsed in 1959 and achieved in 1980.
Worldwide eradication of polio was endorsed in 1988. India has been declared polio free under the
action plan.
Control of harmful use of alcohol was endorsed in 2010.
Global Actions for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases was endorsed in 2011.
RBI Monetary Policy
On April 7, 2021, the Monetary Policy Committee of Reserve Bank of India announced the outcome of its bi-
monthly monetary policy review.
Key Highlights
The repo rate has been kept unchanged at 4%.
The reverse repo rate has been kept at 3.35%.
The real GDP growth for the Fiscal Year 2022 is predicted to be 10.5%.
The CPI of 2022 is predicted to be at 5.1%.
The MSF rate has been kept unchanged at 4.25%.
The Bank rate has been kept unchanged at 4.25%.
RBI is to buy Rs 1 lakh crores of G-Sec under the G-Sec Acquisition Programme.
The Apex Bank has increased the centre’s Ways and Means Advances by 46%. The current limit is Rs

32,225 crores. It has now been increased to Rs 47,010 crores.
Maximum End of Pay balance for payment banks has been doubled to Rs 2 lakhs.
Additional liquidity facility of Rs 50,000 crores announced for NABARD, SIDBI and NHB in 2021-22.
Softening of cereal prices are expected.
The mitigation of price pressure on key food items is to depend on supply side measures.
The global growth is to gradually recover from slowdown.
Repo Rate
The repo rate is the rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends money to the commercial banks in the
country.
Reverse Repo Rate
The reverse repo rate is the rate at which the Reserve Bank of India borrows money from the commercial
banks in the country.
CPI
CPI is Consumer Price Index. It is the measure that examines the weighted average of prices of goods and
services purchased by households.
MSF Rate
MSF is Marginal Standing Facility. It is the rate at which RBI lends funds to scheduled banks against
Government securities.
World Economic Outlook
The International Monetary Fund recently released the World Economic Outlook titled “Managing Divergent
Recoveries”.
The report has predicted GDP growth of India for the current fiscal year 2022 to be 12.5%. This is 1%
higher than the previous projection of 11.5% in January 2021. This is the highest among the emerging
economies and also among the elite group of advanced economies.
Also, the growth projection of India for the year 2023 has been increased from 6.8% to 6.9%. Earlier
the IMF had predicted the growth rate of India to be 6.8%.
The global economy is to grow at 6% in 2021 and is expected to moderate to 4.4% in 2022. In 2020,
the global economy contracted by 3.3%.
According to the report, China has returned to pre-COVID GDP in 2020. However, many others are not
expected to return till 2023.
Hotel and Restaurant sector has suffered huge production and employment losses due to COVID-19.
According to the report, good recovery is expected in North America, India and China.
UK and US are outperforming on vaccine front. On the other hand, Asia is lagging on vaccine roll out.
The economies that are dependent on Tourism are severely hit. Eg: Spain.
Unlike 2008 financial crisis, the global economic recovery looks lopsided (one side is higher than the
other). This is mainly because the roll out of vaccines is different in different parts of the world. Also,
the fiscal support differs across the border.
International Monetary Fund
The IMF was set up after the Second World War to assist in the reconstruction of war-ravaged countries. It
was created in 1945. It is governed by and accountable to 189 countries. India joined the IMF in 1945. Apart
from World Economic Outlook, the IMF also releases Global Financial Stability Report.
Atal Innovation Mission, CIPS join hands for Innovation in Public System
The Atal Innovation Mission, Centre for Innovations in Public Systems (CIPS) and NITI Aayog recently
announced collaboration to reinforce entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystem in India.

What is the plan?
The CIPS and Atal Innovation Mission signed a Statement of Intent to promote innovation in the area
of public system. This is to be achieved with the help of knowledge and experience of AIM and CIPS.
The CIPS and AIM will organise round tables involving local level administration officials. This is to
create awareness about the innovative products and solutions. Also, it will help them understand the
standard policies and processes around procurement. Ultimately, it will aid in quicker implementation
of innovative solutions.
They will together host e-exhibitions supported by relevant startups. Through this their innovations
are to be showcased.
Innovative Learning Management System is to be created. This is to ensure capacity building to
teachers and mentors at grass root levels. It will promote innovative learning among the students.
Benefits of the partnership
The partnership will help to promote programmes launched by AIM.
The partnership will strengthen AIM Mentor of Change Programme.
The beneficiaries will be able to harness CIPS research capacities.
Centre for Innovation in Public System
It is an autonomous Centre for Administrative Staff College of India. It was established by Government of
India in 2010. It was established based on the recommendation made by the Thirteenth Finance
Commission for the years 2010-15. The Finance Commission also suggested to release a grant of Rs 20
crores to establish Centre for Innovation in Public System.
BRICS Finance Ministers Meet, 2021
India recently hosted the BRICS Finance Ministers Meet. This was the first BRICS meet under the
chairmanship of India in 2021. As 2021 BRICS Chair, India aims to focus on strengthening intra-BRICS
cooperation based on continuity, consolidation and consensus.
Discussions held at the meet
The following discussions were held by the leaders during the meet:
Global Economic Outlook and Response to COVID-19 pandemic
Activities of New Development Bank
Social Infrastructure Financing
Use of Digital Technologies
Cooperation on Customs related issues
International Monetary Fund reforms
Financial Inclusion
Fintech for SMEs
BRICS Bond Fund
BRICS Rapid Information Security channel
India as BRICS host
India will host the BRICS meeting for the year 2021. The 2021 BRICS Summit is the thirteenth summit of the
grouping. Also, 2021 marks the fifteenth anniversary of the international grouping. This is the third time
India is hosting BRICS Summit. Previously India hosted BRICS Summit in 2012 and in 2016.
About 2021 BRICS Summit
The 2021 BRICS Summit will focus on three main pillars. They are:
Political and Security
The summit will discuss on reforms of multilateral system and counter terrorism cooperation
Economic and Financial relations

BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy 2020-25 is to be implemented.
BRICS Agriculture Research Platform operations are to be discussed
Innovation Cooperation
Digital Health and Traditional Medicine
Cultural and People to people relations
BRICS
BRICS is the acronym of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
The first BRICS summit was held in the year in 2009 in Russia.
In 2010, South Africa joined the BRICS grouping. Earlier to this, the grouping was called BRIC.
The association holds more than 40% of global population and 25% of global GDP.
In 2020, the New Development Bank of BRICS approved 1 billion USD. It was COVID-19 Emergency
Programme Loan for supporting India’s Economic Recovery.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: 92% Target achieved
The Ministry of Rural Development recently announced that under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin
(PMAY-G), 92% target has been achieved in the first phase of the scheme. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana is a
flagship scheme (that is, GoI gives utmost importance to the scheme) of Government of India. This
achievement has been made between 2016 and 2019.
According to the Ministry of Rural Development, all the houses in the Permanent Wait List are to be
completed by the end of Amrit Mahotsav.
About the achievement
A target of 1 crore houses was set for completion in Phase I of the scheme. Of this, 92% target has been
completed. This was mainly possible because of the timely release of funds required for the scheme. In
2020-21, Rs 19,269 crores was made available as budgetary support. Later an extra budgetary support of Rs
20,000 cores was provided. This is the highest budget allocation to the scheme in any year since its launch.
Permanent Wait List of PMAY
The Permanent Wait List of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana was prepared based on the Socio-
Economic Caste Census (SECC), 2011.
According to the census, 2.14 crores of beneficiaries were eligible to receive the benefits of Pradhan
Mantri Awas Yojana.
To identify the beneficiaries those who are eligible and not included in the survey, the Awaas+ survey
was conducted.
Awaas+ survey
The Awaas+ survey was conducted by all the states and Union Territories to identify the beneficiaries not
included in the Permanent Wait List. The survey identified 0.81 beneficiaries. They were included in the
Permanent Wail List in July 2020. With this the Permanent Wait List of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana was
ceiled at 2.95 crores.
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana: 1.12 crore employment generated
The Ministry of Finance recently announced that nearly Rs 15 lakh crores have been sanctioned under
Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY).
What are the achievements of PMMY?
More than 28 crore 68 lakh loans have been sanctioned since the launch of Pradhan Mantri MUDRA
Yojana.
Of the total loans provided, 68% were provided to women entrepreneurs.
51% of the total loans provided under the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana were provided to SC, ST and
OBC borrowers.

The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana has helped to generate 1 crore 12 lakh net additional employment
between 2015 and 2018. Of this, women accounted for 62%.
Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana
The PMMY was launched in 2015.
The full form of MUDRA is Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Limited.
The main objective of Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana was to refinance collateral free loans given by
the lenders to small borrowers.
The scheme shall lend between Rs 50,000 and Rs 10 lakhs.
The PMMY loans are available to non-agricultural activities up to Rs 10 lakhs.
PMMY loans are available for agricultural activities as well. This includes Poultry, Dairy, Bee Keeping
and farming.
Interest Subvention Scheme for PMMY
In June 2020, the Government of India approved a 2% interest subsidy scheme for Shishu loan
account holders under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana. Shishu loans are those loans that provide funds
upto Rs 50,000 under PMMY. The other two categories are Kishor and Tarun. The fund limit of Kishor
loans is between Rs 50,000 and Rs 5 lakhs. Tarun loans are those loans that provide funds upto Rs 10
lakhs.
The Interest Subvention Scheme was launched to help small businesses survive the difficulties
created by lockdown due to COVID-19.
The scheme was implemented through Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI).
The estimated cost of the scheme was Rs 1,542 crores.
The scheme was to run for a period of one year.
Forbes list of India’s 10 richest billionaires
The Forbes recently released its list of wealthiest people in the world. Forbes is an American business
magazine owned by the Integrated Whale Media Investments and the Forbes family.
Forbes list of India’s ten richest billionaires
The following are the top ten richest billionaires in India according to Forbes:
Mukesh Ambani. Net Worth: 84.5 billion USD
Gautham Adani. Net Worth: 50.5 billion USD
Shiv Nadar. Net Worth: 23.5 billion USD
Radhakishan damani. Net Worth: 16.5 billion USD
Uday Box. Net Worth: 15.9 billion USD
Lakshmi Mittal. Net Worth: 14.9 billion USD
Kumar Birla. Net Worth: 12.8 billion USD
Cyrus Poonawalla. Net Worth: 12.7 billion USD
Dilip Shanghvi. Net Worth: 10.9 billion USD
Sunil Mittal and family. Net Worth: 10.5 billion USD
Of the ten richest billionaires in India, only two earned their spot owing to investments in healthcare sector.
They were Cyrus Poonawala of Serum Institute and Dilip Shanghvi of Sun Pharmaceutical.
Forbes list of richest World Billionaires
Jeff Bezos. Net Worth: 177 billion USD
Elon Musk. Net Worth: 151 billion USD
Bernard Arnault. Net Worth: 150 billion USD
Bill Gates. Net Worth: 124 billion USD
Mark Zuckerberg. Net Worth: 97 billion USD

About Forbes
The headquarters of Forbes is located in New Jersey. It has an international edition in Asia and also Forbes
editions are produced under license in 27 countries. In 2014, Forbes was sold to a Hong Kong based
investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments.
Other popular Forbes lists
Forbes is well known for the following lists:
Forbes 400: It lists top 400 richest Americans.
Forbes Global 2000: Annual ranking of top 2000 public companies in the world
Forbes list of World’s Most Powerful people
The motto of Forbes magazine is “Change the World”.
Second Wave of Bird Flu in Himachal Pradesh
In January 2021, Bird Flu was confirmed among the migratory water birds at Pong Dam Lake Wildlife
Sanctuary. The disease then killed more than 5,000 birds. It was contained in February 2021. However, it
has resurfaced since late March.
What is the issue?
Recently, around 99 birds were found dead at Pong Dam Lake. The officials of National Institute of High
Security Animal Diseases have confirmed that the recent death of birds is due to the presence of H5N8
Avian Influenza. However, this strain is different from the previous outbreak. Previously the outbreak was
due to H5N1. The bird fatalities are higher during days of adverse weather as it is when the geese tend to
flock together instead of flying out.
Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
The Pong Wetland is an international Ramsar site. It extends up to 220 square kilometres during wet
season.
The Pong wetland becomes home to flocks of migratory waterfowl every winter.
Several birds migrate here as the wetlands in Europe, North and Central Asia become frozen during
winter.
More than one lakh migratory water birds of different species arrive at the lake. This includes 40,000
bar-headed geese as well.
Avian Influenza
The bird flu or Avian Influenza has been reported in Rajasthan, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh in the recent days. The two main virus types causing the recent
outbreaks are H5N1 and H5N8. They belong to the category of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
(HPAI).
The Centre issued an alert to the states to stick to the National Action Plan for Prevention, Control
and Containment of Avian Influenza.
The HPAI outbreaks have been identified in other countries such as Ukraine, UK and Russia. This has
led to a loss of more than 4.8 million birds by December 2020.
What are Prepaid Payment Instruments?
The Reserve Bank of India recently made three main changes to the Prepaid Payment Instruments.
What are Prepaid Payment Instruments?
The Prepaid Payment Instruments or PPI are means through which purchase of goods and services shall be
made against the value stored in such instruments. The Prepaid instruments shall be used as magnetic
stripe cards, smart cards, internet accounts, mobile accounts, online wallets, paper vouchers or any other
instrument used to access a prepaid amount.

What are the three changes RBI made in prepaid instruments (PPI)?
In 2018, the PPIs were provided the option of becoming interoperable. Under this option, the customers of
one company shall send funds to the customers of other company or bank or PPI. RBI provided this option
only to those cases where a complete KYC is done. Even after two years, the migration towards KYC PPIs
has not been achieved. KYC is Know Your Customer.
Thus, to increase the migration of PPIs to full KYC, the following changes have been introduced
The limit of outstanding balance in PPIs is to be increased from the current level of Rs 1 lakh to Rs 2
lakhs.
The facility of cash withdrawal is to be permitted for full KYC PPIs of non-bank PPI issuers.
The membership to RBI-operated Centralised Payment Systems (NEFT and RTGS) are to be opened to
non-banks such as the Central bank regulated payment system operators.
What are the categories of PPIs used in India?
The following are the categories of Prepaid Payment Instruments used in India:
Closed System Payment Instruments
Semi-Closed System Payment Instruments
Semi-Open System Payment Instruments
Open System Payment Instruments Mobile Prepaid Instruments
The Closed System Payment Instruments are issued by a person. They are issued to facilitate purchase of
goods from him or her.
The Semi-Closed System Payment Instruments are redeemable only at a group of identified merchants.
They do not permit cash withdrawal or redemption by the holder.
The Semi-Open System Payment Instruments can be used at any card accepting merchant sale terminals.
They do not allow cash withdrawal or redemption.
The Open System Payment Instruments allow cash withdrawals at ATMs and can be used for purchase of
goods.
The Mobile Prepaid Instruments are issued by the mobile service providers.
What is India H2 Alliance (IH2A)?
The Global energy and industrial majors have joined together to form a new coalition called the India H2
Alliance. The initiative to form the alliance was begun by the Reliance industries and Chart Industries. The
India H2 Alliance, IH2A mainly focuses on commercialising hydrogen technologies. It will work towards
boosting the hydrogen economy and supply chain in India.
About India H2 Alliance
The IH2 alliance will mainly focus on industrial clusters such as refineries, steel, cement, fertiliser, ports and
logistics and heavy-duty transport use cases. It will also create standards for storage and transport of
hydrogen in pressurised and liquefied form.
The following are the main objectives of IH2A:
To build hydrogen economy and supply chain in India
To help develop blue and green hydrogen production and storage
To build hydrogen-use industrial clusters
To increase hydrogen-powered fuel cells-based transport
What are the major works of India H2 Alliance?
The India H2 Alliance will closely work with the Government of India on the following five areas:
To develop National Hydrogen Policy and roadmap 2021-30.
To create National H2 Task Force and Mission in a PPP model
To identify National Large H2 Demonstration Stage Projects

To create a National India H2 Fund
To create a good hydrogen linked capacity. This includes production, distribution, storage, industrial
use-cases, standards and transport use-cases.
What is Blue Hydrogen?
Blue Hydrogen is produced from the splitting of natural gas into carbon dioxide and hydrogen. This is
achieved by Steam Methane Reforming or Auto thermal Reforming.
What is Green Hydrogen?
Green Hydrogen is made from non-fossil sources.
National Programme on High Efficiency Solar PV Modules
The Union Cabinet recently approved the Production Linked Incentive Scheme called the “National
Programme on High Efficiency Solar PV Modules”. PV stands for Photo Voltaic. They are units that convert
light energy into electrical energy.
National Programme on High Efficiency Solar PV Modules
The programme aims to achieve manufacturing capacity in Giga Watt scale in high efficiency solar PV
modules.
The total outlay of the scheme has been estimated as Rs 4,500 crores.
The programme aims to bring additional 10,000 MW capacity of integrated solar PV manufacturing
units in India.
It will bring in direct investment of Rs 17,200 crores in solar Photo Voltaic manufacturing projects.
The demand for “Balance of Materials” is expected to touch Rs 17,500 crores in five years after the
launch of the scheme.
It will bring indirect employment of 1,20,00 and direct employment of 30,000.
It will stimulate research and development that will achieve higher efficiency in solar PV modules.
What is the plan?
The solar Photo Voltaic manufacturers are to be selected through transparent competitive bidding process.
The scheme will reward manufacturers with higher efficiencies of solar Photo Voltaic modules. Also, they
will be incentivised for sourcing their material from the domestic markets.
Why is the scheme important?
The solar capacity addition in the country largely depends on imported solar Photo Voltaic Cells and
modules. The National Programme on High Efficiency Solar PV Modules will help to reduce the dependence
on imports of solar PV cells and modules. Also, it will support Atma Nirbhar Bharat initiative.
PLI Scheme
The main objective of PLI Scheme is to make manufacturing in India globally competitive. The scheme will
generate large scale employment opportunities and will enhance exports substantially.
Other Schemes approved
Apart from this scheme, the union cabinet has also approved the Production Linked Scheme for White
Goods-LED Lights and Air Conditioners.
Union Cabinet: PLI Scheme for Air Conditioners and LED Lights approved
The Union Cabinet recently approved the Production Linked Scheme for White Goods such as Air
conditioners and LED lights. The main objective of the scheme is to make manufacturing in India globally
competitive. This is to be achieved by creating economies of scale, removing sectoral disabilities and
ensuring efficiencies. The scheme will make India an integral part of the global supply chain.
It is expected that the scheme will attract global investment, enhance exports and generate large scale
employment.

PLI Scheme for White Goods
The budget allocated for the scheme is Rs 6,238 crores. The amount has been approved by the
cabinet.
The scheme will help to facilitate additional investments of Rs 7,920 crores.
It will create four lakh jobs.
The scheme will generate direct and indirect revenues of Rs 49,300 crores.
The scheme will provide incentive of 4% to 6% to the companies engaged in the manufacturing of Air
Conditioners and LED lights.
The incentives are to be provided for a period of five years.
The scheme is expected to increase production worth Rs 1,68,000 crores and exports worth Rs
64,000 crores.
What are White Goods?
Generally large home appliances such as refrigerators, dish washers, washing machines, air conditioners
are referred to as white goods. Traditionally the household goods were available in white colour and hence
the name.
What are brown goods?
The Consumer Electronics such as computer, Television, games consoles, radios are referred to as brown
goods.
Other Schemes approved
Along with the PLI Scheme for Air Conditioners and LED lights, the PLI Scheme for high efficiency Solar PV
module called the “National Programme on High Efficiency Solar PV Modules” was also approved.
April 8, 2021
India-Japan: MoU signed for Academic and Research Cooperation
The Union Cabinet recently apprised a MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) signed between India and
Japan. The MoU was signed between National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) that operates
under Department of Space, GoI and the Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere called the RISH
that operates under Kyoto University of Japan.
What are the objectives of the MoU?
The main objectives of the MoU are as follows:
According to the MoU signed, the NARL and RISH will continue their cooperation in the areas of
technology, atmospheric sciences, collaborative scientific experiments and other related modelling
studies.
They will exchange scientific materials, information, publications, students, faculty members and
researchers.
The MoU will allow the countries to utilize the facilities such as Middle and Upper atmosphere radar
in Japan, Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere radar, Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia.
Background
NARL and RISH have been working together since 2008. This MoU was formalised in 2008 and was renewed
earlier in 2013. In November 2020, NARL and RISH signed a fresh MoU to promote collaborative research
under new guidelines.
India-Japan
India and Japan hold 2+2 dialogue annually. Japan is the second country after the United States with
which India has such a dialogue format.
The major exports of India to Japan are petroleum products, chemicals, etc.
The major imports of India from Japan are transport, machinery, iron and steel, electronic goods.

The Foreign Direct Investment of Japan in India are mainly in electrical equipment, automobile,
telecommunication, pharmaceutical sector.
Japan has invested 90 billion USD in the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial corridor. This will set up industrial
parks, new cities, ports and airports.
Japan supplies nuclear reactors and nuclear technology to India. India is the only non-signatory of
Non-Proliferation Treaty to receive the exemption from Japan.
INS Sarvekshak: Joint Hydrographc Survey in Mauritius
The INS Sarvekshak is on a deployment to Mauritius for undertaking Hydrogrpahic surveys along with
Mauritius. It will also provide training to the Mauritian personnel on advanced hydrographic equipment and
practices during the deployment.
Hydrographic Survey
INS Sarvekshak has visited Port Louis and commenced the hydrographic survey of “Deep Sea Area off
Port Louis”.
The Hydrographic surveys help in the measurement of ocean features that affect marine dredging,
maritime navigation, offshore oil exploration and drilling and other related activities.
INS Sarvekshak
The INS Sarvekshak is fitted with survey equipment such as Side Scan Sonars, Deep Sea Multi Beam
Echo Sounder and a completely automated digital surveying and processing system.
It operates under the Southern Naval Command.
INS Sarvekshak had earlier been deployed in Mauritius for surveys in 2006, 2011, 2015. It has
conducted Survey of Rodrigues for delineation of continental shelf, survey of passes off Mauritian
coast, survey of Port Harbour.
The survey works of INS Sarvekshak are of immense help to the Mauritius Government in the field of
fishing, establishment of artificial reefs, ecosystem preservation and management.
In 2007, INS Sarvekshak surveyed Port Mathurin located in Rodrigues of Mauritius that was last
surveyed more than hundred years ago.
The INS Sarvekshak carries an integral Chetak helicopter. The helicopter is deployed during the
survey.
It has also undertaken various foreign surveys along the coasts of Tanzania, Seychelles and Kenya.
INS Sarvekshak was the first ship of Indian Navy to deploy solar power.
Indian Naval Ships for surveys
The Indian Naval ships involved in surveying are INS Darshak, INS Sagardhwani, INS Investigator, INS
Sarvekshak, INS Sandhayak, INS Sutlej, INS Nirupak, INS Jamuna, INS Makar.
IRDAI Guidelines on Trade Credit Insurance
The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) recently issued draft guidelines for
general insurance companies. The guidelines mainly focus on credit insurance products with customised
covers for MSMEs.
Guidelines on Trade Credit Insurance
The guidelines will enable general insurers to offer trade insurance covers to financial institutions
(mainly licensed banks). This will help companies manage their risks overseas, manage non-payment
risks associated with trade financing portfolio and open up access to new markets.
The trade credit insurance that has now been introduced with the new guidelines will protect the
businesses against the risk of non-payment of goods and services by the buyers.
According to the guidelines, the trade credit insurance can cover commercial and political risks as
well. However, the option of political risk is available only to buyers outside India. But still, for MSMEs

the policy can cover 95% in case of political risks. The commercial risk covers risk of insolvency as
well.
A Trade Credit policy can grant an indemnity of maximum 60% of trade receivables from each buyer
for all financial institutions. Indemnity is the security or protection against a loss or other financial
burden.
Significance
The new guidelines will open up opportunities to offer credit insurance-backed financing solutions to
corporates and MSMEs. Also, changes such as enhanced indemnity of 90% and pre-shipment risk coverage
will make the credit insurance product more comprehensive.
What is Credit Insurance?
Credit Insurance is an insurance policy that is designed to cover the cost of the debt. It is purchased by a
borrower that pays off one or more existing debts in case of death or unemployment. It protects businesses
from non-payment of commercial debt. It ensures that the capital is protected.
The three main types of credit insurance are disability, life and unemployment.
S Ramann: New Chairman and Managing Director of SIDBI
The Government of India recently appointed S Ramann as the Chairman and Managing Director of Small
Industries and Development Bank of India.
About the Appointment
The appointment is for a period of three years.
The name of the new Chairman and Managing Director was recommended by Banks Board Bureau.
Banks Board Bureau
It is an autonomous body of Government of India. It is an advisory body.
It is tasked to improve governance of Public sector banks. The Banks Board Bureau recommends
selection of chiefs of government owned banks and financial institutions.
It assists banks with the strategies to deal with non-performing assets and bad loans.
It recommends the top level appointments of financial institutions (includes non-banking) to the GoI.
The Banks Board Bureau was set up in 2016.
It works towards reforms in Public Sector Banks as recommended by P J Nayak Committee.
P J Nayak Committee
The P J Nayak Committee was set up in 2014 by the Reserve Bank of India. The committee reviewed the
governance of board of banks. The recommendations made by the committee are as follows
Repeal the Bank Nationalisation Act, 1970, SBI Subsidiaries Act and SBI Act. This was recommended
as these acts required the Government to have above 50% shares in the banks.
After repealing the above act, the GoI should set up Bank Investment Company (BIC). The shares of
the Government in the banks should be transferred to the BIC.
S Ramann
S Ramann is currently the CEO of National E-Governance Services Limited. The National E-Governance is the
first Information Utility of India. He is a 1991 batch Indian Audit and Accounts Service Officer.
What is Jordan Crisis?
Jordan is a unitary state that is ruled under a Constitutional Monarchy. Unitary state is a state that is
governed as a single entity where the central government is ultimately supreme. In a Constitutional
monarchy, a monarch (ruler or king) exercises authority in accordance to a written or unwritten constitution.
What is Jordan Crisis?
The former crown prince Hamzah was recently placed under de facto house arrest. He is the half-brother of
the King Abdullah. Hamzah was accused of undermining national security. This was because he attended

the meetings with tribal leaders that openly criticized the ruling monarch. According to Jordanian
Government, there had been an attempt for a political coup to destabilize the country. The Government also
says that foreign entities also attended the meeting.
What is the significance of stability in Jordan?
Jordan was created after the first world war. It has remained stable for decades in a part of the world
that is prone to conflict and political uncertainty. According to the Gulf and Western countries, Jordan
is a strategic partner that can be relied upon for further political objectives in the region. The support
of Jordanian intelligence is highly important to fight against terrorism in the region. The conflicts in
the region include Syrian crisis, Israel-Palestine conflict, etc. Jordan has served as a good host to the
refugees from the war prone zones. Today refugees make up half of population of Jordan.
During 2003 US invasion of Iraq, Jordan had welcomed refugees from Iraq. It currently hosts 10 lakh
refugees from Syria.
Jordan is highly important for the future peace deals between Israel and Palestine.
How did Jordan get amidst regional powers?
Initially Jordan maintained close relations with the US and also with the Sunni Muslim powers of UAE
and Saudi Arabia. They together stand against the Shia of Iran.
In 1994, Jordan signed a peace deal with Israel and since then the two countries maintain diplomatic
relations. However, the friction began after the Saudi-UAE’s blockade of Qatar in 2017. Saudi and UAE
moved to punish Qatar for its ties with extremist groups. Jordan too downgraded its relations with
Qatar. However, it maintained cordial terms with Qatar. It even accepted financial assistance from
Qatar. This created tensions between Jordan and Saudi Arabia and its allies in the region.
Jordan also faced criticisms for maintaining strong ties with Turkey.
Jordan disagreed to back Syrian crisis along with UAE and Saudi Arabia. Later Jordan ended up in
trouble after being exposed for munitions support for Libyan strongman Khalifa Haftar.
After UAE normalized its relations with Israel, the role of Jordan as the Interlocutor of the region has
diminished. Interlocutor is a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation.
G-sec acquisition programme - G-SAP 1.0
The Reserve Bank of India recently announced a Government Security Acquisition Programme, GSAP 1.0.
Under the programme, the central bank will purchase government bonds of worth Rs 1 trillion (or one lakh
crores of rupees). The first purchase of Rs 25,000 crore is to be made on April 15, 2021.
GSAP 1.0
The GSAP 1.0 will provide more comfort to the bond market. As the borrowing of the Government
increased this year, RBI has to ensure there is no disruption in the Indian market.
In the fiscal year 2021, the Reserve Bank of India purchased Rs 3.13 trillion worth bonds from the
secondary market. However, it was carried out in an ad hoc manner.
The programme will help to reduce the spread between repo rate and the ten-year government bond
yield.
It will also help to reduce aggregate cost of borrowing for the centre and states in fiscal year 2022.
Impacts of GSAP
The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex had fallen in February and March, 2021 due to rising bond yields.
However, after RBI announced the GSAP in its Monetary Policy announcements, the ten-year G-Sec bond
yield dropped by 0.6%.
The rise in bond yields led to weakness in the equity markets. Now, the yields will once again stabilize. With
this, the FPI inflow into equities could regain momentum.

What are Government Securities?
Government Securities are debt instruments that are issued by GoI to borrow money. There are two types
namely short-term instruments that mature in 91 days and long-term instruments that mature anywhere
between five years and forty years.
RBI Consumer Confidence Index
The Reserve Bank of India recently released the report of Consumer Confidence Survey. The survey was
conducted in major cities of the country over 5,000 respondents.
Key Highlights of the survey
The Consumer Confidence Index declined from 55.5 points in January 2021 to 53.1 points in March
2021.
The Future Expectations dipped from 117.1 in January 2021 to 108.8 in March 2021.
When the index measure is above 100, it signals optimism and while it is below 100, it represents
pessimism.
Most of the consumers reported higher overall expenditure. According to the survey, this scenario is
to continue in the coming year despite the moderation in discretionary spending.
The consumers expectation on general economic situation and employment situation for the year
ahead was also pessimistic.
About Consumer Confidence Survey
The Survey measures consumer perception on five economic variables such as employment, economic
situation, price level, spending and income. The Consumer Confidence Survey has two main indices namely
current situation index and future expectations index. The future expectations index measures what
consumer thinks about the change in an economic issue one year ahead. The current situation index
measures the change in consumer perception over an economic issue in the last year.
The Consumer Confidence Survey is conducted every two months by the Reserve Bank of India. The survey
is conducted to measure how pessimistic or optimistic the consumers are regarding their financial
situation.
How was the survey conducted?
The survey was conducted through telephonic interviews. It was conducted in major cities such as
Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Patna, Thiruvananthapuram, Mumbai.
MCA: 60% Eligible for pre-pack turnaround Scheme
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) recently announced that six out of ten active Indian companies are
eligible for the new pre-packaged bankruptcy scheme. This is because out of the 1.3 million active
companies in India, 60% belong to the category of MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises).
Background
The President of India recently promulgated an ordinance, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Amendment
Ordinance, 2021. The ordinance will allow pre-packaged insolvency resolution process for the MSMEs.
Now, the GoI has announced that it has decided on a minimum payment default threshold of Rs 10 lakhs for
the initiation of pre-pack resolution process.
Benefits of Pre-Pack Insolvency Bankruptcy resolution scheme
The main advantage of the scheme is that the major part of the work is done informally. This includes
the turnaround plan for the business as well.
Unlike the general provisions that are provided for the larger companies, this resolution scheme does
not displace the existing management.
The scheme includes several provisions to prevent abuses.

How is Pre-Packaged Deal different?
In the Pre-packaged insolvency framework, the stressed borrower can prepare a plan for settlement or
resolution. This will avail the option of sale of the company before going to the IBC court. In other words,
the pre-packaged insolvency framework is a kind of restructuring where the borrower can benefit from the
approval of the creditors without going through IBC process.
Bottom line, the scheme helps the MSME borrowers to retain control of the enterprise till a settlement is
reached. Therefore, his chances to regain control of the company increases. In the usual IBC cases, the
borrowers do not have a role when the case reaches NCLT court.
World Bank-IMF launch Climate Change platform for poor countries
The World Bank and International Monetary Fund have launched a platform to advise the poor countries on
funding for conservation and climate activities. Both the financial organizations will use the platform to
factor climate change into negotiations about reducing debt burdens of poor countries.
Current Scenario
According to the World Bank and IMF, there prevails twin global problems. They are as follows:
The need to restructure or reduce the heavy debt burden of poor countries
The need to reduce fossil fuel emissions contributing to climate change
Therefore, the solution of including climate change into debt restructuring process will help motivate
sovereign lenders to write off certain percentage of debt of poorer countries. Basically, the international
financial organizations will negotiate in reducing the debt of poorer countries citing climate change and
COVID-19 crisis.
The Climate change platform is highly important as several poor countries are struggling to shore up their
food supplies and infrastructure due to climate change. These countries are not emitting the green houses
in large amounts. However, they are bearing the brunt of the impact from the rest of the world. The platform
will address this issue.
About the platform
The advisors in the platform will include officials from United Nations, private investors and ratings
agencies.
The platform is supported by the G20 economies as well.
Three countries such as Chad, Ethiopia and Zambia have initiated the negotiations with the creditors
under the new platform.
Apart from the initiations of World Bank and International Monetary Fund, there has been other initiatives to
reduce the debt of poor countries. One such is the Debt Service Suspension Initiative.
Debt Service Suspension Initiative
China, USA and G20 members offered a temporary relief to the poor countries by suspending the debt
service payment from the countries. This is referred to as Debt Service Suspension Initiative.
RBI: Inflation Forecast Model Amended
The Reserve Bank of India recently revised its Inflation Forecast Model. The new model will capture how
fiscal and monetary policy interact with real economy elements in a better way.
About the New Inflation Forecast Model
The new model is broken into three blocks. The first block decomposes the primary deficit of the
Government into structural and cyclical components. It is also called fiscal block. A structural increase in
deficit of the Government will create a positive output gap. This will in turn make borrowings costlier and
will eventually depreciate the currency. This means country will face higher inflation. On the other hand, the
cyclical shock is negligible.
The second block includes the complex system of pricing in India. It includes items such as diesel and

petrol that are priced on the basis of international oil prices, local taxes and exchange rates. This block is
also called the fuel block.
The third block is the Balance of Payment block. This block recognizes the costs that are associated with
spurts in volatility in exchange rate.
How is inflation measured in India?
In India, inflation is measured using two main indices namely Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer
Price Index (CPI). The Consumer Price Index measures the weighted average of prices of basket of
consumer goods and services such as food, transportation and medical care. It is measured by calculating
the average of price changes of each item in the predetermined basket of goods. On the other hand, the
Whole Price Index is measured based on prices at wholesale level.
IMF: Solidarity Tax on Pandemic Winners
The International Monetary Fund recently announced Solidarity Tax on Pandemic Winners. That is, the
companies that prospered during COVID-19 crisis should pay additional tax to show solidarity towards
those hit hardest by the pandemic.
About the Solidarity Tax suggested by IMF
It is a temporary tax.
It shall be imposed to reduce social inequalities that increased during the recent health crisis.
The Solidarity Tax was introduced by IMF citing Germany’s Solidarity tax after reunification.
Background
According to IMF, several countries are not facing the crisis in public finances. The advanced economies
have borrowed 11.7% of their National income, emerging countries have borrowed 9.8% and low-income
countries have borrowed 5.5%. However, it is the low-income countries that are suffering the most even to
achieve basic needs. Therefore, it is essential to bring in a mechanism that will help in their upliftment.
The current COVID-19 recovery in uneven unlike to that happened after 2008 financial crisis.
Solidarity Tax in other countries
The solidarity tax was introduced in Germany in 1991 after the East and West Germany were joined
together. It was collected for only one year.
Solidarity Tax is levied on wealth in France. It is also known as wealth tax. It is paid by households with a
net worth greater than 1.3 million Euros. It was first introduced in 1981 and terminated in 1986. Again, it
was reintroduced in 1988.
Recommendations made by IMF
The countries should invest in the production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccinations.
According to IMF, this will cost tens of billions of dollars but will boost growth prospects to raise tax
revenues in advanced countries by 1 trillion USD by 2025.
What is Solidarity Tax?
Solidarity Tax is a government-imposed tax that is levied to provide funding towards unifying projects. It
acts in conjunction with income taxes. The solidarity tax is an additional burden on tax payers including
sole proprietors, individuals and corporations.
PM FME Scheme: Ministries Converge
The Ministry of Food Processing Industries, earlier launched an all India Pradhan Mantri Formalization of
Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PM FME) Scheme. The scheme is to be implemented between 2020-21
and 2024-25. It is to implemented at an outlay of Rs 10,000 crores.
Convergence of Ministries
Recently, the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) agreed to work with the Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD) to implement the PM FME scheme. The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural

Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) operating under MoRD is to work with the MoFPI to implement the scheme.
What is the plan?
The Ministries are to provide seed capital support to the Self-Help Group members. Accordingly, Rs
40,000 is to be provided to every Self-Help Group member.
The State Rural Livelihood Missions in the States and Union Territories are responsible for identifying
eligible beneficiaries.
In 2020-21, around 17,427 beneficiaries were recommended for seed capital support of Rs 51.85
crores. So far, Rs 29.01 crores has been approved towards seed capital support covering 6,694
enterprises. These enterprises are located in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Chhattisgarh,
Haryana, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim,
Tripura, Sikkim, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh.
Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY)
It is also called National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM). The DAY-NRLM is the new name given to
Aajeevika-NRLM. It was renamed in 2015. The programme is partly supported by World Bank. The main aim
of the programme is to increase the household income of rural poor. The scheme was begun with an
agenda to cover seven crore rural poor households.
Scheme for Formalisation of Micro Processing Enterprises
The scheme was launched for the unorganized sector in India. It aims to increase access to finance by
micro processing units. It also aims in compliance with food quality and safety standards. The scheme
focuses on women entrepreneurs and aspirational districts.
Madhukranti Portal and Honey Corners launched
The Union Agricultural Minister Narendra Singh Tomar launched the Madhukranti portal and Honey Corners
of NAFED to promote the Honey Mission in India.
Madhukranti portal
The Madhukranti portal is an initiative of National Bee Board. It is operated under the National Beekeeping
and Honey Mission.
The main objectives of the Madhukranti portal are as follows:
The portal has been developed to achieve the traceability source of honey and bee hive products on
the digital platform.
Also, the platform will help in checking the quality and source of adulteration of honey.
Significance of Madhukranti Portal
The portal will help in increasing income of the farmers, boost exports and increase employment
generation. The portal will hold the database of all the stakeholders involved in honey production, marketing
chains, hive production and sales. This will increase the reach of honey to international markets. By this, the
stakeholders can easily be contacted.
Honey Corners
The Honey Corners are special spaces for the sale of honey. It is operated by NAFED. NAFED is National
Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation. NAFED has developed 14-15 honey corners. More honey
corners are to be developed in most of the upcoming major 200 NAFED stores. This will promote market
support for honey.
Banking
Indian Bank is the technical and banking partner for the development of digital platform. The bank has
signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Bee Board to implement the platform.
National Beekeeping and Honey Mission
It is a central sector scheme that was approved by the Government of India for Rs 500 crores. It aims at

scientific bee keeping and production of honey. The main objective of the mission is to achieve the goal of
“Sweet Revolution”. The Government of India has been establishing quality testing labs to address the
issues related to quality of honeybees under the mission.
Anamaya: Tribal Health Collaborative
The Union Health and Family Welfare Minister recently launched the Tribal Health Collaborative called
“Anamaya”.
Key Features of Anamaya
It is a multi-stake holder initiative.
It was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with the Ministry of
Tribal Affairs.
The initiative will also be supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Piramal
Foundation.
The main objective of the initiative is to enhance health and nutrition eco-system of tribal
communities in India
The collaborative will set up the National Council on Tribal Health and a Tribal Health Cell to monitor
the health care needs in tribal areas.
Also, Anamaya will implement the Tribal Health Action Plan.
It will converge efforts of government agencies and organizations to enhance the health and nutrition
status of tribal communities in the country.
Recently, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs together launched the
Tribal Tuberculosis Initiative to fulfil the goal of “TB Mukt Bharat”, that is, “Tuberculosis Free India” by 2025.
Need for the initiative
The Abhay Bang Committee submitted a report on “Tribal Health in India”. The findings of the committee
are as follows:
Child mortality halved among the tribal population in 26 years. It was 90 in 1988 and has reduced to
44 in 2014.
The Under-five mortality rate has declined from 135 in 1988 to 57 in 2014.
The prevalence of Tuberculosis in rest of India is 256 per 100,000 cases. However, in case of tribal
population, it is 703 cases per 100,000.
One in four tribal adult suffers from hypertension.
The findings of the committee clearly shows that more care should be taken towards improving health of
tribal population in India.
Robo Plant: Technology to interact with plants
The scientists from Singapore have developed a technology to interact with plants. The technology has
been named as “Robo Plant”.
About the Robo Plant Technology
The technology helps to control the plants using smart phone applications.
In future, this technology can be further used to enable farmers to detect diseases in plants. The
plants can tell farmers that they are hit by diseases through this technology.
The Singapore scientists achieved in building the technology by linking plants to electrodes. These
electrodes were capable of monitoring weak electrical pulses that are naturally emitted by green
plants.
How did the scientist build the technology?
The scientists used the technology to trigger a Venus flytrap to snap its jaws when a button on a smart
phone is pressed. One of the jaws of the plant was then connected to a robotic arm that enabled the

contraption to pick up a piece of wire (that was half a milli metre thick) and catch a small falling object.
Venus Flytrap
It is a carnivorous plant. It is native to subtropical wetlands that are located in the East Coast of United
States. It catches prey such as insects with a trapping structure. When the prey touches a hair, the plant
prepares to close. The IUCN has put the plant under “Vulnerable” status.
Electrical Signals in Plants
The Electrical Signals in plants were first revealed in insectivorous plants by Burdon Sanderson in 1873 and
by Darwin in 1875. Plants exhibit several methods of delivering electrical signals. The four commonly used
propagation methods are as follows:
Action Potential
Variation Potential
Local Electric Potential
Systematic Potential
Plants also have the capability to sense and respond to the environment. They react to chemicals, light,
gravity, moisture, infections, oxygen, infection, temperature, parasite infestation, sound, physical disruption
and touch.
MoU signed between Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying and Ministry of AYUSH
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying operating under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal
Husbandry and Dairying and Ministry of AYUSH signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to introduce
the concept of Ayurveda and its allied disciplines into veterinary science.
About the MoU
The cooperation between the ministries will help to develop a regulatory mechanism for the use of
Ayurveda in veterinary sector.
It will also focus on capacity building in related areas through training.
The MoU will explore marketing possibilities for herbal veterinary medicines on a sustainable basis.
It will provide services for cultivation, conservation and preservation of medicinal plants.
The cooperation will develop herbal veterinary education programmes.
It will create awareness among agro-farmers and dairy farmers about the importance and utilization
of herbal veterinary medicine and cultivation of medicinal herbs.
Animal Husbandry in India
According to the Economic Survey 2021, the contribution of livestock has increased from 24.32% in
2014-15 to 28.63% in 2018-19.
According to the twentieth livestock census, the total livestock population in India is 535.78 million.
India has the highest livestock population in the world.
In June 2020, the Government of India established the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development
Fund. It was set up with an outlay of Rs 15,000 crores.
Th Government of India launched the National Animal Disease Control Programme. The programme
was launched for Brucellosis and Foot and Mouth Diseases. Around Rs 13,343 crores were allocated
for the programme.
The National Livestock Mission was launched in 2014-15. This was to ensure the qualitative and
quantitative improvement in livestock production system.
The National Artificial Insemination Programme was launched to suggest novel methods to bring
about impregnation in female breeds.
April 9, 2021

Copyright (Amendment) Rules, 2021
The Ministry of Commerce and Industry recently notified Copyright (Amendment) rules, 2021. The
amendment has been made to bring the existing Copyright rules in the country with parity with the other
relevant legislations.
Current Scenario
Currently, the Copyright regime of India is governed by Copyright Act, 1957 and the Copyright rules 2013.
Why were the amendments made?
The main objective of the amendment of Copyright Rules is to ensure smooth and flawless compliance in
the light of technological advancement in digital era. The new rules will help India adopt towards electronic
means as primary mode of communication. It is highly important to achieve the goals of Digital India.
What are the amendments made?
The Copyright societies will have to make an Annual Transparency Report for each financial year.
The amendments have harmonised the Copyright rules with the provisions of Finance Act, 2017. This
has been achieved by merging Copyright Board with the Appellate Board.
The compliance requirements of registration works have been largely reduced. The applicant now has
the liberty to file the first ten and last ten pages of source code with no blocked out or redacted
portions.
The time limit of the Central Government to respond to an application has been extended. When an
applicant applies to get registered as a copyright society, the central government shall now respond
in one hundred and eighty days. This has been done to provide enough time so that the application
can be comprehensively examined.
What is Copyright?
Copyright is a type is intellectual property.
It gives the owner exclusive right to make copies of his or her creative work. It can be education,
artistic, literary or music.
According to World Intellectual Property Organisation, Copyright protects two types of rights. They
are Economic rights and moral rights. Economic rights allow the owners to derive financial reward
from the use of their works. On the other hand, the moral rights allow authors to take certain actions
to protect their link with their work.
Committee: 3 out of every 1,000 pregnant women in Meghalaya test positive for HIV
The Assembly Committee on Women Empowerment recently submitted its report to the Meghalaya
Government. The Committee was led by Ampareen Lyngdoh. The Committee has found that three out of
every thousand pregnant women in the state are testing positive for HIV in the state.
Key Findings of the Committee
According to the Committee, there are five thousand plus cases of HIV/AIDS in Meghalaya. The
number of cases in the state is increasing alarmingly.
With the discussions made with the police department and social welfare department, the committee
has identified that there is an urgent need to address the issue of commercial sex workers.
The Government of Meghalaya has been suggested to frame a policy to address the issue of
HIV/AIDS.
The committee has recommended to conduct a study to find out the reason on why HIV is more
prevalent among the pregnant women in the state.
The major concern that needs immediate action is the prevalence of HIV among sex workers in the
East Khasi hills.
According to MACS (Meghalaya AIDS Control Society), there are more than two hundred sex workers

in the state that test HIV positive.
There are schemes of the Central Government that try to rehabilitate sex workers in the state.
However, it is currently not functioning due to very slow flow of funds from the centre.
Meghalaya Health Policy
In March 2021, the Meghalaya State Government adopted a new Health Policy. The policy does include
AIDS. However, it has not prioritised the issue. The seriousness of the problem does not reflect in the
policy. Also, the policy lacks to provide a detailed plan to eliminate AIDS in the state. The policy simply
states the following:
The policy will aim to achieve “Global Target of 2020” where 90% of the people living with HIV will
receive antiretroviral therapy.
Background
According to NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation), 0.54% of population in Meghalaya are living with
HIV. Also, Meghalaya has the highest Syphilis cases in the country according to HIV Surveillance Sentinel,
2017. Around 1.03% of all pregnant have tested positive for the disease.
ADB approves 484 million USD for CKIC Project
The Asian Development Bank recently approved 484 million USD for CKIC (Chennai-Kanyakumari Industrial
Corridor) in Tamil Nadu.
About the Project
The project will upgrade 590 km of state highways in the CKIC influence areas.
The Climate Change adaptation measures are to be incorporated in the highway upgrades. This
includes improved drainage, resizing of bridges and culverts, raised road embankments in critical
sections.
The project is to strengthen road safety programmes through advanced technologies for road
monitoring.
The project will also improve the planning capacity of Tamil Nadu Highway and Minor Ports
Department.
About CKIC
CKIC is a part of East Coast Economic Corridor.
The main objective of CKIC is to increase the participation of manufacturing industry in production
networks and create jobs along the corridor.
Need for the project
The state of Tamil Nadu has strong state of economy with several manufacturing industries such as
engineering, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, garments, and aerospace. However, central and southern
regions of the state that are far away from the current industrial hubs around Chennai need better
connectivity for inclusive growth. This is the main objective of the project.
East Coast Corridor
It stretches from West Bengal to Tamil Nadu.
The East Coast Economic Corridor connects India to the production networks of south east and east
Asia.
The complete East Coast Corridor was developed with the help of funds from Asian Development
Bank. It is a multimodal regional maritime corridor that plays a vital role in unifying the domestic
market.
In 2016, ADB approved Phase 1 of the East Coast Corridor, which is, Vishakhapatnam-Chennai
Industrial Corridor.
The East Coast Corridor plays a crucial role in Make in India campaign.

It supports port-led industrialisation strategy under the Sagar Mala initiative.
The project also supports Act East Policy of India by linking domestic companies with global
production networks in South East and East Asia.
What are Quasars? How do they help in understanding Universe?
Recently, a group of astronomers have discovered a dozen of quasars that were warped by naturally
occurring cosmic lens. Warping is twisting. With this discovery, the number of known quasars have
increased by 25%. This can help to determine the expansion rate of the universe and will also help address
other mysteries.
What are Quasars?
Quasars are luminous cores of distant galaxies that are powered by black holes. The mass of
Quasars is millions to billions of times the mass of the sun. The most powerful quasars have
luminosities thousand times greater than the Milky Way galaxy.
The nearest Quasar to the earth is Markarian 231. It is 600 million years away from the earth.
Quasars are usually found in the centres of active galaxies.
Hubble’s Constant
Recently, several discrepancies have emerged over the precise value of the expansion rate of the universe.
The expansion rate of the universe is called Hubble’s constant. There are two primary means that can be
used to determine Hubble’s constant. One is through measurement of distance and speed of objects in the
local universe. The other method to find the Hubble’s constant is by extrapolating the rate from models
based on distant radiation left over from the birth of the universe. The later is called the Cosmic Microwave
background.
How will Quasars help in understanding the Universe?
The main issue is that the two methods of Hubble Constant determination do not match. However, the
discovery of Quasars will help to solve the controversies around Hubble Constant. A Quasar based
determination of Hubble constant will allow the astronomers to conclude which of the value is correct.
Hubble’s Constant describes how fast the universe is expanding. It is one of the keystones to understand
the expansion of the universe. Thus, Quasars will help in understanding the Universe by solving the
discrepancies around Hubble’s constant.
Three-branded Rosefinch: New bird species in India
A team of scientists from the Bombay Natural History Society recorded a new species of bird. It has been
identified as the three banded Rosefinch. The new bird species was identified while exploring the high-
altitude coniferous forests of Arunachal Pradesh.
Three branded Rosefinch
The three branded Rosefinch is a resident of southern China and a vagrant in Bhutan. Vagrant is a
person with no home.
The bird was first photographed at an altitude of 3,852 meters above the sea level. It was seen along
with the flock of white browed Rosefinch. The white browed Rosefinch is commonly seen in this
landscape.
According to the scientists the three branded rosefinch may be using the high altitude temperate
coniferous forests of Arunachal Pradesh as a passage while they were migrating from China to
Bhutan.
New Bird Species in India
Since 2016, 104 new species of birds have been added to the checklist of India. This has been possible
mainly because of intensive surveys especially in the least studied landscapes such as eastern Himalayas.

Three Branded Rosefinch
The Three Branded Rosefinch belongs to the finch species of birds.
Finch birds have world wide distribution except for Australia and polar regions.
State of India’s Bird, 2020
The State of India’s Bird, 2020 report was released at the thirteenth Conference of Parties of Convention on
the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. The report categorised 101 species of birds in India
as “high concern”, 319 as “moderate concern” and 442 as “low concern”. The following was found by the
report:
The Indian Vultures experienced catastrophic population decline. The White-rumped Vulture suffered
the most severe decline followed by Indian Vulture and Egyptian Vulture.
On the other hand, the Indian Peacock, the National bird of the country has increased dramatically in
the last few decades. The increase in numbers has been attributed mainly to the penalties for
poaching peacocks under Schedule I of Wildlife Act. They have been categorised as “Least Concern”
in the IUCN Red List.
IMF: India’s Debt to GDP increased to 90%
The International Monetary Fund recently announced that the debt to GDP ratio of India increased from 74%
to 90% due to COVID-19 crisis. This is to increase to 99% in 2021. The international financial organisation
has also stated that this is to reduce to 80% after economic recovery.
What is Debt to GDP ratio?
The Debt to GDP ratio is the ratio between the debt of the Government measured in the units of its currency
to the GDP measured in the same unit. When the Debt to GDP ratio is low, it means that the country
produces and sells goods and services that are sufficient to pay back debts without incurring further debts.
The Debt to GDP ratio of India has remained 70% since 1991. The current increase is mainly due to
COVID-19 crisis.
Debt to GDP ratio of other countries
At the end of third quarter of 2020, the Debt to GDP ratio of USA was 127.3%.
During the same period, it was:
246.1% in Japan
46.7% in China
What is Public Debt?
The Public Debt in India is the total liability of the Union Government that must be paid from the
Consolidated Fund of India. Almost one-fourth of the government expenditure goes into the interest
payment.
Public Debt Management Agency
It was established in 2016 by the Ministry of Finance. The Public Debt Management Agency streamlines the
borrowings of the Government and helps in achieving better cash management. It was an interim
arrangement in the RBI itself. However, it was provided a separate statutory status from that of RBI.
The PDMA plans government borrowings. It manages the liabilities of the Government. It monitors cash
balances and improves forecasting of cash. The agency will work towards enhancing the liquidity and
efficiency of the market.
India-Seychelles High level Virtual Event
The Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently held a high-level programme with the President of Seychelles.
The Prime Minister presented several gifts to Seychelles during the meet.
Key Highlights of the Event
During the meet, the two leaders jointly inaugurated the new Magistrate Court building in Seychelles.

The Prime Minister handed over a Fast Patrol Vessel of worth Rs 100 crores and a Solar Power Plant
with a capacity of 1 MW.
The leaders also inaugurated ten High Impact Community Development Projects (HICDP).
Seychelles appreciated Indian aid during COVID-19 times. India has so far sent 50,000 doses of
COVISHIELD vaccine to Seychelles.
President of Seychelles
The current President of Seychelles is Wavel Ramkalwan. His grandfather was from Bihar, India. However,
the president was not born in India. He was born in Mahe, Seychelles.
India-Seychelles
In May 2020, India launched Mission SAGAR. Under the mission, COVID-19 related essential
medicines were sent to Mauritius, Seychelles, and Maldives.
India also sent INS Kesari to the countries in Indian Ocean during COVID-19 times. The ship carried
medicines to countries such as Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, Maldives and Comoros.
India and Seychelles has close defence ties.
In 1986, India deployed INS Vindhyagiri at Port of Victoria to abort an attempted coup against the
then President Rene by the Defence Minister of the country.
The Seychelles Government has leased the Assumption Island to the Indian Navy to build overseas
base operations in the island. The Island was leased to India for 30 years under an agreement signed
in 2015. The agreement allows India to station Indian military personnel on the ground.
In 2018, PM Modi announced that India is to extend 100 million USD credit to Seychelles to develop
defence capabilities.
Central Mine Planning and Design Institute gets Drone Use Permission
The Ministry of Civil Aviation recently granted permission to the Central Mine Planning Design Institute to
survey the coal field areas of Coal India Limited. According to the permission granted, the drones shall be
deployed to monitor the mapping and surveying activity, inspection of coalfield. This is a conditional
exemption and is valid till April 4, 2022.
The Standard Operating Procedure to the Central Mine Planning Design Institute for flying the Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle in the coalfield areas says that exemption from Ministry of Civil Aviation must be obtained
from UAS Rules, 2021 before operation.
UAS Rules, 2021
No Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) shall carry payload except as permitted by DGCA.
No person shall drop from a UAS in motion.
Only Nano class drones can operate in India. However, a qualified remote pilot will be permitted to
operate heavy drones.
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has full powers to inspect the manufacturing of
Unmanned Aerial System or its maintenance facility.
One must be at least eighteen years old to own a drone.
The Food Startups have been permitted to conduct trials for drones.
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation will issue a separate set of rules to enable use of drones for
delivering medical supplies or e-commerce.
Central Mine Planning and Design Institute
It is a subsidiary of Coal India Limited. It is a Public Sector Undertaking. It has been rated as a Schedule B
and Mini Ratna-II company. It is engaged in field of environmental engineering and provides consultancy
and engineering services all over the world.

Jal Jeevan Mission: State-Wise Planning Exercise started for 2021–22
The Ministry of Jal Shakti recently announced that it is to roll out annual planning exercise with the States
and Union Territories.
What is the plan?
The exercise is to be conducted by a committee chaired by the Secretary of Department of Drinking
Water and Sanitation.
The Committee will take up two states or Union Territories per day.
The Committee is to do a rigorous scrutiny of the proposed Annual Action Plan for the year 2021-22
prepared by the States and the Union Territories. The plan will then be finalised.
Priorities provided in the Annual Action Plan
The States and Union Territories have given priority to water quality affected areas, Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribe majority villages, villages in drought prone and desert areas in their proposed annual action
plan.
Fund allocated to Jal Jeevan Mission
The Government of India has allocated Rs 50,000 crores to the Jal Jeevan Mission for the financial
year 2021-22.
In addition, Rs 26,940 crores has been assured under the Fifteenth Finance Commission.
In 2021-22, the Government of India has planned to invest more than Rs 1 lakh crore to ensure tap
water supply to rural homes.
Jal Jeevan Mission
The Jal Jeevan Mission was announced in 2019. The main objective of the mission is to provide
functional household tap connection to every home in India by 2024.
The mission envisages to supply 55 litres of water per person per day.
During the COVID-19 lock down, the Government of India exponentially increased the level of
implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission. This was done to boost Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) working hours. The GoI supported the livelihood of migrant
workers and workers of unorganised sector through MGNREGA. Also, the wages of MGNREGA were
increased. Therefore, a greater number of working hours was needed. This was provided by Jal
Jeevan Mission. The working hours of MGNREGA was used to implement Jal Jeevan Mission (pipe
laying, plumbing work, digging, establishing rain harvest systems, etc). Apart from Jal Jeevan
Mission, the Indian Railways also supported MGNREGA by providing work hours during lock down.
What is KVIC’s RE-HAB Project?
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Shri Nitin Gadkari recently announced that the project of
Khadi and Village Industries (KVIC) called RE-HAB has become a huge success. Thus, it is to be
implemented in other states as well. This includes Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Assam, Chhattisgarh,
Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
What is Project RE-HAB?
Project RE-HAB is Reducing Elephant Human Attacks using Bees. It was launched at four spots in the
Nagarhole National Park of Karnataka. The project aims to prevent elephant human conflicts without
creating harm to either of them. The project is highly cost effective.
How does RE-HAB work?
The project uses bee boxes as fence to prevent elephants from entering human habitation. The buzz
of the bees irritates elephants. Also, elephants fear that the bees might sting them in the inner side of
the trunk and in their eyes.
The bee boxes were provided as a part of Honey Mission.

Honey Mission
The Honey Mission was launched by KVIC in 2017. The main aim of the mission is to provide awareness
and training in bee keeping.
Need for the Project
The Man-Animal Conflict has increased in the country lately. More than 2,400 people have been killed in
conflicts with wild elephants all over India since 2015. On the other hand, more than 510 elephants were
killed since 2015 in man-elephant conflicts.
Nagarhole National Park
The Nagarhole National Park is also called the Rajiv Gandhi National Park. It was established in 1955.
In 1999, the GoI declared the park as a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger. In 2021, the Srivilliputhur
Meghamalai Tiger Reserve was added to the list.
Nagarhole National Park is a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
ULPIN: Unique Land Parcel Identification Number
The Government of India recently launched the Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) scheme
in ten states. The system is to be rolled out in the country by March 2022.
Land parcel is nothing but a portion of large area of land.
What is ULPIN?
The ULPIN is described as “Aadhaar for land”.
The ULPIN is a fourteen-digit Alpha Numeric ID.
The number will be used to identify every surveyed parcel of land.
The identification number is to be launched based on latitude and longitude coordinates of the land
parcel.
The pilot testing of ULPIN has been successfully carried out in the states of Haryana, Bihar, Odisha,
Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Sikkim, Goa, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
The ULPIN has been included in Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP). The
DILRMP was begun in 2008 and has been extended several times. The current launch of ULPIN is also
under DILRMP. While the programme is to end soon, it has been extended till 2023-24.
India is also implementing National Generic Document Registration System. Recently, the system was
implemented in Jammu and Kashmir.
Benefits of ULPIN
The ULPIN will help to develop a land bank.
The ULPIN system will lead India towards Integrated Land Information Management System.
The system will always help to keep the land records up to date.
All the property transactions shall be linked and will get established through the system.
The number will help in preventing land fraud especially in rural areas. This is because, the land
records are outdated in rural areas.
Delivery of citizen services of land records through a single window shall be achieved through the
system.
The system will make sharing of land record data across the departments easier. This will
standardize land data and will eventually bring in effective integration and interoperability across
departments.
ULPIN and International Standards
It complies the following international standards:
Electronic Commerce Code Management Association standard
Open Geospatial Consortium Standards

Who recommended ULPIN?
The ULPIN system was recommended by Parliamentary Standing Committee that recently submitted its
report to Lok Sabha.
Estimated Cost of ULPIN
According to the Parliamentary Standing Committee Report, it would cost Rs 50 lakh per district to
create a modern land record structure in each district.
The report also said that it would cost Rs 270 crores to combine the land records with the Revenue
Court Management System.
Way Forward
After implementing ULPIN, the GoI is to link the land record databases with the banks.
Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme
The DILRMP has three main components as follows:
Computerisation of land record
Survey or Re-survey
Computerisation of registration
The progress of DILRMP is as follows:
The basic requirement of computerisation of Land records, that is, Record of Rights has been
completed in more than 90% of the country.
The Cadastral Maps have been digitised in more than 90% of the country. Cadastral maps are maps
that show the extent, value and ownership of land.
Computerisation of registration and integration of SROs with Land Records have been completed in
more than 90% of the country.
US Navy conducted Freedom of Navigation Operation in Indian Ocean Region
The US Navy recently conducted Freedom of Navigation Operation in the Indian Ocean Region near
Lakshadweep. During the operation, the US warship entered the Exclusive Economic Zone of India without
seeking prior consent from India. The warship that entered Indian EEZ was a Arleigh Burke-class guided
missile destroyer USS John Paul Jones.
United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
According to the UNCLOS, countries cannot prevent ships from using Exclusive Economic Zone. However,
according to Indian laws, any foreign military must inform before conducting any activity in the Exclusive
Economic Zone of India.
US Stand on the issue
The US Government said that the US forces operate in the Indo-Pacific region on daily basis. All such
operations are designated in accordance with international law. Also, the US Government stated that US
Forces will continue such operations in the future.
Reasons behind US Freedom of Navigation Operation in IOR
The US Defence publishes an annual Freedom of Navigation Report. According to the report, excessive
maritime claims by coastal countries restrict freedom of navigation and overflight. It also restricts lawful
uses of the sea. These claims are made through regulations and laws that are inconsistent with the
international UNCLOS. If left unchallenged these excessive maritime claims will infringe upon the freedom
of the seas enjoyed by all countries. According to the report, India is among the twenty-one other nations
where the US forces challenged the claims. The other countries are Pakistan, China, Saudi Arabia,
Bangladesh, Russia, Maldives.
What is Freedom of Navigation?
The Freedom of Navigation is an international law according to which ships flying the flag of a sovereign

state shall not suffer interference from other states unless otherwise provided in the international laws.
Article 87 of UNCLOS
Article 87 of the UNCLOS says that the high seas are open to all the states whether land locked or coastal. It
mentions “Freedom of Navigation” as the right for all states.
Why is India concerned about the US Freedom of Navigation Operation in the Indian Ocean?
The Article 87 of UNCLOS remains a trade off between the developed and the developing countries. This is
because, the developed world is interested in maximizing their freedom to sail and explore their seas. On
the other hand, the developing countries want to protect their offshore resources and their independence.
India being a developing nation is yet to explore its EEZ to the fullest. And thus, is interested in protecting
its EEZ. This is one of the main reasons India is concerned about the US Freedom of Navigation Operation in
the Indian Ocean Region.
Tika Utsav: COVID-19 Vaccination Drive
The Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently appealed to the Chief Ministers of the States to organise “Tika
Utsav”.
What is Tika Utsav?
Tika Utsav is a vaccine festival. It is to be held between April 11, 2021 and April 14, 2021. The main
objective of the festival is to vaccinate as many people as possible. It will also focus on zero wastage of
COVID-19 vaccine.
COVID-19 Vaccination Drive in India
Currently, three states are receiving maximum number of COVID-19 doses. They are Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, and Gujarat.
COVAXIN and COVISHIELD are the two major COVID-19 vaccines that are currently administered in
India.
So far, India has shipped 64 million doses of vaccines to 84 countries in Caribbean, Africa, and Asia.
The major recipient countries of the Indian COVID-19 vaccines are Mexico, Canada, and Brazil.
The GoI has planned to cover 250 million people included in “high priority” category by July 2021
under its vaccination programme.
COVAXIN
COVAXIN is a government backed vaccine produced by Bharat Biotech. It has an efficacy rate of 81%. More
than 27,000 participants have participated in the phase three trials of COVAXIN vaccine. COVAXIN is given
in two doses. The time gap between the doses is four weeks. The COVAXIN was prepared from the dead
COVID-19 virus.
COVISHIELD
The COVISHIELD Vaccine is manufactured by Astra Zeneca. Locally, COVISHIELD is produced by Serum
Institute of India. It was prepared from a weakened version of a common cold virus called Adenovirus from
Chimpanzees. The virus has been modified to look more like COVID-19 virus. It is administered in two
doses.
Why did India stick to COVAXIN and COVISHIELD?
Unlike several other COVID-19 vaccines, COVAXIN and COVISHIELD can be stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius.
Other COVID-19 vaccines like that of Moderna vaccine must be stored at minus seventy degrees Celsius
temperature and can only be moved a limited number of times. Administering such vaccines in India is
highly challenging as the summer temperatures in India reach fifty degrees Celsius.
PM Modi releases Hindi Translation of Odisha Itihaas
The Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently released the Hindi translation of “Odisha Itihaas”. The book is
available in Odia and English so far. It was translated to Hindi by Shankarlal Purohit.

About Odisha Itihaas
The book was written by Utkal Keshari Dr Harekrushna Mahatab.
He wrote the book Odisha Itihaas in Ahmednagar Fort Jail. He was imprisoned here for two years
between 1942 and 1945.
Harekrushna Mahatab
He was the first Chief Minister of Odisha. He served as the Chief Minister of Odisha between 1946
and 1950 and again between 1956 and 1961.
He was popularly known as Utkal Keshari.
Utkal Keshari was the leader of the Indian National Congress.
He was born in Bhadrak district of Odisha.
He joined the Independence struggle in 1921.
He was the chairman of the Balasore District Board between 1924 and 1928.
He joined the Salt Satyagraha Movement and was imprisoned in 1930.
He participated in untouchability movement and opened his ancestral temple to all.
He participated in Quit India Movement and was imprisoned again for two years.
He founded the Prajatantra Prachar Samiti.
He started the weekly magazine Prajantantra in 1923. It later became the Daily Prajatantra.
Roles of Mahatab after independence
He acted as the Governor of Bombay from 1955 to 1956.
He played a significant role in the merger and integration of princely states. Dr Mahatab wanted to
integrate twenty six Oriya speaking princely states with the Odisha province in 1946 and took several
steps to achieve it.
He shifted the capital of Odisha from Cuttack to Bhubaneshwar.
It was Mahatab who sanctioned the construction of Hirakud Dam.
He was imprisoned in 1976 for protesting against the emergency rule.
Net Tax Collection exceeds revised estimates in FY21
In the fiscal year (2020-21) that ended on March 31, 2021, the corporate tax and income tax collected were
Rs 9.45 lakh crores.
About the Tax Collections
The tax collections in the fiscal year 2021 exceeded the revised target by 5%.
The tax collected in 2021 was 10% lower than the direct tax collected in the previous year.
In the Union Budget 2020-21, the Government of India predicted that Rs 13.19 lakh crores will be
collected from direct taxes. However, this was before the inception of COVID-19 pandemic. After the
pandemic, the estimate was reduced to Rs 9.05 lakh crores.
The Net Corporate tax collection for the year 2020-21 was RS 4.57 lakh crores.
The net personal income tax collected was Rs 4.71 lakh crores.
In 2020-21, the issuance of refund has grown by 42%.
Direct Tax Collection: Comparative Analysis
In the financial year 2019-20, the direct tax collected was Rs 10.49 lakh crores.
In the year 2020-21, the direct tax was Rs 9.45 lakh crores.
The target of direct taxes for the fiscal year 2021-22 has been set at Rs 11.08 lakh crores.
Vivad Se Vishwas Scheme
The scheme was launched to settle cases of disputed tax, penalty, interest. It will benefit the taxpayers
whose tax demands are locked in multiple disputes solving forums. The scheme aims to settle 483,000
direct tax related disputes that are pending in appellate forums. It provided complete waiver on interest to

the taxpayers who paid their taxes by March 31.
So far, the scheme has collected Rs 54,000 crores of tax. The last date for payment under the scheme has
been extended to April 30, 2021.
India-US to focus on Climate Finance
The US Climate Envoy John Kerry was on a four-day visit to India. During his visit he met the Union Minister
of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change Shri Prakash Javadekar. During the meet, the leaders discussed
several issues including joint research and collaboration and Climate Finance.
India’s Emissions
According to International Energy Agency, India is the third largest emitter of Carbon Dioxide. US is the
largest emitter of Carbon Dioxide in the world. China follows US as the second largest emitter of Carbon
Dioxide. India has set an ambitious target to produce 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022 and 450 GW by
2030.
Climate Finance
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Climate Finance is the finance
that aims at reducing the emissions and maintains the increase of resilience of human and ecological
systems.
Need for Climate Finance for India
India has set ambitious targets of reducing its carbon emissions. It is estimated that India will require 2.5
trillion USD between 2015 and 2030 to achieve its Nationally Determined Contributions.
Background
John Kerry visited India aiming at consultations that will increase climate ambition ahead of “Leader’s
Summit on Climate”.
Leader’s Climate Summit
The Leader’s Climate Summit is hosted by the US. The US President Joe Biden has invited forty world
leaders including PM Modi to the Leader’s Climate Summit. The Summit is a key milestone to the United
Nations Climate Change Conference, COP-26, that is to be held in Glasgow in November 2021. The main
objective of Leader’s Climate Summit and COP-26 is to catalyse efforts to keep limiting global warming to
1.5 degrees Celsius goal.
During the Summit, the US is to announce its ambitious 2030 Emissions target as its new Nationally
Determined Contribution.
April 10, 2021
HDFC Bank SmartUp Grants to 21 Social Sector Start Ups
The HDFC Bank recently announced the winners of the SmartUp Grants, 2021. This is the fourth edition of
the SmartUp Grants of HDFC.
Key Highlights
Around twenty-one startups that are working in the social sector have been selected to receive the
grants.
The startups were selected through rigorous screening of three hundred applications received from
different parts of the country.
About SmartUp Grants
The SmartUp Grants was first instituted in 2017. In the last four years, HDFC has supported more
than eighty-seven startups. It has disbursed Rs 19.4 crores under this initiative.
HDFC provides preference to the startups working in the field of skill development and education.
To shortlist the winner, the HDFC bank has partnered with IIT Delhi, IIM Kashipur, AIC-BIMTECH, IIT
BHU, GUSEC, C-CAMP, Banasthali University, etc.
The criteria used to evaluate the startups are sustainability of the idea, how does the idea benefit the
society, potential to scale up and uniqueness of the project.
Significance
Funding is the major challenge faced by the startups in the country. The other challenges faced are
corruption, securing loans and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Startup also face pressure over controversies in
tax, especially in Angel Tax.
What is Angel Tax?
Angel Tax is the 30% Tax that are levied over the funding received by the startups from an external investor.
This tax was introduced in 2012 mainly to fight money laundering. However, it is levied only when the
startups receive angel funding higher than its “fair market value”. The issue around Angel Tax is that there
is no objective way to measure “fair market value” of a startup.
Startup in India
India now has more than 38,756 startups. Also, India is the third largest tech startup hub in the world.
AI for Agriculture Hackathon: Key Highlights
The Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Agriculture Hackathon was begun by Google, MyGov and HUL to improve
AI solutions in the field of Agriculture.
About AI for Agriculture Hackathon
Under the AI for Agriculture Hackathon, the participants will develop ideas and will build prototypes
that solve the challenges faced by farmers in water usage and sustainability. Basically, the initiative
aims to conserve water and bring upon innovative methods to utilise minimal amount of water.
The initiative was launched on World Water Day.
More than 80% of fresh water in India is used in agriculture. Therefore, it is important to improve the
efficiency of usage of water in the field of agriculture.
AI in Indian Agriculture
The AI applications in agriculture have reached a value of 1 billion USD and is expected to grow till 8 billion
USD by 2030. Currently, the agriculture market of India is valued at 204 billion USD. However, the Indian
Agriculture Market has reached only 1% of its potential in the field. With diversity in soil types, topography
and climate, India has huge potential for AI experts and data scientists to develop AI solutions for
agriculture.
Significance of AI in Agriculture
AI will help farmers analyze variety of things such as temperature, weather conditions, water usage
and soil conditions. This will help them in making better decision.
AI Sensors will help in detecting and targeting weeds. This will help to prevent over-application of
herbicides and will eventually prevent high levels of toxins in food.
AI technology shall be used in detecting diseases in plants.
As very few people are entering farming profession, Artificial Intelligence will help to overcome the
problem of shortage of workers in the field of agriculture.
Online Dispute Resolution Handbook of NITI Aayog
NITI Aayog is to launch Online Dispute Resolution handbook. It is an invitation to business leaders to adopt
Online Dispute resolution.
About the Handbook
The Handbook highlights the need for the businesses to adopt Online Dispute Resolution mechanism.
According to the handbook, the Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) is the resolution of disputes outside
courts. This is mainly used to solve small and medium cases using digital technology. The Online Dispute
Resolution adopts techniques of Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) such as mediation, negotiation, and

arbitration.
United Nations
The United Nations Commission on International Law adopted the UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules in
1980 and Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration in 1985. The UN has recommended the
use to the Model Law and the rules to solve disputes that arises in international commercial
relations.
India enacted the Arbitration and Conciliation Act in 1996. The act incorporates several uniform
principles of Alternate Dispute Resolution of UNCITRAL.
Benefits of Online Dispute Resolution
The Alternate Dispute Resolution was brought as an alternative to going to court. However, it has
become expensive lately. On the other hand, Online Dispute Resolution is inexpensive.
There are shortages in availability of arbitrator in Alternate Dispute Resolution. This is issue is also
addressed by Online Dispute Resolution as searching an arbitrator online is simple and quick.
Challenges in Online Dispute Resolution
Lack of trust among consumers in Online Dispute Resolution.
Most of the people are new to Digital Ecosystem and are hesitant to adopt a new method.
What is the difference between ODR and ADR?
ODR is a process that settles disputes outside courts using digital technology. It combines the technologies
of Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms. However, both ODR and ADR work towards achieving the
same goal.
Online Dispute Resolution in India
The Online Dispute Resolution is in its infancy stage in India. With the E-Commerce industry growing in India
rapidly, the number of disputes related to online transactions are increasing at faster rate. The Department
of Consumer Affairs has rolled out Online Consumer Dispute Resolution Platform to address this issue.
NanoSniffer: Microsensor based Explosive Trace Detector
The Union Education Minister recently launched the world’s first Microsensor based Explosive Trace
Detector called the “NanoSniffer”.
About NanoSniffer
The NanoSniffer was developed by an IIT Bombay incubated startup called NanoSniff Technologies. It
is marketed by the IIT Delhi incubated startup Kritikal Solutions.
The NanoSniffer can detect explosives in less than ten seconds.
It can detect all class of military, homemade and conventional explosives.
It uses MEMS system. MEMS is Micro-Electromechanical System.
It can detect even nano gram quantities of explosives.
The device is priced at Rs 10 lakhs. This is one-third of the price of existing devices.
It had been patented in Europe, India, and US.
Patents in India
Several technology patents as that of NanoSniffer must come up in India. In India only one in 300
papers is patented. On the other hand, in the US, one in five research paper is patented. To change
this scenario, more academic institution backed incubation centres should be set up.
Incubation Centre is designed to grow new and small businesses by supporting them through early
stages of development and change.
Significance of NanoSniffer
The value of Global Explosives trace detector industry has been estimated as Rs 10,000 crores. India forms
only 2% to 3% in the industry. NanoSniffer is to be marketed internationally and will thus help in growth of

Indian Explosives trace detector industry.
Explosive Trace Detection
The Explosive Trace Detection is the technology used to detect explosives of small magnitude. The three
main characteristics of Explosive Trace Detection are sensitivity, light weight, and size. The sensitivity or
detection limit is the lowest amount of explosive matter a detector can detect. The NanoSniffer can detect
even nano quantities of explosives.
Crushing the Curve Mass Vaccination Drive
The Kerala Health Department is to launch a mass vaccination drive called the “Crushing the Curve”.
Why is the drive launched?
Kerala has recently witnessed a sharp spike in COVID-19 cases after the assembly elections. The number of
COVID-19 cases is increasing at 700 to 1000 per day.
Health sector in Kerala
The Health sector of Kerala had been outperforming in recent times. In September 2020, Kerala won
the UN Award for Control of Non-Communicable diseases.
Also, Kerala emerged as the most successful state in fighting against COVID-19.
When the transmission rate of primary carrier was 6 in the country, it was only 0.4 in Kerala.
Kerala’s initiatives
The Aardam Health Mission was launched in Kerala to transform the PHCs into health centres.
Break the Chain campaign was launched to promote social distancing in the state.
Reasons behind success of Kerala
The Kerala Authorities have good access to World Health Organisation Data. It includes two-thirds of
the state’s population.
Testing of COVID-19 was launched in massive scale in Kerala.
The Health sector of Kerala received a big push of Rs 4,000 crores from the Kerala Infrastructure
Investment Fund Board.
The training of health personnel in Kerala is provided focusing on improving their morale. In general,
the morale of health personnel in Kerala is high. High literacy rate in the state is the main reason for
such good morality among the people.
Several lessons and experiences learnt from Nipah outbreak in the state made it easier to fight
COVID-19.
Around 55 lakh elderly and disadvantaged received Rs 8,500 as welfare payments during lockdown.
Way Forward
Kerala is planning to use big data analytics to frame COVID-19 recovery strategies.
India-Netherlands Strategic Partnership in Water Sector
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently held a virtual summit with his Netherlands counterpart Mark Rutte.
The leaders agreed to diversify the ties in trade and economy between the countries. They also agreed to
expand their relations in smart cities, agriculture, science and technology, healthcare, and space.
A fast-tracking mechanism is to be set up between the two countries to facilitate bilateral trade and resolve
issues of the companies in both countries. For the investors in India and Dutch companies, it is to be set up
in Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
Partnership in Water Sector
During the summit, India and Netherlands launched a strategic partnership on water. Under the partnership,
the countries agreed to alleviate the joint working group on water to ministerial level. It also aimed to
broaden bilateral cooperation in new areas of water.
Under the partnership the countries will focus on water budgeting, converting wastewater to energy and

decentralized treatment technologies and cost effective water technologies.
Why did India sign the water sector partnership with the Dutch?
Netherlands is the world leader in water management. One-fourth of Netherlands lies under sea level. Yet,
the Dutch have successfully comprehended water related challenges and have tested technologies and
solutions in delta management, desalination, flood control.
What is India’s plan?
Water Security is currently the highest priority of India. The Union Government is focusing on promoting
water efficiency, water safety and quality. This is achieved under initiatives such as Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana, Namame Gana Mission, and Jal Jeevan Shakti.
The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana was launched in 2015. It aims to provide end to end solutions
in irrigation supply. The scheme promotes micro irrigation to ensure Per drop more crop.
Atal Innovation Mission: CSIR Adopts 295 Atal Tinkering Labs
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research recently adopted 295 Atal Tinkering Labs established
under Atal Innovation Mission. This will help young innovators associated with the Atal Tinkering Labs to
learn from the best scientists in the country. It will pave way for them to become living inspirations for their
schools and local communities.
What is the plan?
The CSIR scientists are to mentor each of the Atal Tinkering Labs.
CSIR and Atal Innovation Mission will conduct series of webinars for the students.
Significance of the adoption
The pandemic has reinforced the importance of scientific and industrial research. Therefore, the partnership
will boost Atal Innovation Mission and will push it towards STEM research and innovation collaborations.
The collaboration with CSIR will provide great opportunities for the best young minds in the country to get
access to the latest technologies.
Atal Innovation Mission
Atal Innovation Mission was launched in India to promote culture of innovation and entrepreneurship. The
Mission has identified seventeen focus areas. They are waste in public spaces and dissuading public
littering, decentralized composting, mixing blades for composting, quality of compost, waste management
recycling, garbage composition devices, safe transport, instant portable water quality testing, electric
mobility, alternate fuel-based transportation, smart mobility, predictive maintenance of rolling stock, fog
vision system, prevention of rail failure using emerging technologies, climate smart agriculture, etc.
Atal New India Challenge
Under the Atal Innovation Mission, NITI Aayog launched the Atal New India Challenge. The main aim of the
challenge is to bring innovations and technologies relevant to the people of India.
Supreme Court: Adults are free to choose their religion
The Supreme Court recently refused to entertain a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) of a BJP leader that
sought directions to ban superstition, black magic, and fraudulent religious conversions.
SC Judgement
The Apex court pronounced that the PIL violates Article 25 of the Constitution. According to the bench
headed by Justice R F Nariman, that pronounced the judgement, the word “propagate” in Article 25 of the
Constitution guarantees right to religion.
Constitution on religion
The Right to Freedom is guaranteed to all religious followers under the following articles:
Article 25
Article 26

Article 27
Article 28
Article 25
Article 25 guarantees freedom to propagate, practice and profess religion to all citizens. The article allows
the states to make laws:
Regulating and restricting economic, financial, political, and secular activities associated with
religious practices.
To provide social welfare and reform or opening Hindu religious institutions to all classes of Hindus.
Article 26
Article 26 speaks about Freedom to manage religious affairs.
Every religion has the right to form and maintain institutions for charitable intents.
Every religion has the right to acquire movable and immovable property.
Every religion has the right to manage its own affairs in the matter of religion.
Every religion has the right to administer properties according to law.
Article 27
The Article 27 of the constitution prevents payment of taxes for promotion of a particular religion.
According to the article, there shall be no taxes imposed by any institution or organisation or by the
Governments (both state and centre) for the promotion or maintenance of a particular religion.
Article 28
The Article 28 of the Constitution speaks about freedom to attend any religious instructions or religious
worships in educational institutions. No religious instructions shall be issued in state run educational
institutions.
India’s Petroleum consumption contracts 9.1% in FY21
The Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell operating under Ministry of Petroleum recently released a report
on petroleum consumption of India. According to the report, fuel consumption of the country reduced by
9.1% in the year 2020-21 as compared to that of the previous year. This is the first time the petroleum
consumption contracted to the highest since 1998-99.
Diesel Consumption fell 12% and petrol consumption fell to 6.7%.
The Diesel consumption in 2020-21 was 72.72 million tonnes and petrol consumption was 27.95
million tonnes.
Overall, India consumed 194.63 tonnes of petroleum products as compared to 214.12 million tonnes
the previous year.
The jet fuel consumption fell by 53.6% as the airlines remained shut for most of the period throughout
the year.
Domestic cooking gas, LPG was the only fuel whose consumption increased in 2020-21. The
consumption of LPG increased by 4.7%. In 2019-20, the LPG consumption was 26.33 million tonnes
and in 2020-21 the LPG consumption was 27.59 million tonnes.
Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell
The Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC) was created in 2002. It was created after dismantling the
Administered Pricing Mechanism in the petroleum sector. Also, the Oil Coordination Committee was
abolished and replaced with PPAC. The PPAC assists the Ministry of Petroleum in administering subsidies
on domestic LPG, kerosene, and freight subsidies for far flung areas. Also, it assists in maintaining data or
information to deal with emergencies and unforeseen situations.
The expenditure of PPAC is borne by Oil Industry Development Board.

Objectives of PPAC
The main objectives of PPAC are as follows:
To make sure, if the subsidy schemes of GoI are implemented properly.
To analyse the trends in prices of petroleum products and crude oil.
To collect data on domestic oil and gas sector.
What are Dark Sirens?
A team of scientists have recently found a way to solve cosmological tensions through dark sirens.
What are Dark Sirens?
The Dark Sirens are nothing but gravitational waves from neutron stars or black holes. The Dark sirens can
be picked up by gravitational wave detector but not by ordinary telescopes.
What are the Cosmological tensions that can be solved through Dark Sirens?
The Cosmologists have been facing the crisis that the universe is expanding, and it cannot be deciphered
how fast it is moving away. This is mainly because, different ways of measuring Hubble’s constant provide
different results.
Hubble Constant in simple terms
When the Universe is moving away from the earth, the relationship between speed and distance between the
earth and the universe is called Hubble Constant. Here Universe can be any celestial body, a star, or a black
hole. The Constant has been named after Edwin Hubble who first calculated the value of Hubble Constant in
1920.
How will Dark Sirens solve Cosmological crisis?
When massive neutron stars or black holes smash together they release huge amount of energy sending out
gravitational waves. The LASER Inferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) has been listening to
such massive crashes since 2015. Based on the sound heard, LIGO will help the scientists calculate how far
they happened.
Recently, the discovery of dozens of Quasars have also given hope of determining Hubble’s constant.
Way Forward
The LIGO detectors are expected to get an upgrade over the next five years. The European and the US
facilities were recently joined by the Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector in Japan. Also, an Indian detector
is to go online in 2024. With these advancements, the scientists will be able to pinpoint where exactly did
the Dark Siren crash happen. And such predictions will be four hundred times better than the current
detections.
Volcano erupts in Southern Caribbean
The La Sourfriere Volcano located on the eastern Caribbean island recently erupted after decades of
inactivity. The volcano forced thousands in the surrounding villages to evacuate.
About the Volcano
The Volcano was dormant since 1979.
It started showing signs of activity in December 2020.
When the volcano erupted in 1979 it created 100 million USD of damages.
Earlier to 1979 eruptions, the La Sourfriere volcano erupted in 1902 and killed more than thousand
people.
La Sourfriere means “Sulphur Outlet” in French.
It has erupted five times since 1718.
The La Sourfriere Volcano is a stratovolcano.
It is the youngest and northernmost volcano in the island.
La Soufriere Volcano is in the Caribbean tectonic plate.

Caribbean
The Caribbean is a region of the Americas that comprises of the Caribbean Sea. The region has more than
seven hundred islands. The Climate Change poses major risks to the islands in the Caribbean region.
The name Caribbean comes from the Caribs. Caribs are one of the dominant native American groups in the
region.
Caribbean Tectonic plate
The Caribbean Tectonic plate is mostly an oceanic tectonic plate. The Caribbean plate borders the Nazca
plate, Cocos plate, North American plate and South American plate. The borders are the regions of intense
seismic activity.
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean Sea is bounded by Mexico in the west and Central America in the south west. In the north of
Caribbean Sea is the Greater Antilles and to the east is the Lesser Antilles.
The second largest barrier reef in the world called Mesoamerican Barrier Reef is in Caribbean Sea. The reef
runs along the coast of Honduras, Gautemala, Belize and Mexico.
NASA’s Ingenuity to make first flight attempt
The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter of NASA is to make its first flight. With this, Ingenuity will make history of
becoming the first controlled aircraft to fly in another planet.
Ingenuity Helicopter
The Ingenuity Helicopter is a part of the Mars 2020 Mission of NASA.
It will serve as a technology demonstrator for the potential use of flying probes in other worlds.
It was carried to the Martian surface by the Perseverance rover that landed at the Octavia Butler
Landing site in Jezero crater.
The Ingenuity carries a piece of fabric from the wing of Wright Flyer. The Wright Flyer is the airplane
of the Wright Brothers.
Challenges
The atmosphere of Mars is only one-hundredth as dense as that of the atmosphere of the earth. It is harder
for an aircraft to generate a lift at such less dense atmospheric conditions. Such conditions are equivalent
to the earth’s atmosphere at a height of 30,000 metres. The existing helicopters on the earth have never
reached such a height. However, Ingenuity cleared all the tests that were held on the earth in 2019 in
simulated Mars atmosphere.
Mars 2020
The Mars 2020 mission is a part of Mars Exploration Programme of NASA. It was launched from the earth in
July 2020. It reached Mars in February 2021.
Mars Exploration Programme
The Mars Exploration Programme is an effort to explore planet Mars. It was initially formed in 1993.
However, in 2013, due to 40% cut in NASA’s budget, the programme was reformulated. There are four major
goals of Mars Exploration Programme. They are as follows:
To determine if life ever arose on Mars
To characterize the climate of Mars
To characterize the Geology of Mars
To prepare for the Human Exploration of Mars
Mask Abhiyan of Odisha
The Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik recently launched a fourteen day “Mask Abhiyan” initiative to
prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Mask Abhiyan
The main objective of the initiative is to turn the use of mask into a habit. This will play a huge role in
controlling the current resurgence of COVID-19. Also, the Odisha State Government has increased the fines
for violators from Rs 1000 to Rs 2000.
The Odisha Government had also made amendments to the COVID-19 regulations under the Epidemic
Diseases Act, 1897. Accordingly, people who do not wear masks in public places will be fined up to Rs
2,000 for violations for the first time. When violated for the second time, people will be charged with Rs
5,000 of fine.
On what legal grounds has Odisha Government introduced the fines?
In May 2020, the Union Government directed the states to invoke Epidemic Diseases Act. The act empowers
the state governments to take special measures during an epidemic. It also defines penalties for defying
the regulations provided under the act. Under these provisions, the Odisha Government has introduced the
fines.
Provisions of Epidemic Act, 1897
Health is a state subject. However, Section 2A of the Epidemics Act empowers the Union Government
to take steps to prevent the spread of the pandemic.
Section 3 of the act provides penalties for disobedience.
Section 4 of the act provides legal protection to the officers implementing actions taken under the
act.
Recent Amendments to the Epidemic Act, 1897
The Union Government recently made amendments to the act stating that acts of violence against
healthcare service personnel shall be punished. The accused will be imprisoned for three months to five
years and will be fined till Rs 2 lakhs.
Many Endemic species may go extinct if GHG emissions rise
A new study published in the journal Biological Conservation says that many animals and plants might face
extinction if green house gas emissions continue to rise.
Key Findings of the Study
All the Endemic species in islands are at high risk of extinction due to climate change.
Four out of every five endemic species in mountains are at the high risk of extinction due to climate
change.
95% of marine species and 92% of land-based species will face reduction in numbers.
In tropical region, over 60% of endemic species are facing extinction due to climate change.
By maintaining the global heating well below two degrees Celsius as mentioned in the revised Paris
Agreement will help to save majority of the species.
What is Global temperature increases by three degree Celsius?
According to the study if the global temperature increases by three degree Celsius, then a third of the
endemic species living on land and half of endemic species living in sea will face extinction. At these
temperatures, around 84% of species will face extinction in mountains. On Islands, all the 100% of the
species will become extinct at these temperatures.
What will be the scenario in 2050?
According to the report, the following will occur in 2050:
By 2050, the islands in Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and the Western Ghats will lose most of
their endemic plants if the current situation prevails.
If the Greenhouse Gas Emissions increase, then the places such as Madagascar and Caribbean
Islands will lose all their endemic plants by 2050.

How will Climate Change affect Endemic Species?
According to the report, the endemic species will be affected as follows:
The Endemic species are the most iconic plants and animals in the world. The species that are highly
threatened by climate change are lemurs (especially those that are unique to Madagascar), snow
leopard.
As compared to the species that are widespread, the endemic species are 2.7 times more likely to go
extinct with unchecked temperatures.
Who was Samuel Hahnemann?
Every year, the World Homeopathy day is celebrated on April 10. The day is celebrated to commemorate the
birth anniversary of the founder of Homeopathy Dr Samuel Hahnemann. In India, the Homeopathy Day was
celebrated under the following theme:
Theme: Homeopathy: Roadmap for Integrative Medicine
Who was Samuel Hahnemann?
Dr Samuel Hahnemann was born on April 10, 1755. He was a German physician and was best known for
creating pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine. The pseudoscientific system is called
Homeopathy. Pseudoscience is a set of practices that are scientific and factual but are incompatible with
scientific methods.
Dr Hahnemann was dissatisfied of the fact that the medicines in his time at times created more harm than
good. Thus, he gave up practicing medicine in 1784. Then on, he started investigating causes of alleged
errors in the medicines.
How did Samuel invent Homeopathy?
He encountered the fact that Cinchona, the bark of Peruvian tree was effective in treating malaria.
According to him, this was possible because of the astringency of the Peruvian tree. Astringency is the
property that causes skin cell or other body cells to contract.
To research about the effect of Cinchona on human body he self-applied it. The drug then induced malaria
like symptoms in him. With this he concluded that it would do so in any healthy individual.
Based on the above invention, he framed the concept that “Like Cures Like”, that is, “that which can produce
symptoms in healthy individuals can treat a sick patient who is suffering from same kind of symptoms”.
This principle was named by him as “Homeopathy”. This is the base of homeopathic treatment.
The World Homeopathy Day is different from World Health Day.
World Health Day
The World Health Day is celebrated on April 7. This year, the World Health Day was celebrated on the
following theme:
Theme” Building a fairer, healthier world
April 12, 2021
Basic Savings Account can be opened in Post Offices
The Ministry of Finance recently notified changes in Post Office Savings Account Scheme, 2019. The
ministry notified that a beneficiary of Government welfare scheme can open a basic savings bank account
with any post office in the country.
What are the changes introduced?
The accounts can be opened in an India Post Payment Bank or a Scheduled Commercial Bank.
The deposit required to open this account is NIL.
The account shall be opened by a beneficiary of any Government Welfare Scheme. The account shall
also be opened by a beneficiary who is a minor. However, it is mandatory for the minor to assign a
guardian.
The Basic Savings Accounts that were opened under Post Office Savings Account Rules, 1981 are not
covered under the new notification.
What are the rules in operating Basic Savings Account?
The Basic Savings Account is very much like that of the Basic Saving Bank Deposit Account. However, the
Basic Savings Account has certain conditions of operations. They are as follows:
The beneficiary can open the Basic Savings Account only in a post office or in a bank.
According to the RBI Guidelines to the Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts, the users can deposit or
withdraw money from these accounts any number of times in a month. On the other hand, in a Basic
Savings Account, withdrawal can be made only four times per month.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Account
The accounts opened under Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana are Basic Savings Account. So far 42.2 crores
of such accounts have been opened. They currently hold Rs 1.45 lakh crores of balance.
Post Office Savings Account
The Post Office Savings Account is also a Basic Savings Account. It shall be opened with a minimum
amount of Rs 500. It allows to deposit a minimum of Rs 10 and there is no maximum deposit limit.
GoI to launch National Programme on Artificial Intelligence
The Government of India is to launch National Programme on Artificial Intelligence. Under the programme,
high value data sets in Public Sector Units are to be identified. These data will then be put under an Artificial
Intelligence control framework. The framework will provide access to the appropriate units. This is being
done to increase the safety of the data and its accessibility.
What is the plan?
Under the National Programme on Artificial Intelligence, a Centre for Transformational Artificial Intelligence
to tap the data in various models is to be made available for the Artificial Intelligence model.
The Government of India has also planned to launch Digital India 2.0. This will boost National Programme
on Artificial Intelligence.
Digital India 2.0
The main aim of Digital India 2.0 is to take cybersecurity, digital service offerings and infrastructure
to next level.
Under Digital India 2.0, the Government of India will develop indigenous cybersecurity products and
robust digital infrastructure.
It will also aim to create robust Direct Benefit Transfer.
A Nationwide Enterprise Architecture is to be established under Digital India 2.0.
Role of MSMEs in the plans
Both Digital India 2.0 and the National Programme on Artificial Intelligence will be implemented in
such a way that they support MSMEs and startups in the respective fields.
To achieve this, the MSME Ministry will set up Rs 1,000 crores of fund. The fund will provide access
capital to these companies.
To help the startups in the field, the Department of Electronics and Information Technology will set up
Digital Product Fund. The fund will be invested in startups through incubators and accelerators.
Indian National Young Academy of Sciences: COVID-19 Vaccination Awareness Campaign
The Department of Science and Technology recently launched nationwide mass awareness campaign called
the “COVID-19 Vaccination Awareness Campaign”. The campaign will bust myths about COVID-19
vaccination. To achieve this, the Department launched information packages in eleven languages including
Hindi and English. The main objective of the campaign is to make COVID-19 immunization programme
successful.

About the Campaign
The campaign is to be organized by Indian National Young Academy of Science.
The campaign is to be held using the mobile application COVACNEWS. The application was created
by INYAS to ensure that the information about COVID-19 reaches the people. Also, it aimed at
removing misconceptions about COVID-19.
INYAS
INYAS is the only recognized young scientist academy of India.
INYAS is also the first young scientist academy in the country.
It was founded in 2014.
INYAS was established by Indian National Science Academy Council in 2014.
The main aim of INYAS is to promote Science Education and networking among young scientists in
the country.
Young Scientists Programmes in India
The Government of India has lately been launching several initiatives to create young innovative minds in
the country.
The Atal Tinkering Labs were launched under Atal Innovative Mission to inculcate scientific desire
and boost innovative skills among students in their early stages of life.
The Indian Space Research Organization had launched the Young Scientist Programme. The main aim
of the programme is to inculcate space research passion in young minds.
The Defence Research Development Organisation launched five young scientist laboratories. They are
in Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Kolkata. These labs will work on technologies that
hold importance in the development of futuristic defence systems such as Quantum technologies,
Artificial Intelligence, Asymmetric Technologies, and Smart materials.
UAE names first Female Astronaut
Noura al Matroushi has been named as the first Female Astronaut of UAE.
First Female Astronaut of UAE
Noura al-Matroushi was selected as the first female astronaut of UAE from four thousand other applicants.
She is to be trained with NASA for future space exploration missions. Noura is to be accompanied by
Mohammed al-Mulla. Both astronauts are to be trained with Johnson Space Centre of NASA located in
Houston, Texas.
About Noura al-Matroushi
Noura was born in 1993. She holds a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from the UAE University.
She is currently working as an engineer at the National Petroleum Construction Company. She acted as the
Vice President of the Youth Council of the company. Noura is also a member of American Society of
Mechanical Engineers.
Space plans of UAE
UAE does not have any manned mission in near future. However, the country has plans to send unmanned
space mission to the moon in 2024. Also, UAE has launched “Amal Satellite” to the Mars in 2020.
First UAE astronaut to enter space
In 2019, Hazza al-Mansoori was the first UAE astronaut to enter the space. He spent eight days at the
International Space Station.
First Muslim Woman to enter space
Noura is the first Arab woman to enter space. However, the first Muslim woman to enter space was
Anousheh Raissyan. She was also the first Iranian woman to enter space. She is an Iranian American
telecommunications entrepreneur. In 2006, she paid 20 million USD to travel to the International Space

Station as a self-funded tourist.
Little Guru: World’s First Gamified Sanskrit Learning Application
The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) tied up with the Gamapp Sportswizz Tech Private Limited to
launch “LITTLE GURU” application. It is a specialized mobile application for learning Sanskrit.
About “Little Guru”
Little Guru is a gamified application.
It teaches Sanskrit in an interactive platform. This makes learning easier.
The app was launched during the celebrations of the 71st Foundation Day of ICCR.
It is world’s first Gamified Sanskrit learning application.
It will help people to learn Sanskrit in an easy manner based on competition, games, peer to peer
interactions, etc.
Significance of the Application
The application is of great help to the Indian Diaspora wishing to stay connected with their roots.
It will also help number of students and faculties associated with Sanskrit Universities located all
over the world.
ICCR role in India-China relations
The ICCR has provided scholarships to more than three hundred Chinese students. The aim of these
scholarships is to promote cultural, intellectual, and academic exchanges between India and China.
There are several Chinese kids learning Indian culture in the country. During the 71st foundation
celebrations of ICCR, Chinese kids of age 6-7 years who are learning Indian dance forms in India
performed Indian dances. Their dance performances were based on the theme “Azadi ka Amrit”.
Azadi ka Amrut
The idea of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav was launched by PM Modi in March 2021. It is a series of events
organized by the Government of India to commemorate the 75th anniversary of independence. It was
launched 75 weeks ahead of the 75th anniversary. It was launched on March 12, 2021 to commemorate 91
years of Dandi March.
Iran launches advanced nuclear centrifuges
Iran recently launched Advanced Nuclear Centrifuges at the Natanz Nuclear Plant to mark its National
Nuclear Technology Day.
Key Highlights
On April 10, 2021, Iran celebrated its National Day on Nuclear Technology. The celebrations were held in
several Nuclear sites of Iran. As a part of the celebrations, Iran began operating IR-6 Centrifuges. Also, Iran
unveiled more than hundred nuclear industry innovations on the same day. Iran also unveiled the assembly
of the first protype of IR-9S and IR-9-1 B Centrifuges. The capacity IR-9 Centrifuges are more than fifty to
sixty times higher than the old centrifuges of Iran.
Nuclear Centrifuge
A Centrifuge is used to separate particles suspended in a medium. In a Nuclear Centrifuge, Uranium-235 is
separated from Uranium-238. It is basically enrichment of Uranium or making it an ideal fuel for the nuclear
reactor.
Significance
The Nuclear Fuel used in nuclear reactor must have higher concentration of Uranium-235 isotope than that
of its natural form, that is, Uranium-238. The Uranium-235 is more radioactive than Uranium-238. There are
currently 2,000 tonnes of enriched Uranium in the world. They are predominantly used for preparing nuclear
weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency aims to control and monitor supplies of enriched
Uranium to ensure safe nuclear power generation.

JCPOA
Under the Joint comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), also known as the 2015 Nuclear Agreement, Iran is
restricted to use only certain number of Uranium enrichment centrifuges of IR-1 till 2025. However, in May
2018, the US Government under Donald Trump abandoned the agreement and reimposed sanctions on Iran.
Way Forward
The current US Government under Joe Biden has pledged to return to JCPOA. However, it demands Iran to
fully comply with its commitments.
Endangered Irrawaddy dolphins count increase in Chilika Lake
The Chilika Development Authority and the State Wildlife Wing recently carried out an annual dolphin census
in the Chilika lake. According to the report of the census, the overall Irrawaddy dolphin population in the
lake has increased from 146 to 162 in 2021.
What are the reasons behind the increase in Irrawaddy Dolphins population?
The main reason behind the increase in the population of the Endangered Irrawaddy Dolphin
population is the persistent enforcement by the Chilika Development Authority (CDA). The authority
has taken strict actions against the encroachment in the Chilika lake. Around 25,223 hectares in the
lake were under illegal prawn gheries.
In 2019, the Odisha High Court ordered to demolish prawn gheries in the wetlands of the state.
Since 2018, the CDA has freed up 15,163 hectares from encroachment.
Also, restriction on tourism in 2020 due to COVID-19 gave the dolphins an inviolate space.
Key Findings of the Census
The census found 342 dolphins of three species in the lake. There were only 62 of these species the
previous year.
Around 281 humpback dolphins and twenty-two bottle nose dolphins were sighted by the survey.
Irrawaddy Dolphins
The Irrawaddy Dolphins have been listed under Endangered category in the IUCN Red List.
The Dolphin distribution in Chilika lake is the highest single lagoon population.
These dolphins are mainly found in three rivers namely Mekong (China), Irrawaddy (Myanmar) and
Mahakam (Indonesian Borneo).
Chilika lake
It is the world second largest lagoon.
In 1981, the lake was designated as the first Ramsar site of India.
The main attraction of the Chilika lake is the Irrawaddy Dolphins. They are often spotted off the
Satpada island.
The Nalabana island in the lake was declared as bird sanctuary in 1987.
Artemis Programme: NASA to land first person of colour on the moon
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration programme will land the first person of colour on the
moon as a part of its Artemis Programme. In addition, NASA will also land first woman on the moon under
the programme.
Key Highlights
NASA had finalised around 18 astronauts under its Artemis Programme. It included the Indian American
Raja Chari. However, NASA is yet to announce the first two crew members of the Artemis programme. NASA
has now planned to include a person of colour in the crew. With this, NASA will be landing the first person of
colour on the moon under the programme. Currently, NASA faces huge funding problems. This has been one
of the major obstacles in implementing the mission. NASA has requested 24.7 billion USD of funding for
2022.

Artemis Programme
Artemis Programme is an international human space flight programme funded by the US Government.
The main objective of the programme is to launch a manned mission to the south pole region of the
moon by 2024.
The programme is predominantly carried out by NASA. The other international partners in the
programme are JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), Italian Space Agency, UK Space
Agency, UAE space Agency, Brazilian Space Agency, Australian Space Agency, State Space Agency of
Ukraine, Canadian Space Agency, and the European Space Agency.
The total cost of the programme is estimated to be 35 billion USD.
The programme is to be implemented in three parts. They are as follows:
Artemis I: To be launched in 2021 and is an uncrewed flight. It will test the Space Launch
System and the Orion spacecraft.
Artemis II: It is the first crewed flight test and is targeted to be launched in 2023.
Artemis III: It will land astronauts on the south pole of moon in 2024.
Lilavati Awards, 2020
The Union Education Minister Shri Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank recently presented the AICTE Lilavati Awards,
2020 in New Delhi. The awards were presented based on the theme “Women Empowerment”. The winners
were selected by AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) in six sub themes.
Winners of Lilavati Awards, 2020
The winners selected in six sub themes were as follows:
SWEAT (Sona Women Entrepreneurship and Training) from Sona College of Technology, Tamil Nadu
won the award under the ‘Women Entrepreneurship’ sub theme.
Another college from Tamil Nadu, Paritrana from St. Joseph’s College of Engineering won the award
for the ‘Self Defense’ sub theme.
Under the ‘Literacy’ sub theme, Bharatiya Vidyapeeth of Institute of Management and
Entrepreneurship Development Pune won the award.
The Lilavati Award under “Women’s Health” sub theme was won by WIT Women Health Coalition from
Walchand Institute of Technology, Maharashtra.
Radiant Seetha from Thiagarajar Polytechnic College won the contest in the ‘Legal Awareness’ sub
theme.
About Lilavati Awards
The prize has been named after the twelfth century book called “Lilavati”.
The book was written by the mathematician Bhaskara II. Lilavati was the daughter of Bhaskara II.
The award is presented annually as a part of AICTE Innovative education programme to empower
women.
Other GoI initiatives to empower women
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana is a small savings scheme that encourages parents of girl child to build a
fund for their future education and marriage expenses.
The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative aims to promote gender equality in the country. It also aims at
educating girls in India.
Smart India Hackathon is a platform to solve problems of women in daily life.
India: Second most hit by COVID-19 in the world
On April 12, 2021, India reported 168,912 new COVID-19 cases in the last twenty four hours. With this, the
total number of COVID-19 cases in India increased to 13.53 million making India, the second most COVID-19
struck country in the world. Previously, Brazil was the second most COVID-19 hit country in the world. The

US remains the most COVID-19 affected country in the world. The number of COVID-19 cases in the US has
touched 31.2 million.
Current Scenario of COVID-19 in India
The national COVID-19 recovery rate has fallen below 90%. The death toll has increased to 170,179.
The ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) has so far tested 1,180,136 samples.
The current increasing COVID-19 infections in India is mainly due to a double mutant COVID-19 variety
found in the country.
Double Mutant COVID-19 variety
The India SARS-COV-2 Consortium on Genomics (INSACOG) recently carried out a genomic sequencing on
the latest samples of COVID-19. Accordingly, an increase in the fraction of samples with L452 and E484Q
mutations has been discovered. These two mutations in COVID-19 virus have come together and are
causing the double mutation problem in India. The double mutant variant of COVID-19 has been named as
B.1.617.
INSACOG is a group of ten national laboratories that have come together under Ministry of Health to
address COVID-19 issues. The laboratories under INSACOG carry out testing process to map the genetic
code of the virus. So far, the double mutant variety has been found in eight countries. They are UK,
Australia, Singapore, US, etc.
How serious is the problem?
If the double mutation occurs in the spike protein of the virus, then the chances of the virus escaping the
immune system is high.
G20 nods to IMF for fresh SDR issue
The G20 Finance Ministers recently nodded to the International Monetary Fund to provide fresh Special
Drawing Rights to its member countries. The IMF has been permitted to provide SDR of worth 650 million
USD to the member countries. This will help boost the reserves of all nations and will avoid pushing low-
income countries into further distress.
What are Special Drawing Rights?
The Special Drawing Rights is an international reserve asset. It was created by the IMF in 1969 to
supplement the official reserves of its member countries.
The value of Special Drawing Rights is based on five currencies of the world. They are US dollars,
Japanese Yen, Chinese Renminbi, British pound sterling and Euro.
In 2009, the IMF allocated 182.6 billion USD of SDR in the wake of global financial crisis.
The SDR is neither a claim on the IMF nor a currency. It is a potential claim on the freely usable
currencies of IMF members.
The value of SDR is calculated every day.
The voting power of a member country in IMF is based on the quota that is measured in terms of SDR.
It is primarily based on the economic position of a country.
What is the issue?
The G20 Finance Ministers including India opposed the general allocation of new Special Drawing Rights by
the IMF. This is because this will not ease financial pressures created by COVID-19.
Why is the new SDR being issued?
The new Special Drawing Rights is being issued by the International Monetary Fund to help the least
developed and developing countries that are facing high foreign exchange crisis due to COVID-19.
How does SDR help IMF?
The SDR is mainly used as a unit of account for internal accounting purposes. It helps the IMF manage
exchange rate volatility of any single currency.

Working of SDR
When SDRs are allocated to an IMF member country, the members are given two positions. They are the
SDR allocations and SDR holdings. The countries receive interest on their SDR holdings and pay interest
based on their SDR allocations.
Bhutan: 93% of adults vaccinated in 16 days
The Himalayan kingdom Bhutan has recently completed vaccinating 93% of its adult population in the world.
How did Bhutan succeed in its vaccination programme?
The population of Bhutan is small. This is one of the main reason behind the rapid vaccination in the
country.
Apart from this, the success has also been attributed to “Dessuups”.
In January 2021, Bhutan received 150,000 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine from India. This was the
first COVID-19 vaccine shot received by the country.
How did Bhutan begin its COVID-19 vaccination programme?
Bhutan is a Buddhist country. The first dose of COVID-19 vaccine was administered to a woman born in the
year of the monkey along with Buddhist prayers. This depicts the seriousness of the Bhutanese towards the
vaccination. Also, an auspicious Buddhist date was chosen to administer the vaccines. In fact, they waited
till March 27th to begin the vaccination!
What is Dessuup?
Dessuup is the highest form of voluntary act in Bhutan. They are trained volunteers wearing an orange
uniform. The Dessuup programme was first started in 2011. Under the programme, Bhutan has so far
trained 4,457 Bhutanese.
India-Bhutan
India has a major role in the vaccination success of Bhutan. India has been constantly supporting Bhutan in
the fields of Defence, Education, Health, Science and Technology.
Bhutan is currently receiving help from the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch its own satellite in
2021. India and Bhutan are to jointly develop INS-2B. As a part of this, Bhutan scientists were trained in
India.
India stood by Bhutan during the Doklam crisis. Doklam is a disputed region between China and Bhutan.
India does not claim Doklam but supports Bhutan’s claim over the region. During the stand off, India
launched Operation Juniper. Under the operation, India sent 270 Indian troops to stop the Chinese troops
from constructing a road in the disputed region (dispute between China and Bhutan).
BAFTA Awards: Nomadland wins four prizes
The film “Nomadland” won four prizes at the BAFTA awards. BAFTA is British Academy of Film and
Television Arts.
About Nomadland
The Nomadland won the best picture, best director, best actress and best cinematography.
The film maker Chloe Zhao became the first woman of colour and the second woman to win BAFTA
for best director.
Frances McDormand won the best actress.
It is an American drama. The film had also won People’s Choice Award, Golden Globe Awards.
Other BAFATA awards
The revenge comedy “Promising Young Woman” of Emerald Fennell was named the best British film
at the BAFTA Awards.
The best actor trophy was received by eighty-three-year-old Anthony Hopkins.
Indian Netflix film “The White Tiger” was nominated for two categories best actor and best adapted

screenplay. Neither of nominations won the award.
British Academy Film Awards
The BAFTA is presented to honour the best international and British contributions to films.
It was founded in 1947 as the British Film Academy. In 1976, it merged with the Guild of Television
producers and directors and became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).
Other Biggest Film Awards in the world
Golden Lion: It is the highest prize given to a film at the Venice film festival.
Golden Globes: Golden Globe Awards are presented in the United States. It is presented by the
Hollywood Foreign Press Association since 1943.
The Golden Leopard: It is the presented at the Locarno International Film Festival.
Filmfare Awards: Focuses on Hindi film industry. It is run by the Times Group.
The Golden Bear: It is presented at the Berlin International Film festival.
What is Historical Nihilism commonly used phrase in China?
The Chinese Cyber Regulator recently launched a hotline to report online criticism that defame the ruling
Communist Party and its history. The regulator has vowed to crack down “Historical Nihilists” ahead of the
hundredth anniversary of the Communist party that falls in July 2021.
About the initiative
The hotline launched will allow people to report fellow netizens who create defaming comments about the
ruling communist party and its history. The defaming also includes attacking policies, leadership, defaming
political heroes and denying the excellence of advanced socialist culture.
Why is it being referred to Historical Nihilism?
The “Historical Nihilism” has become a phrase used in China to describe scepticism and public doubt over
the ruling communist party. This is because people in the country have been strongly criticising several
policies of the Chinese Government. In return, the government has been increasing restrictions to bring
such criticisms under control. The following are some of the strict and widely criticised control measures of
the Chinese Government:
The censorship of internet is often increased ahead of political meetings, historical anniversaries,
and sports events.
The Chinese are already facing jail time and other legal punishments for posing content against the
ruling communist party of China.
Legal amendments released in 2021 say that people who insult the memory of national heroes of
China will face imprisonment up to three years.
The foreign search engines and social media networks are banned in China.
What is Nihilism?
Nihilism is expressing some form of negation towards life or towards fundamental concepts such as
existence, knowledge and meaning of life.
April 13, 2021
Punjab to involve Arhtiyas in Direct Payments to Farmers
The Punjab State Government recently told the Union Government that it will pay the Minimum Support Price
directly into the accounts of farmers starting this procurement season. However, the Arhtiyas in the state
have been opposing to the direct payment. Arhtiyas are Commission Agents in the state. They used to pay
the farmers earlier in Punjab. To solve the issue, Punjab has now amended the procurement software to
include Arhtiyas in the direct payment process as well.
Arhtiyas and farmers in the state have strong and age-old trust in the state of Punjab. However, according
to the Government, several Arhtiyas are looting the money and the allocated funds do not reach the farmers.
How will Arhtiyas be involved in Direct Payment System?
The State of Punjab has around 28,000 registered Arhtiyas. Each of them has twenty to two hundred
farmers associated with them. Earlier, the Minimum Support Price payments to the farmers used to come in
accounts of Arhtiyas. They will then pay the farmers. Now, the amount will directly come in the accounts of
the farmers. However, this will happen after the Arhtiyas click the pay now button. They will have to do so
within 48 hours of receiving the MSP. If they fail to transfer the amount within 48 hours, the amount will
directly get credited to the farmers in 72 hours.
Arhtiyas
The Arhtiyas provide various services in Punjab mandis. This includes unloading to cleaning, filling,
weighing, and loading the crop to government godowns. The Government pays 2.5% commission to them
for these works.
What changes have been made?
The Punjab Government has modified the Anaaj Kharid Portal. The Arhtiyas will get a message on the
portal. The message will provide the name of the farmer linked with him whose amount is ready to transfer.
The respective Arhtiya has to click on Pay Now to transfer the money.
Melting of Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier “Doomsday Glacier”
The researchers from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden recently used an uncrewed submarine to go
under the Thwaites Glacier to make observations. According to the researchers, the melting of the glacier is
worse than previously thought.
The Thwaites Glacier is also called “Doomsday Glacier”. It has been a cause of concern for a long time as it
has high potential to speed up the global sea level rise.
Thwaites Glacier
The Thwaites Glacier or the Doomsday Glacier is 120 km wide at its broadest. It is spread over 1.9 lakh
square kilometres. It is fast moving and has been melting in the recent years. The glacier has high potential
to raise the world sea level by more than a metre. According to researchers, the amount of ice flowing out
of the glacier has doubled in the past thirty years.
Previous Studies about Doomsday Glacier
According to a 2019 study, a fast-growing cavity was discovered in the glacier that sized two-third of the
area of Manhattan. The cavity is growing mainly due to the warm water detected below the glacier. This
warm water has been found at two degrees above freezing point at the Grounding Zone or Grounding line of
the Doomsday Glacier.
Grounding point or Grounding Zone of Glaciers
The Grounding line of a glacier is the place below the glacier where the ice transits between resting fully on
bedrock and floating on ocean as an ice shelf.
The Grounding line retreats when the glaciers melt and lose weight. This in turn exposes more of the
underside of the glacier to the seawater. As the exposed surface area increases, the melting of the glacier
increases.
Key Findings of the new study
The recent findings made by the Sweden researchers are the first measurements performed beneath the
glacier. The submarine sent to go under the glacier was called “Ran”. It measured temperature, strength,
salinity, and oxygen content of the ocean currents that go under the glacier. With this data, the researchers
have mapped the ocean currents beneath the glacier.
There are three inflows of warm water beneath the glacier. Among them the damaging effects of one of the
currents had been underestimated in the past.
The main concern according to the study is that warm water is approaching the pinning points of the glacier

from all sides.
Draft Electricity (Rights of Consumers) (Amendment) Rules, 2021
The Ministry of Power recently issued a Draft Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2021. These new
rules allow net metering of roof top solar systems.
About the new Rules
The net metering of roof top has been allowed up to 500 KW in the new rules.
The following definitions were added:
Gross Metering means a mechanism where the total solar energy generated from a grid
interactive rooftop solar system and the energy consumed are accounted separately.
Net metering is defined as the mechanism where solar energy is exported to the grid from grid
interactive rooftop solar PV (Photo Voltaic) system.
The energy imported from the grid and the energy exported to the grid are valued at two
different tariffs.
These amendments have been made to the Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020. Electricity is a
concurrent subject.
Electricity (Right of Consumers) Rules, 2020
The rules mainly cover aspects of power supply to the consumers. It mainly includes metering
arrangements, obligations of distribution licenses, release of new connections, grievance redressal,
modifications of existing connections and compensation mechanisms.
No connection shall be provided without meters.
The meter used should be prepayment meter or smart prepayment meter.
The meters should have provisions for testing.
The consumer shall have the option to pay bills offline or online. Also, he shall be provided with
advance payment of bills.
A prosumer will enjoy the same rights as that of a consumer. A prosumer is a person who produces
and consumes power.
Consumer Grievance Redressal Forum should include prosumer and consumer representations.
India: Expert panel recommends approval to Sputnik V vaccine
An Expert panel of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) recently approved the
Emergency Use of COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik-V. However, the Drugs Controller General of India (DGCI) is to
take a final call on the recommendation. When approved, Sputnik will be the third COVID-19 vaccine to be
available in India.
Sputnik V Vaccine
The Sputnik V is a Russian vaccine. The Dr Reddy’s Laboratories partnered with the Russian Direct
Investment Fund to conduct clinical trials on the vaccine and for its distribution rights in India. The vaccine
has proved 91.6% of efficacy during its phase 3 trials.
Emergency Use Authorisation
Currently, the vaccines COVAXIN of Bharat Biotech and COVISHIELD of AstraZeneca are under
administration. They have been given Emergency Use Authorisation. Emergency Use Authorisation is an
interim approval of vaccine.
The fastest approval for a vaccine until now took about four and a half years. This approval was for the
mumps vaccine developed around 1960s. Therefore, to use vaccines in emergency situations as that of
COVID-19, Emergency Use Authorisation is provided.
How is Emergency Use Authorisation granted in India?
A company seeking Emergency Use Authorisation must conduct local trials to prove that the vaccine is safe

and effective on Indian population.
What are the risks with Emergency Use Approved Vaccines?
After every clinical trial, the vaccine is upgraded by nullifying its side effects and potential risks. In case of
Emergency Use Authorisation, there is no time for these rigorous clinical trials.
The Emergency Use Authorised vaccines might have potential risks. The people should be informed about
the extent of risks of the vaccine.
Other drugs that received Emergency Use Authorisation in India
The other drugs that received Emergency Use Authorisation in India are Favipiravir, Remdesivir and
Itolizumab.
Sushil Chandra: Next Chief Election Commissioner
Election Commissioner Sushil Chandra recently took over as the new Chief Election Commissioner of India.
About Sushil Chandra
Sushil Chandra was appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner by the President of India, Shri Ram
Nath Kovind.
He was appointed as the Election Commissioner along with Ashok Lavasa and Arora in 2019.
He will oversee the completion of the ongoing assembly elections.
His term will end in 2022. Before that assembly elections will be held in the states of Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab, Goa, Manipur, and Uttarakhand.
Earlier he had served as the Chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes.
In 2017, he launched “Operation Clean Money” to curb illegal wealth and black money in the country.
Constitutional Provisions
Article 324 of the Constitution provides the provisions of Chief Election Commissioner. The provisions
under the article are as follows:
Article 324 provides powers to the Chief Election Commissioner to control and direct elections to the
state legislature, parliament and to the offices of President and Vice President of the country.
The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election commissioners shall be appointed by the
President of India.
It also says that, the Chief Election Commissioner shall be removed from office only on the like
grounds of the Supreme Court Judge.
The State Election commissioner shall be appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief
Election Commissioner.
The staff requested by the Election Commission to discharge its functions shall be provided by the
Governor of the state and by the President of India.
Election Commissioner Amendment Act
The Election Commissioner Amendment Act, 1989 made the Election Commission a multi-member body.
Under the act, two additional election commissioners were appointed to the Election Commission. However,
the decision of the Chief Election Commissioner is final.
India Energy Dashboards (Version 2.0) by NITI Aayog
The Niti Aayog recently launched the India Energy Dashboards Version 2.0. It will provide single window
access to the data related to utilisation, pricing, production, distribution of energy in the country. It will
provide data from Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and from Coal
Controller’s Organisation. The India Energy Dashboard Version 1.0 was launched in 2017.
Key Features of India Energy Dashboards Version 2.0
The new version of the India Energy Dashboard provides data between the financial years 2005-06
and 2019-20.

It will provide enhanced data download. It allows data download in convenient spreadsheet formats.
Also, the new India Energy Dashboard provides data in sub-yearly frequencies. It includes monthly
data from portals maintained by Government agencies. The monthly data in India is regularly
published for petroleum, electricity, and natural gas sectors.
It will provide technical and financial data of electricity utilities.
The India Energy Dashboard will also provide data from schemes such as Saubhagya, PRAAPTI,
UJALA and Vidyut PRAVAH.
UJALA
UJALA is Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All. The scheme was launched by PM Modi in 2015. It replaced
the Bachat Lamp Yojana. UJALA is also called as DELP. DELP is Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme. It
aims to promote the efficient usage of energy for all. Under the scheme, the LED bulbs were distributed to
the Electricity Distribution Companies at subsidised rates. The scheme also aimed to reduce the green
house gas emission by 79 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.
PRAAPTI
PRAAPTI is a web portal launched by the Ministry of Power in 2018. PRAAPTI is Payment Ratification and
Analysis in Power procurement for bringing transparency in invoicing of generators. Under the portal, the
power distribution companies will clear the invoices and reply to the claims raised by the generators in the
portal.
DGFT Trade Facilitation App launched
The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Shri Piyush Goyal recently launched the DGFT Trade
Facilitation Mobile Application. DGFT is Directorate General of Foreign Trade.
Key Features of DGFT
The DGFT Trade Facilitation application provides the following features :
Real-time trade policy updates and event notifications.
It provides options to explore Export-Import policies and statistics
Virtual Assistance to trade related queries
It provides access to all the services provided by DGFT.
Raise and track help requests in real time.
The application will be available on both iOS and Android platforms.
DGFT
DGFT is the government body that implements the foreign trade policy of India.
It promotes exports of India.
It operates under Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
It is headed by the Director-General. He or she is the head of Indian Trade Services.
DGFT was known as the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports till 1991.
DGFT was formed as a part of Economic Reforms in 1991 when the Liberalisation, Globalisation and
Privatisation policies began in India.
It provides licenses to the import and export businesses in India.
It holds complete data about the importers and exporters in the country.
It provides EIC number. EIC is Exporter Importer Code. It is a ten-digit number that is needed for all
people conducting import or export business in the country.
It regulates and permits the transit of goods between India and its neighbours according to the
bilateral agreements.
It controls the DEPB rates. DEPB is Duty Entitlement Pass Book. It is an export incentive scheme of
Government of India.

Central Asia: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan trans-border trade center
Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have launched the construction of an international center for trade and
economic cooperation called “Central Asia”. The Central Asia Trade center has been launched on the
borders of the two countries.
About the center
The Center is to be constructed in an area of 400 hectares of land. It will have a capacity to
accommodate 35,000 people and five thousand trucks. After completion, the center will become a
large trade and industrial platform to implement joint projects of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
The center is located near the border check post of Gisht Kuprik.
After China and Russia, Kazakhstan is the third largest trade partner of Uzbekistan.
India-Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan holds one of the largest Uranium reserves in the world. In 2019, India and Uzbekistan
signed a Nuclear Agreement. Under the agreement, Uzbekistan agreed to export 2,000 tonnes of
Uranium to India.
Uzbekistan supports permanent membership of India in the United Nations Security Council.
The countries had set a bilateral trade target of 1 billion USD by 2020.
India-Central Asia
Central Asia is highly important to India as it serves as a land bridge between Asia and Europe. India is to
use the Chabahar port as a gateway to access the Eurasian markets. Also, the development of International
North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) will help India increase its trade with Central Asia.
INSTC
It is a multi-modal transportation that was established in 2000 in St Petersburg by India, Iran, and
Russia. It mainly aims to promote transport of freight.
At the Maritime India Summit that was held in March 2021, India proposed to include Chabahar port
in the INSTC project.
Remdesivir Shortage in India
Remdesivir is an injectable anti-virus. It is injected to prevent replication of the virus. The Remdesivir was
created in 2014. It was manufactured in large scale to treat Ebola. Later it was used to treat SARS and
MERS. Recently, after the COVID-19 crisis, it has been repurposed for COVID-19 treatment.
What is the issue around Remdesivir in India?
The State Governments of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh have been
complaining about shortage of Remdesivir. Following this, the Directorate of Foreign Trade operating under
the Ministry of Commerce and Industry issued an order to prohibit the export of Remdesivir. Also, the export
of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients used in the production of Remdesivir has been prohibited.
Why did the shortage occur?
The shortage of Remdesivir is increasing day by day mainly because of rising COVID-19 cases. It is also
increasing due to manufacturing and supply issues. Madhya Pradesh complained that it has received only
half of its requirement. Around 70% of the total production of Remdesivir in the country is diverted to
Maharashtra.
How did the issue arise?
In December 2020, manufacturers were left with huge piles of Remdesivir. They expected increase in sales
of the drug. However, the drop in COVID-19 cases in November and December 2020 reduced the demand of
the drug. Some even destroyed expired stocks. Later the COVID-19 infections began rising exponentially
after double mutant variety started spreading in the country. This began around February 2021. However,
the manufacturing resumed only by the end of March 2021. This is mainly because Remdesivir requires

twenty-five different raw materials in its production. The supply chain in India was not strong enough to
collect all the raw materials in a short span of time.
The cycle from production to transportation of Remdesivir takes 20-25 days. Thus, the supply chain of the
country must strengthened more to avoid similar crisis in the future.
How will Japan release contaminated Fukushima water into the ocean?
The Japanese Government recently approved a plan to release more than 1 million tonnes of treated
radioactive water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. In 2011, there occurred a nuclear disaster in the
plant due an earthquake and tsunami. It was the most severe Nuclear accident that was classified as Level
7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
What is the issue?
The release of the treated radioactive water could take several years to begin and will take decades to
complete. Also, Japan is facing opposition from the anti-nuclear activists and fishing communities for the
release of the water into the sea.
Is the release safe?
According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, the release of the water from the Fukushima nuclear
power plant is similar to disposing wastewater from nuclear plants elsewhere in the world.
Where did such huge amount of radio active water come from?
To bring the damaged nuclear reactor under control a makeshift system of pumps and piping was used.
Tonnes of water was injected into the damaged nuclear reactors to keep the melted Uranium rods cool. The
water got contaminated as it contacted the fuel. The contaminated water has now piled up to 1.3 million
tonnes.
What is the plan to release the water?
The Operator TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings) has planned to filter the contaminated
water leaving only tritium. This is because, it is highly complicated and difficult to remove tritium from
water. However, the filtered water is to be diluted till tritium levels fall below regulatory limits before
dumping into the ocean.
Tritium is less harmful as compared to other radioactive wastes. It does not emit enough energy to
penetrate human skin. However, it can cause cancer when ingested.
Tax collections for FY 21
The Ministry of Finance recently released the tax collection figures for the financial year 2020-21. According
to the ministry, the direct tax collections for the financial year 2020-21 are Rs 9.45 lakh crores.
Tax collections for the fiscal year 2020-21
The Direct Tax Collections include Personal Income Tax collections and Corporation Tax collections.
The Personal Income Tax collected for the year 2020-21 was Rs 4.88 lakh crores.
The Corporation Tax (or Corporate Tax) collected for the year 2020-21 was Rs 4.57 lakh crores.
Dross Collection of Direct Tax
The Gross Collection of Direct Tax for the year 2020-21 was Rs 12.06 crores. The gross collection of direct
tax is the net amount before adjusting refunds. The other components of Gross Collection of Direct Tax are
as follows:
Corporation Tax: Rs 6.31 lakh crores
Personal Income Tax: Rs 5.75 lakh crores
Advance Tax: Rs 4.95 lakh crores
Tax deducted at Source: Rs 5.45 lakh crores
Self-Assessment Tax: Rs 1.07 lakh crores
Regulator Assessment Tax: Rs 42,372 crores

Dividend Distribution Tax: Rs 13,237 crores
Refunds Issued
In 2020-21, the GoI refunded Rs 2.61 lakh crores. This is 42.1% higher than that of 2019-20. In 2019-20, the
GoI refunded Rs 1.83 lakh crores.
Definitions of Taxes
Corporate Tax: It is the tax levied on profits of the companies.
Personal Income Tax: It is the tax levied on salaries, wages, and other types of income of a person.
Advance Tax: It is the income tax that should be paid in advance instead of lump sum payment at
year end. The Advance Tax is also called earn Tax. It is the income tax a person must pay if his
payable tax exceeds Rs 10,000. In such cases, the taxpayer pays in instalments.
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS): It is the tax deducted from the money paid at the time of making
specified payments such as commission, rent, salary, professional fees, etc.
2021 Global food policy report
The Global Food Policy Report is published by the International Food Policy Research Institute. This year the
institute has released the report based on the theme “Transforming Food Systems After COVID-19”.
Key Findings of the report: India
The lockdown imposed due to the COVID-19 crisis closed schools and day care centres. This affected
the availability of nutritious perishable food products. Several households shifted from expensive
nutritious foods such as fruits and vegetables towards cheaper staple foods.
The midday meal programme of India that covers 80% of primary school age children in the country
was affected due to the COVID-19 lockdown. The school closures are likely to exacerbate nutrition
and food insecurity in the country especially in girls and disadvantaged population.
50% of households in India reported that women spent more time in fetching firewood and water in
comparison with the previous year.
Efforts of India to incorporate migrant workers into social protection programmes was a huge
success.
Around 80 million hectares of land in India have been classified as commons. This included forest,
water bodies, and pastures. The Commons provide source of livelihood for more than 350 million
people in the country. They are dependent on these areas for their forest products and fodder.
Recommendations
The governments should use global events such as COP26, UNFSS (United Nations Food Systems
Summit) and Nutrition for Growth Summit to put food system transformation rightly on the
development agenda.
The resilience for all food systems should be increased.
The flexibility of social protection policies to protect the vulnerable population during the time of
health crisis should be expanded.
Key Findings of the Report: World
Around 95 million people, mostly in Africa are living in extreme poverty.
Number of poor people living under poverty are to increase by 150 million as compared to the pre-
pandemic levels.
Women accounted to 39% of employment globally. However, they incurred 54% of job losses during
pandemic.
Odyssey Completes 20 years: NASA releases Electric Blue Dune Images
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the US recently released the image of Mars
to mark the 20th anniversary of Odyssey. The image depicted Dunes in Mars.

About the images
The set of images released were clicked on the Mars at 172.1 degrees east longitude and 80.3
degrees north latitude. The planet looked in electric blue in the image.
The title of the image was “Blue Dunes on the Red Planet”.
The image combines shots taken by the Mars Orbiter Odyssey in December 2002 and November
2004.
The image had two types of dunes. One set of dunes were bluish representing colder climates. The
other set of dunes were yellowish in colour and represented warmer climates.
About the Dunes
Dune is a landform made by wind or water driven sand.
The Dunes captured were as big as the American state of Texas.
The THEMIS instrument on the Mars Odyssey captured the shots. THEMIS is Thermal Emission
Imaging System. It had sent more than one million images since it began orbiting the planet.
Odyssey entered the Mars orbit in 2001.
Odyssey
Odyssey is the longest lasting spacecraft in Mars till date. It was launched on April 7, 2001. It arrived
at Mars on October 24, 2001.
Odyssey detected large amounts of Hydrogen. It is a sign that ice should be lying within a metre of
the surface of the planet.
Odyssey also discovered water ice near the surface of equatorial regions of the red planet.
Objectives of Odyssey
The main objectives of the mission were as follows:
To map the levels of elements across the entire Martian surface.
To determine how much hydrogen exists in shallow sub surfaces of the planet.
To provide information about the morphology of the surface of the planet.
To identify radiation induced risks to humans in the planet.
Aahaar Kranti: Mission launched by Health Minister
The Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare Dr Harsh Vardhan recently launched “Mission Aahaar
Kranti”. The mission aims to spread the message of the importance of nutritionally balanced diet. It will
also promote the importance of accessibility to local fruits and vegetables.
About the mission
The Mission is designed to address the major problem faced by India and the world, which is, “Hunger
and Diseases in Abundance”.
India produces two times the amount of calories it consumes. Still, several people are malnourished
in the country.
The mission is also co-launched by the Vijnana Bharti and Global Scientists and Technocrats Forum.
The motto of the mission is “Good Diet-Good Cognition”.
The mission will train the teachers. The teachers in turn will pass on the message to students.
Through the students the mission aims to pass on the message to the families and societies at large.
Malnutrition in India
According to UNICEF, India is at the tenth spot among countries with highest number of underweight
children. Also, the organisation says that India is at the seventeenth spot among countries with
highest number of stunted children. Both the problems of stunting and underweight are caused by
malnutrition.
Malnutrition is the major contributing factor to one-third child deaths in the country.

According to the recent National Family Health Survey, the percentage of stunted children in 2015-16
was 38.4%. The percentage of children wasted were 21%. Wasting is prevalent in Goa, Punjab,
Karnataka, Sikkim, and Maharashtra.
More than half of Indian children are anaemic.
Apart from children, 23% of women and 20% of men in the country are malnourished.
Astronomers discover the farthest Gamma-ray emitting active galaxy
The scientists from Aryabhatta Research Institute have discovered a new galaxy that emits gamma rays.
The galaxy has been categorised as Narrow Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1). However, it is unique and different from
the other NLS1s discovered so far.
About NLS1
It is 31 billion light years away from the earth. The galaxy is located at a high redshift.
The galaxy was discovered when scientists tried to trace red shifted galaxies. The redshifted galaxies
are those galaxies that emit longer wavelength. As the wavelength of light gets longer the light turns
redder. This is termed as “redshifted” in astronomy.
The discovery was made when scientists were studying about 25,000 luminous Active Galactic
Nuclei.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey was used during the study that discovered the galaxy.
The researchers used Subaru Telescope located in Hawaii, USA to conduct their study.
How is the newly discovered NLS1 different from the other NLS1?
The discovery of NLS1 has challenged the idea of how relativistic jets are formed. Relativistic Jets
are ionised matter that travel at speed of light. They are associated with Quasars, pulsars, neutron
stars. They are produced by Active Galactic Nuclei. These nuclei are powered by large black holes in
giant elliptical galaxies. However, NLS1 discovered recently is a unique Active Galactic Nuclei that is
powered by a black hole of low mass.
The NLS1s discovered so far that emitted gamma rays were at lower redshifts. This is the first
gamma emitting NLS1 discovered to be at higher redshift.
The newly discovered gamma ray emitting NLS1 is 13.8 billion years old. It was formed when the
universe was 4.7 billion years old.
Way forward
The discovery has opened up a new study to find gamma ray emitting NLS1 galaxies.
April 14, 2021
eSanta: Platform for Marine Products
The Union Minister Shri Piyush Goyal recently launched a platform called “eSanta” for marine products. The
main aim of the platform is to empower aqua farmers.
About eSanta
The farmers can sell their produce in eSanta portal.
It is a bridge between the buyers and the farmers.
The eSanta portal eliminates the necessity of middlemen completely.
The portal is available in languages such as English, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Odiya and Bengali.
The initiative to launch eSanta portal was taken by NaCSA.
NaCSA
National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture is an arm of Marine Products Export Development Authority
(MPEDA) that operates under Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The main objective of NaCSA is to
encourage and uplift small and marginal farmers through organisation of clusters and also by adopting best
practices in shrimp culture.
Benefits of the portal
The use of modern tools and techniques like that of eSanta will help to increase shrimp production
from the current 40,000 tonnes to six to seven lakh tonnes.
The portal will benefit 18,000 farmers who are currently contributing to marine exports of the country.
Need for eSanta portal
The aqua products are exported to America, European Union, China, Japan and other Asian countries. In
spite of ranking second in aquaculture in the world, aqua farmers in India are facing difficulties to get best
price from the market. The portal will help to address this problem.
Fishing in India
The fishing in India employs 14.5 million people. It contributes to 1.07% of total GDP.
National Fish Farmers Day
Every year, India celebrates National Fish Farmers Day on July 10.
Issues of Fishing Economy in India
The fish production in India has increased from 7.52 lakh tonnes in 1950-51 to 125.90 lakh tonnes in
2018-19. In spite of the rapid growth in the industry, annual production of an individual fish farmer is only 2
tonnes. On other hand, it is 6 tonnes in China, 72 tonnes in Chile and 172 tonnes in Norway.
Ambedkar Jayanti: April 14
Every year India celebrates Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti on April 14. The day is also called Ambedkar
Remembrance Day. Since 2015, April 14 is observed as an official public holiday in India.
About Ambedkar
Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891.
He struggled for equality throughout his life. Thus, his birthday is also celebrated as “Equality Day”.
India has placed a demand to celebrate his birthday as International Equality Day to the United
Nations.
He was also known as Babasaheb Ambedkar.
In 1956, he converted to Buddhism.
In 1932, he signed Poona Pact with Madan Mohan Malaviya. Malaviya signed it on behalf of Gandhi.
According to the agreement, reserved seats were provided for depressed classes. Because of the
pact, the depressed classes received one hundred and forty-eight seats instead of seventy one seats.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded Independent Labour Party.
After Lahore resolution, in 1940, he wrote a book called “Thoughts on Pakistan”. The book analysed
the concept of Pakistan.
In his other book called “Who were the Shudras?”, Ambedkar wrote about the untouchables.
Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of Constituent Assembly.
Tributes
In 1990, Ambedkar was bestowed with Bharat Ratna.
His portrait was unveiled in the Central Hall of Parliament in 1990.
The period between April 14, 1990 and April 14, 1991 was observed as “Year of Social Justice”.
In 2015, the Government of India issued ten rupees and 125 rupees coins to mark his 125 th birth
anniversary.
The United Nations celebrated Ambedkar Jayanti for three consecutive years, in 2016, 2017 and
2018.
In 2020, Canada decided to celebrate Ambedkar birthday as Dr B R Ambedkar Day of Equality.
In 2021, the Government of British Columbia decided to celebrate his birthday as Dr B R Ambedkar
Equality Day.

Raisina Dialogue, 2021
The Raisina Dialogue was recently organised by the Ministry of External Affairs and Observer Research
Foundation. The dialogue was held under the theme:
Theme: viral World: Outbreaks, Outliers and Out of Control
Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the dialogue virtually.
Raisina Dialogue
It is an annual Geo-political event. It is named after Raisina Hill where the seat of Government of India
is located. It is a conference on geoeconomics and Geopolitics.
It was structured on the lines of Shangri-La-Dialogue.
It was held for the first time in 2016.
Objectives of Raisina Dialogue
To explore future opportunities for Asian integration.
To explore advancement in integration of Asia with the world
It also asserts the crucial role played by India in the Indian Ocean Region.
It also focuses on how India can build a stable, regional and world order.
It addresses the most challenging issued faced by the global community.
Raisina Hills
Raisina Hill is an area in New Delhi that houses the most important buildings of India namely Rashtrapati
Bhavan and the secretariat building that houses Prime Minister Office and several other ministers. The
Raisina Hill is surrounded by other important buildings including Rajpath, Parliament of India and India Gate.
Earlier, the Viceroy’s House was constructed acquiring land from three hundred families in the local
villages. This was done under the 1894 Land Acquisition Act. After independence, it was turned into the
permanent residence of President of India.
Shangri-La Dialogue
It is an inter-government security forum held annually. It is attended by defence ministers, military chiefs of
twenty-eight states including India.
What is Currency Chest?
Currency Chests are places where RBI (Reserve Bank of India) stocks money meant for banks and ATMs.
The Currency Chests are located in different banks and are administered by the Reserve Bank of India.
Why is Current Chest in news recently?
A private security guard has looted Rs 4.04 crores from the currency chest of Axis Bank in Chandigarh. This
has brought currency chests in spotlight.
What is Currency Chest?
The Currency chests are places where RBI stores money meant for ATMs and banks. The representatives
from RBI inspect these currency chests from time to time. These currency chests are placed in banks
spread all over the country. The money in the currency chest belongs to RBI and the money placed outside
currency chest in the strong room belongs to the bank.
Whenever RBI prints new currency notes, it first delivers them to these currency chests. The banks holding
the currency chests will then deliver them to the other banks.
Who will fulfil the losses?
Now, RBI is prone to losses due to the theft. The entire money in the chest belongs to RBI. Now the question
arises who will bear the losses? The bank that holds the currency chest should bear the losses. The bank
should also submit a Fraud Monitoring Report to RBI.
Security of the Currency Chest
The RBI reimburses the security expenses to the bank. The reimbursement includes transportation of money

from one bank to another as well. It is the sole responsibility of the banks to safeguard the cash.
How is currency distributed in India?
RBI has thirty-one offices in India. When new currencies are printed, RBI sends them to these offices.
These offices then send the notes to the currency chests and small coin depots.
There are 4,075 currency chests in the country.
Around 3,746 banks act as small coin depots.
Bohag Bihu Bird Count 2021 begins
On April 14, 2021, the Bohag Bihu Bird count began in Assam. The Bohag Bihu Bird count was launched by
Bird Count of India (BCI). The BCI is a Non-Governmental Organisation. This is the first time BCI is launching
Bohag Bihu bird count.
Bohag Bihu
Bohag Bihu is also called Xaat Bihu. It is the traditional ethnic festival celebrated in Assam. It marks the
beginning of Assamese new year. Bohag is Assamese calendar. The onset of Bohag marks the starting of
Rongali Bihu. Rongali Bihu is one of the three most important festivals of Assam. The other two festivals
are Kati Bihu and Kongali Bihu.
Rongali Bihu
During Rongali Bihu, many migratory species of birds that visited Assam and its surrounding regions during
winter start flying back to their homes.
Significance
It is highly important to organise such bird counts as the birds in India are facing growing threats due to
habitat losses. According to State of India’s Birds, 2020, the loss of habitat is mainly due to human
activities, toxins, hunting and trapping for pet trade.
State of Birds 2020
The following are the key findings of State of Birds report, 2020:
50% of 867 bird species in India are exhibiting population decline.
The number of birds in Western Ghats have declined by 75% since 2000.
Around 101 bird species in India have been placed under “high concern” category, 442 in “low
concern category” and 319 in “moderate concern” category.
The population of House Sparrow was stable. However, their population was declining in major cities.
The House Sparrow has been declared as the “State Bird of Delhi”.
The House Sparrow population is declining in cities mainly due to decreasing insect
population.
The Bustards in India are facing severe population decline. All the four bustards namely the Great
Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican, Macqueen’s Bustard and Bengal Florican are suffering from
population decline.
Poshan Gyan: Digital Repository on Nutrition Information
NITI Aayog recently launched Poshan Gyan along with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Centre
for Social and Behaviour Change, Ashoka University. Poshan Gyan is a National Digital Repository on health
and nutrition.
Poshan Gyan
Poshan Gyan is basically an online resource for any person working in nutrition sector. It is also
accessible for any person seeking information to improve nutritional outcomes.
It holds communication materials that were created by government agencies and other
developmental organisations. The communication materials are available in different languages and
for different target audience.

The materials held by Poshan Gyan cover wide range of topics such as complementary feeding,
antenatal care, adolescent health, anaemia prevention, diet diversity, etc.
Health and Nutrition in India
In Global Hunger Index, 2020, India ranked 94th out of 107 countries. This says that India is suffering from
serious hunger problems. Also, in India, only a tenth of children between 6 and 23 months are fed with
minimum acceptable diet.
National Nutrition Mission
The National Nutrition Mission or the Poshan Abhiyan aims to improve nutritional outcomes in
children, lactating mothers and pregnant women. The mission aims to reduce undernutrition, stunting,
anaemia and low birth weight by 2%, 2%, 3% and 2% respectively. This is to be achieved by 2022.
50% of the budget for the National Nutrition Mission comes from World Bank.
The National Nutrition Mission is backed by the National Nutritional Strategy. The National Nutrition
Strategy was prepared by NITI Aayog. The main aim of the strategy is to attain “Kuposhan Mukt
Bharat” or malnutrition free India by 2022.
ITCN Programme
The National Institute of Urban Affairs recently launched the Infant Toddler and Caregiver friendly
Neighbourhoods Training and Capacity Building Programme. The Institute is partnered by Bernard van Leer
Foundation in implementing the programme.
About the Programme
The ITCN programme is designed to build capacities of young professionals and city officials to
develop young children and family friendly neighbourhoods in the country.
The programme is to provide certified training and capacity building modules.
The training is to be delivered through National Urban Learning Platform. The platform operates
under Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
National Institute of Urban Affairs
The National Institute of Urban Affairs was established in 1976. The institute was established for capacity
building for the urban sector in India.
National Urban Learning Platform
The main aim of the platform is to empower the functionaries, elected representatives, administrators,
industry actors, civil society and other ecosystem players to build smart, resilient, sustainable cities. Making
cities resilient has been included in United Nations sustainable Development Goal (SDG) as well.
SDG
United Nations SDG 11 says “Make cities inclusive, resilient, safe and sustainable”.
Significance
According to United Nations, more than half of the world population has been living in the cities since
2007. This is projected to increase by 60% by 2030.
The cities contribute about 60% of global GDP. They also account to 70% of global carbon emissions.
It is estimated that the urban population in India is to increase to 600 million by 2030.
As more people move towards cities from their home town, the joint family culture is getting dissolved.
Thus, the need for day care is increasing in India.
PLI Scheme: Critical Bulk Drugs approved
The Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers recently approved sixteen applicants under Production Linked
Incentive scheme. The approvals will promote domestic manufacturing of drug intermediates and Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients in the country.

What is the plan?
The approved applicants will set up pharmaceutical manufacturing plants in the country. They will invest
around Rs 348 crores in establishing these units. These plants are expected to create employment for more
than 3,042 people. The operation of these plants is expected to commence from April 2023.
Significance
The Indian Pharmaceutical industry is the third largest in the world. The markets for Indian pharmaceuticals
are good in advanced economies such as European Union and the United States. Also, the Indian
Pharmaceutical industry is well known for producing affordable medicines.
The only issue is that the Indian pharmaceutical industry is heavily dependent on foreign countries,
especially China, for its Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. The launch of these sixteen plants will reduce
dependence of India over foreign countries.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients are the same as that of the bulk drugs. India was actually self-
reliant in API in 1990s. However, with cheaper products China captured the Indian pharmaceutical markets
in foreign countries. China created an unbeatable low-cost API manufacturing industry. This was mainly
through tax incentives and aggressive government funding. The cost of operation of Chinese
Pharmaceutical companies is one-fourth the Indian cost!
Thus, it is important for India to push in more funds in the pharmaceutical industry and recapture the lost
markets.
COVID-19 lessons
In 2018-19, GoI imported 2.4 billion USD worth API from China. However, due to COVID-19, India was force
to stop these imports. This affected the Indian Pharmaceutical companies very badly. Therefore,
Government of India is now implementing alternative route of domestic production of APIs.
Why is GoI fast tracking the Emergency use of foreign made COVID-19 Vaccines?
The Government of India recently announced that it is speeding up the Emergency Usage Approvals of
foreign made COVID-19 vaccines. This includes COVID-19 vaccines that have been granted Emergency Use
Authorisation (EUA) in other countries.
Role of NEGVAC in the approval
The foreign vaccines for EUA were recommended by the National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration
for COVID-19 (NEGVAC).
Why is India fast tracking EUA of foreign COVID-19 vaccines?
India is fast tracking the EUA of foreign COVID-19 vaccines to expand the basket of vaccines for domestic
use. This will speed up the pace and coverage of vaccination in the country. It selected those vaccines that
received EUA from USFDA, PMDA of Japan, MHRA of UK and also those listed in World Health
Organisation’s Emergency Use Listing.
What is the plan?
The first hundred beneficiaries of the foreign vaccines are to be assessed for seven days for safety
outcomes.
Current Scenario
India is the second most COVID-19 affected country in the world. India overtook Brazil to reach the second
position. US is still the most COVID-19 affected country in the world.
Currently India has provided Emergency Use authorisation for three vaccines namely COVAXIN, SPUTNIK V
and COVISHIELD. The COVAXIN is produced by Bharat Biotech of Hyderabad along with the Indian Council
of Medical Research. The COVISHIELD is produced by the Serum Institute of India. The SPUTNIK V is a
Russian vaccine.

Recently, the SPUTNIK V received EUA. The Dr Reddy’s Laboratories will import the vaccine from Russia to
be used in India.
IMF's Asia Growth Forecast
The International Monetary Fund recently released its World Economic Outlook report. Under its report, IMF
has downgraded the forecasts for the South East Asian economies. On the other hand, it has been more
optimistic about Asia-Pacific and Global economies.
Key Findings of IMF
According to the World Economic outlook report of IMF, the countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia,
Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam are to grow by 4.9% in 2021. Previously IMF projected that these
countries were to grow by 5.2%.
Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia are expected to tighten their restrictions as they are facing surge
in COVID-19 cases.
Only 3.76% of people in Indonesia have received COVID-19 vaccines. This is lower than the global
level, which is, 5.76%.
Around 1.8% of Malaysians and 0.96% of Philippines have received COVID-19 vaccine so far.
IMF has increased the growth rate of countries bordering Indo-Pacific from 7.3% to 7.6%.
Predictions for China
According to IMF, China is to grow by 8.4% in 2021. Earlier, IMF had predicted that China will grow by 8.1%.
Predictions for India
According to IMF, India is to grow by 12.5% in 2021. Earlier, the international organisation had predicted
that India will grow by 11.5%. However, the current COVID-19 wave in India might hinder its growth. This
double mutant variety is bringing back lock down in several states of the country. India is now the second
largest COVID-19 affected country in the world.
World Economic Outlook
The IMF has projected that the global economy is to grow by 5.5% in 2021 and 4.2% in 2022. The oil prices
have increased by 20% in 2021 as compared to 2020 globally. Also, non-oil commodity prices are expected
to increase, especially, in metals.
Apart from World Economic outlook, the IMF also generates Global Financial Stability Report.
Mandatory Gold Hallmarking from June 1
The Government of India recently announced that it is fully prepared to implement mandatory hallmarking of
gold artefacts and jewellery from June 1, 2021. Currently, Gold Hallmarking is voluntary in the country.
What is Gold Hallmarking?
Gold Hallmarking is providing purity certification to the gold jewellery and artefacts.
Only three grades of jewelleries will now be hall marked under the new regulations. They are 14-carat,
18-carat and 22-carat. Earlier, ten grades of gold jewelleries were hall marked.
The new Gold Hallmark will contain four marks. They are purity in carat, BIS mark, assay centre’s
name and the identification mark of the jeweller.
The system is also available for consumers who want their old jewelleries hallmarked.
A person found violating the provisions will have to pay a minimum fine of Rs 1 lakh or five times the
price of the article.
Importance of Gold Hallmarking
The mandatory hallmarking of gold will protect the public against lower carat. This will ensure that
the consumers are not cheated.
It will bring in transparency and will assure quality to the consumers.
It will remove corruption in the system of manufacturing of jewellery.

Legality of Gold Hallmarking
The BIS Act, 2016 made gold hallmarking mandatory in India. The act has also identified new areas in
standardisations such as E-mobility, alternate fuels, medical devices, digital technologies, smart
cities and new renewable energy.
The Hallmarking scheme for gold artefacts is run by BIS since 2000.
Also, the BIS Hallmarking Regulations, 2018 called for hallmarking of silver jewellery and silver
artefacts and also gold jewellery and gold artefacts. Uhe regulations, the penal provisions were made
stringent.
National Housing Bank: Rs 10,000 crore Special Refinance Facility launched
The National Housing Bank recently launched the “Special Refinance Facility”, 2021. Rs 10,00 crores has
been allocated to this facility.
Special Refinance Facility, 2021
The main objective of the facility is to provide short term refinance support to the housing finance
companies and other eligible Primary Lending Institutions.
The facility will aid in meeting the short-term liquidity requirement in the Public Lending Institutions.
Background
The National Housing Bank has launched the initiative with the support from Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
The RBI had recently announced under its Monetary Policy Review that Special Liquidity Facility-2 of Rs
10,000 crores will be allocated to National Housing Board for one year. This was done to support the
housing sector. The NHB has now launched the refinancing facility based on this allocation made by the
Reserve Bank.
Refinance Support in recent times
Between May 2020 and August 2020, the National Housing Board provided refinance support of Rs
14,000 crores under the Additional Special Refinance Facility and Special Refinance Facility. It was
under another short term liquidity support provided by RBI under Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.
In May 2020, the RBI had announced refinance facility of Rs 15,000 crore for SIDBI.
In April 2020, RBI announced refinance facility of Rs 25,000 crores for NABARD. This was to refinance
regional rural banks, micro finance institutions and cooperative banks.
Legality of Special Refinance Facility
The Special Refinance Facility is provided by the Reserve Bank of India under Section 17 (3) of Reserve Bank
of India Act, 1934. Basically, the Section 17 defines how the apex bank shall conduct its business.
Section 17 of RBI Act, 1934
The Section allows the RBI to perform the following functions:
The Apex Bank shall accept deposit from the state and central governments without interest.
It can discount and purchase bills of exchange from commercial banks.
It can buy and sell foreign exchanges.
It can provide loans to state and central financial institutions.
It can buy and sell government securities.
It can deal with repo and reverse repo rates.
April 15, 2021
New Zealand Climate Change law for Financial firms
New Zealand recently introduced a bill on Climate Change for financial firms. The bill is the first of its kind
in the world. New Zealand has fixed 2050 as the deadline to become carbon neutral.
Key Features of the Bill
It will require the insurers, banks and investment managers to report the impacts of their funding on
the effect of climate change.
It will also force the financial firms to evaluate the companies they are lending in terms of
environmental impacts.
All the banks in New Zealand with total asset more than 1 billion New Zealand dollars (703 million
USD) will now have to make disclosures about their asset management.
The financial firms will now have to explain how they will manage climate related risks and
opportunities.
Other New Zealand Legislations on Climate Change
The New Zealand Government has lately taken several climate changes measures to lower green house gas
emissions in the country. Some of them are as follows:
In 2019, the Climate Change Response Act, 2002 was amended. According to the amendment, New
Zealand intended to implement climate change policies in accordance with the Paris Agreement.
Carbon Neutral Government Programme was set up to accelerate the reduction of emissions within
the public sector.
New Zealand Green Investment Finance was launched to reduce Greenhouse gas emissions. The
main objective of the finance is to accelerate funding of projects that have the potential to reduce
emissions.
Nationally Determined Contributions of New Zealand
In 2015, New Zealand ratified the Paris Agreement. The Nationally Determined Contributions of New
Zealand under the agreement are as follows:
To reduce green house gas emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030.
US Climate Change targets
More than three hundred investors and businesses have called on the Biden administration to set an
ambitious climate change goal. They aim to cut US greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50% below 2005
levels. This is to be achieved by 2030.
Deadly algae kill 4,000 tonnes of Salmon in Chile
Deadly algae have killed more than 4,000 tonnes of Salmon in Chile. The algal bloom in the water reduced
the amount of oxygen suffocating the salmon fishes.
Impacts
More than eighteen salmon fish farms that produce 26% of world salmon have been affected.
What are the reasons for the death of the Salmons?
The presence of urea and ammonia in the salmon farms led to the algal bloom. Three different types of
harmful algae were detected in eighteen farms.
Salmon Production in Chile
Chile is the second largest producer of Salmon in the world after Norway. It exported more than 4.4 billion
USD of fish in 2020. Chile produces more than 26% of world Salmon.
What is Algal Bloom?
Algal Bloom is rapid increase of algal population in marine water or fresh water. It occurs due to the
nutrients from phosphorous or nitrogen fertilizer run off. They create harmful effects such as blocking of
sunlight. This causes depletion of oxygen level in water.
Oxygen in Water
The Dissolved oxygen in water is the most important water quality factor. A pond supporting an aquatic
ecosystem will have more than 10 ppm oxygen dissolved in it. On the other hand, atmosphere has 200,000
ppm of oxygen. The oxygen concentrations below 3 ppm will stress the species of fish in the water. The
oxygen concentrations below 2 ppm will kill the fishes.

Oxygen dissolves in water in two ways. One is through atmospheric contact that happens at the surface.
The other primary source of dissolved oxygen is from algae. The algae add dissolved oxygen to the water by
photosynthesis, thereby supporting lives in the water system. In that case, how did the algal bloom in Chile
kill thousands of fishes?
How does Algal Bloom kill fishes?
During day, the algae produce oxygen through photosynthesis. While at night, in the absence of sunlight, it
stops photosynthesis and starts respiring just like other organisms in the water system. Respiration is
taking in Oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Thus, during night the dissolved oxygen drops too low
suffocating the fish in the water system.
Also, as the algal bloom increases, it forms thick blanket over the water surface. This prevents sunlight
from penetrating the water. Thus, the second source of oxygen where the oxygen dissolves in water at the
surface contacts is blocked.
What is eFuel?
The Porsche has joined with Siemens Energy to produce eFuel by 2022. The project of eFuel production is
called Haru Oni project. It is based in Chile due to its windy climate. The joint project aims to produce
130,000 litres of eFuel by 2022. Later this is to be increased to 550 million by 2026.
What is eFuel?
eFuel is a complex hydrocarbon. It is created based on the following process:
Water is separated into hydrogen and oxygen using wind generated electricity.
This hydrogen is then combined with the carbon dioxide filtered from the air to form methanol.
The methanol is then converted into gasoline using ExxonMobil licensed technology.
The eFuel shall be used in any cars.
The cost of production of eFuel is 10 USD per litre. Over time, this is expected to come down to 2 USD
per litre.
The eFuel is a kind of Electro Fuel.
Electro Fuels
The Electro Fuels are the emerging class of carbon neutral fuels. They are also called Synthetic fuels. They
are seen as an alternative to biofuels. They are made by storing electrical energy from renewable sources in
chemical bonds of liquid of gas fuels.
Other Electro Fuels
Audi is working on E-gasoline synthetic fuel. It is a liquid iso octane fuel. It is a carbon-neutral fuel.
Also, E-Gasoline is free from sulphur and benzene.
Audi is also working on E-diesel. E-diesel is also called Synthetic diesel. It is created from carbon
dioxide, electricity and water with a process powered by renewable energy. This creates liquid energy
carrier called blue crude (just like crude oil). The blue crude is refined to get e-diesel.
Agriculture Ministry sign MoU with Microsoft for farmer welfare
The Agricultural Ministry of India recently signed Memorandum of Understanding with Microsoft to
implement a pilot project for farmer welfare.
About the Project
The project will focus on technology boosted agriculture.
It will provide smart agricultural techniques to the farmers especially during post-harvest season.
The project is to be launched in hundred villages of six states.
The six states selected for the project are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Haryana and Andhra Pradesh.
It will carry out various tasks for the betterment of farmers.

Microsoft Welfare Programmes in India
In 2019, Microsoft India launched Project ReWeave to help handloom weavers. The project aims to
revive handloom weaving ecosystem in India. An E-Commerce platform was launched under the
project. It will help weavers to increase their income.
Microsoft has partnered with AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) to empower educators
and learners with future ready skills.
It has joined with the National Skill Development Corporation to provide digital skills to more than
one lakh underserved women in India. Under the programme, Microsoft will provide a series of live
training sessions and help create opportunities for women and young girls.
Agriculture in India
India ranks second in farm output in the world. More than 50% of workforce in India are employed in
agriculture. They contribute 17% to 18% of GDP of India.
India exports 38 billion USD worth agricultural products. This makes India the seventh largest
agricultural exporter in the world.
Though, the output of Indian agricultural sector is good, productivity is low. Agricultural Productivity
is the ratio between agricultural output to input.
Himachal Day: April 15
Every year, the state of Himachal Pradesh celebrates Himachal Day on April 15. The day is celebrated to
commemorate the creation of Himachal Pradesh.
Himachal Day
On April 15, 1948, Himachal Pradesh was formed as the province to be administered Chief Commissioner.
Later, it was made a “C” category state on January 25, 1950.
Three main types of States
The 1950 Constitution distinguished three main types of states. They were as follows:
Part A states: They were the former provinces of British India. They were ruled by the governors
appointed by the president. Nine states belonged to this category. They were Bihar, Bombay, Assam,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Madras, Punjab, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
Part B states: They were the former princely states. They were governed by Rajpramukh. The system
of Rajpramukh existed in India between 1947 and 1956. The Rajpramukh was appointed by the
President of India. They were Jammu and Kashmir, Hyderabad, Mysore, Madhya Pradesh, East Punjab
States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra and Travancore.
Part C states: These states included both the former chief commissioners’ provinces and the princely
states. Part C states were Bhopal, Ajmer, Bilaspur, Delhi, Coorg, Cutch, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura and
Vindhya Pradesh.
Formation of Himachal Pradesh
Till 1956, Himachal Pradesh was a C category state. In 1956, it was declared as a Union Territory. Later in
1970, Parliament passed the Himachal Pradesh Act. Since then, Himachal Pradesh came into existence as a
full-fledged state. The official recognition of Himachal Pradesh as a state was provided on January 25,
1971.
About Himachal Pradesh
Himachal means “Snow covered area”. The official language of Himachal Pradesh is Hindi and Sanskrit.
WHO Guidelines on Zoonosis
The World Health Organisation, United Nations Environment Programme and the World Organisation for
Animal Health laid down fresh guidelines to reduce the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens to
humans in food production.

Guidelines
Suspension of trade in live caught wild animals of mammalian species for food or breeding.
To shut down food markets that sell wild animals of mammalian species.
To strengthen standards of hygiene, sanitation in traditional food markets to reduce the risk of
transmission of zoonotic diseases.
To conduct risk assessment. They will provide evidence based developing regulations to control the
risks of transmission of zoonotic microorganisms.
To strengthen animal health surveillance systems.
To develop and implement food safety information campaigns for stall holders, market traders,
consumers and wide general public.
What is Zoonosis?
Zoonosis is an infectious disease that transfers from non-human animals to humans. These pathogens may
be viral, bacterial or parasitic. They spread to humans through direct contact, water, food and environment.
One-Health
The guidelines issued were in line with the concept of “One Health”. This term was first used in 2003-2004.
It was associated with the emergence of SARS and Avian Influenza H5N1. SARS is Severe Acute Respiratory
Disease. According to One-Health, the health of human beings is associated with the health of environment
and animals.
Zoonotic Diseases
Some of the modern-day Zoonotic diseases are Ebola, Salmonellosis. HIV was a zoonotic disease that
transmitted to humans from animals. However, it has now mutated to human-only disease. Influenza, Bird
Flu, Swine Flu, Spanish flu are all zoonotic diseases.
Withdrawal of US Forces from Afghanistan
US President Biden recently announced that America is to withdraw all its troops from Afghanistan. The
new deadline announced by US coincides with the twentieth anniversary of 09/11 attacks.
9/11 attacks
On September 11, 2001, the terrorists of Al-Qaeda conducted a series of four attacks against the United
States. The terrorists hijacked four passenger airliners. Two of the planes hit the World Trade Center
Complexes located in Manhattan. Within an hour, the 110-storey tower collapsed. The third plane crashed
into the Pentagon. Pentagon is the headquarters of US Department of Defence. The fourth plane crashed
into a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania.
Deal Signed
In February 2020, US and its NATO allies signed a deal to withdraw all troops in fourteen months if Taliban
upheld all its promises.
Impact of the withdrawal
The peace processes in Afghanistan will hasten in its pace. Taliban had earlier announced that it will
not attend any peace summit with Afghanistan till all the foreign forces leave the country. The
summit is due to be held in Turkey in April 2021.
According to some observers, the withdrawal of US troops might compromise the political, social and
humanitarian gains made since 2001.
The illicit drug trafficking in the region might increase. Afghanistan is a part of Golden Crescent.
Impact of withdrawal on India
The arrival of Taliban on the centre stage will put economic interests of India in the country of Afghanistan
at stake. It will also put India under high security threat as prominence of Pakistan in Afghanistan will
increase.

India-Afghanistan
The five main pillars that drive India’s development partnership with Afghanistan are humanitarian
assistance, economic development, infrastructure, connectivity and capacity building.
India supplied 1.1 million metric tonnes of wheat to Afghanistan.
India helped Afghanistan to establish the Indira Gandhi Institute of Health. It is a four hundred bed
hospital that caters to the well being of children in the country.
India is funding 116 new High Impact Community Development Projects in thirty one provinces of
Afghanistan.
The direct flight connectivity between India and Afghanistan was established in 2017. India is also
developing Chabahar port to increase its connectivity with Afghanistan.
A 218 km road from Zaranj to Delaram is to be constructed to help move goods and services to Iran
border.
Online Grievance Management Portal of NCSC launched
The Union Minister for Communication and IT and Law and Justice recently launched the “Online Grievance
Management portal of NCSC”. NCSC is National Commission of Scheduled Castes.
About the Portal
The portal was launched on the occasion of 130th birth anniversary of Dr B R Ambedkar.
The Scheduled Caste community in the country can register their complaints in the portal from any
part of the country.
The portal was designed by Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Application and Geoinformatics. The
institute operates under Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
National Commission for Scheduled Caste
The commission was established under Article 338 of the Constitution of India. The main objective of the
commission is to investigate and monitor issues pertaining to the safeguard of Scheduled Castes in the
country.
The 65th Constitution Act, 1990 amended Article 338 of the constitution. The amendment replaced the
commission from its one-member system to multi-member system.
The 89th amendment of the constitution introduced in 2003 separated the National Commission for
Scheduled Caste into two different commissions. One was National Commission for Scheduled Caste and
the other was National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
Structure of National Commission for Scheduled Caste
The Commission consists of a chairperson, vice-chairperson and three other members. All the members of
the commission are appointed by the President of India.
Functions of NCSC
To monitor and investigate all issues that are concerned with the safeguards of the Scheduled Caste
people provided under the Constitution of India.
To enquire complaints that are related to deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Schedules
Castes.
To advise central and state governments in planning socio-economic development of the Scheduled
Castes.
MANAS Application launched
The Principal Scientific Advisor to Government of India recently launched a mobile application to promote
the mental wellbeing of the people of India. It is called the MANAS App.
About the MANAS App
MANAS stands for Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System.

It is a comprehensive and national digital wellbeing platform.
The MANAS integrates indigenous tools developed and researched by various national bodies and
research institutions.
The MANAS app was jointly executed by NIMHANS Bengaluru, C-DAC, AFMC. However, it was mainly
developed by C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing).
The app is supported with tele consultation especially for mental health related problems.
The app was launched during the 34th Foundation celebrations of C-DAC.
COVID-19 and mental health
The pandemic is increasing mental health problems. According to Practo, an integrated health care
company, there has been 665% jump in the number of mental health consultations. Most of them
were in the age group of 21 to 40 years.
In United States, 90% of the survey respondents of Harvard Medical School complained of frustration,
worry and anxiety.
The Global economic cost of mental illness has been estimated as 16 trillion USD in the next twenty
years. This is more than the cost estimated for any other non-communicable disease.
The pandemic increased isolation and loss of income. These were the two main reasons for
increased mental problems due to the pandemic.
Also, COVID-19 has halted mental health care services in 93% of the world.
According to WHO, the countries are spending less than 2% of health budget on mental health.
ISRO Espionage Case
On April 15, 2021, the Supreme Court ordered a CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) probe into the role of
Kerala Police officers in framing Nambi Narayanan in the 1994 Espionage Case. Nambi Narayanan was a
scientist at the Indian Space Research Organisation.
When did ISRO Espionage case begin?
The case began with the arrest of Maldivian woman Mariam Rashida in 1994. She was arrested on the
charges of overstaying her visa. Her arrest led to the arrest of Narayanan. Nambi Narayanan was the
director of the cryogenic project lab of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
Why was Nambi Narayanan arrested?
In 1994, Nambi Narayanan was charged for leaking vital defence secrets to Maldivian intelligence
officers Fauzia Hassan and Mariam Rashida. He was accused of selling confidential flight test data
from the experiments with satellite and rocket launches. He was arrested and he spent fifty days in
jail.
In May 1996, the charges against the scientist were dismissed. It was later dismissed in Supreme
Court in April 1998.
In 1999, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) passed strictures against the Kerala
Government for damaging Narayanan’s career in space research. He was then given desk job at ISRO.
In 2001, the National Human Rights Commission ordered the Kerala Government to pay a
compensation of Rs 1 crore. He then retired in 2001.
Narayanan’s fight for Justice
In 2013, Narayanan pushed to get justice and bring out the people involved in framing a false case on him.
In 2018, the Supreme court appointed a three-member panel to probe the case. Later a three-judge bench
headed by Justice Dipak Misra ordered to award Rs 50 lakh compensation for the mental cruelty suffered by
the scientist all these years.
In 2019, GoI conferred Padma Bhushan to Nambi Narayanan.

BRICS seminar on Misuse of Internet by Terrorists
The National Investigation Agency recently organised a two-day virtual event with BRICS countries on
“Misuse of Internet by terrorists”. India hosted the seminar as it is holding the BRICS chair for the year
2021.
About the Seminar
The seminar was held on emerging technologies and artificial intelligence, dark web and anonymisers,
exploitation of social media as an arsenal, crypto currency and virtual assets, equipping law enforcement
agencies.
Internet Radicalisation
Use of internet by the terrorists for terror financing and for radicalisation is generally referred to as Internet
radicalisation. Radicalisation is Changing something. The terrorist use internet to spread use of violence
against a religious, political or ideological cause. It might contain images, videos, speeches that encourage
violence or hatred. This mainly affects the youth who are vulnerable in becoming radicalised.
India and Internet Radicalisation
Many youths in the western coast of India are reported in becoming victims of Internet radicalisation. The
growth of internet in India is now close to 500 million and is still growing. This shows the scale of challenge
in bringing Internet radicalisation under control.
Plans to contain misuse of internet by terrorists
The responses to this form of terrorism should be similar across different cultures and geographies.
This why BRICS seminar is being held.
The data centres and internet resources should be redundant to mitigate impacts of major terror
attacks.
The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism was formed by Twitter, Microsoft, Facebook and
YouTube. More such platforms should be brought to contain internet terrorism.
The United Nations has reaffirmed to prevent internet from being misused by terrorists. The other
international organisations should also come forward in taking similar actions.
Flipkart to acquire Cleartrip
Flipkart recently announced that it is to acquire Cleartrip. Cleartrip is a leading online travel and technology
company.
About Cleartrip
Cleartrip was founded in 2006. The company books train and flight tickets, hotel reservations and other
activities in India and in middle east countries. The company has offices in Saudi Arabia, UAE, India and
Egypt.
Flipkart
Flipkart is an E-Commerce company headquartered in Bangalore, India. It initially focused on book
sale. Later it expanded to other products such as fashion, consumer electronics, home essentials,
lifestyle products and groceries. Flipkart is the major competitor of Amazon’s Indian subsidiary and
Snapdeal.
Till 2017, Flipkart held 39.5% of market share of E-Commerce industry of India. After acquiring Myntra
it gained a dominant position in apparel segment.
Today it is described as being neck and neck with Amazon.
Flipkart also owns Phonepe.
In 2018, Walmart acquired 77% of controlling stake in Flipkart.
Founders of Flipkart
Flipkart was founded by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal. They were alumni of IIT Delhi and also former

employees of Amazon.
E-Commerce in India
About 40% of Indian population used internet as of May 2020. With this, India has the second largest
internet user base in world after China. However, the penetration of E-Commerce is less as compared
to markets in US and France. More than 84% of US citizens use E-Commerce platforms.
The Indian E-Commerce industry is expected to grow to 200 billion USD by 2026.
The issues faced by E-Commerce industries in India are domestic trade, consumer protection,
competition policy, information technology, etc.
Facebook’s First Renewable Project in India
The Facebook has recently signed a deal to buy renewable energy in India from a local firm called
CleanMax. This is the first renewable project of Facebook in India.
About the project
The project is located in Karnataka.
The project capacity of 32 MW.
Under the project Facebook and CleanMax will work together to provide renewable energy into the
electrical grid of India.
Facebook is to use the renewable energy purchased from CleanMax to power its data centre. The
Facebook is to start the operations of the data centre in 2022.
Facebook had made similar agreements with energy providers in Singapore such as Terrenus Energy,
Sunseap Group, Sembcorp industries. These projects are capable of producing 160 MW of solar
power.
Data Centres in India
The revenue of Indian data centres is expected to grow at 20% year on year.
COVID-19 has increased data consumption in India by 38% as compared to the previous year.
The India data centre industry accounts to only 1% to 2% of the global share. It is expected to grow to
8.4% in 2023.
The Data Centres are mainly established for collection of data, processing of data, distribution of
data and processing of data.
The data centres are set to account for 14% of carbon emissions by 2040. This is one of the main
reasons why Facebook is turning towards green energy options to power its data centres.
Draft Data Centre Policy
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has released the Draft Data Centre Policy. It aims to
simplify the clearances to establish data centres in India.
IMF to distribute SDR to member countries by August
The International Monetary Fund recently announced that it will distribute the Special Drawing Rights to its
member countries by mid-August.
Key Highlights
The IMF has agreed to support SDR allocation of 650 million USD. This is the largest in the history of IMF.
Recently, the G20 Finance Minsters agreed to the International Monetary Fund to provide fresh SDR to its
member countries. Earlier the ministers were concerned that liquidity injection could produce costly side
effects if countries used the funds for irrelevant purposes.
Special Drawing Rights
The Special Drawing Right is neither a currency nor a claim on the IMF. The private entities cannot hold
SDRs.

International Treaties
The international treaties that use Special Drawing Rights are Montreal Convention, Convention on
Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims. The convention caps personal liability for damage to shops at
330,000 XDR. XDR is the unit of Special Drawing Rights.
International Organisations
The international organisations using Special drawing rights are as follows:
Japan External Trade Organisation
Islamic Development Bank
African Development Bank
Asian Development Bank
International Fund for Agricultural Development
Currencies used
The value of SDR changes every day. The IMF uses a basket of currencies to determine the SDR value, The
weightage of the currencies depends on its prominence in international trade and the foreign exchange
reserves of the respective nation. The weightage given to the currencies are as follows:
US Dollar: 41.73%
Euro: 31%
Chinese Renminbi: 11%
Japanese Yen: 8.33%
British Pound: 8.09%
These currencies are reviewed once in five years. The Chinese Renminbi was added to the basket in 2016.
120 Multiple Choice Questions
The below MCQs are select 120 questions sourced from GKToday’s Current Affairs 2021 Daily 20 MCQ
Series in GKToday Academy Android Application.
1. Which institution releases the annual flagship report “World Economic Outlook”?
[A] World Bank
[B] Asian Development Bank
[C] International Monetary Fund
[D] United Nations Development Program
Answer: International Monetary Fund
“World Economic Outlook” is the annual flagship report released by the International Monetary Fund
(IMF). This year, the report is to be released on April 6. The International Monetary Fund has announced
that India’s economy is on the path of gradual recovery. It highlighted the return to positive territory in
fourth quarter of 2020.
2. What is ‘Ever Given’, that was making news recently?
[A] Covid Vaccine Candidate
[B] Cargo Ship
[C] Cruise missile
[D] UN resolution
Answer: Cargo Ship
A skyscraper-sized cargo ship MV Ever Given recently stuck in the Suez Canal near Suez, Egypt. As it
stuck across the canal, over 150 other vessels which were to pass the waterway were waiting for the
obstruction to clear. Ever Given vehicle was carrying cargo between Asia and Europe. The Suez Canal is
a narrow, man-made canal that divides continental Africa from the Sinai Peninsula.

3. Which state has announced to launch the Affordable Rental Housing and Complexes (ARHC)
scheme?
[A] Bihar
[B] Uttar Pradesh
[C] Gujarat
[D] Andhra Pradesh
Answer: Uttar Pradesh
The Uttar Pradesh Cabinet headed by the Chief Minister has approved the Affordable Rental Housing and
Complexes (ARHC) scheme. he scheme would offer affordable rental housing for poor people living in
cities, urban migrants/poor labourers, those belonging to economically weaker sections, including
factory workers, educational institutions, and those associated with hospitality and students.
4. Where is the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) located?
[A] Gujarat
[B] Kerala
[C] Odisha
[D] Maharashtra
Answer: Kerala
The Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) is an autonomous institution under the
Department of Space (DoS) and a ‘Deemed to be University’, based at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has partnered with the IIST, similar to the JPL-Caltech model
in the United States. A Capacity Building Programme Office (CBPO) located at Bengaluru will coordinate
joint research activities between ISRO centres and IIST.
5. Who has been appointed as the Chairman of the Airports Authority of India (AAI)?
[A] Injeti Srinivas
[B] Y M Deosthalee
[C] Sanjeev Kumar
[D] Rajeshwara Rao
Answer: Sanjeev Kumar
Sanjeev Kumar, a 1991 batch IAS officer of Maharashtra cadre, has been appointed as the Chairman of
the Airports Authority of India (AAI), it said. As per the order issued by the Personnel Ministry, Atish
Chandra will be Chairman and Managing Director, Food Corporation of India in the rank and pay of
Additional Secretary. As many as 22 bureaucrats have been appointed to different ministries.
6. When is the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic
Slave Trade observed by UN?
[A] March 1
[B] March 10
[C] March 15
[D] March 25
Answer: March 25
Every year on 25th March, the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the
Transatlantic Slave Trade is observed by the United Nations. This day remembers those who suffered
and died at the hands of the brutal slavery system. It also aims to raise awareness about the dangers of
racism and prejudice.
7. SEBI modified the requirement to formulate dividend distribution policy by top 500 listed
companies to how many companies?

[A] Top 100
[B] Top 250
[C] Top 1000
[D] Top 2000
Answer: Top 1000
The Market Regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India approved amendments to SEBI (Listing
Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015. It extended the requirement for
formulation of dividend distribution policy by the existing top 500 listed companies to the top 1,000
listed companies. It also relaxed norms for listing of start-ups.
8. Who has been appointed as the CEO of Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).?
[A] Rajeev Kumar
[B] Rajeev Sinha
[C] Sanjay Agarwal
[D] Saurabh Garg
Answer: Saurabh Garg
Saurabh Garg – a senior bureaucrat and 1991 batch IAS officer of Odisha cadre, has been appointed as
the Chief Officer (CEO) of Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). This has been announced by
the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC). The committee has appointed him in the rank of
Additional Secretary.
9. 'DIKSHA' web portal is associated with which Union Ministry?
[A] Ministry of Education
[B] Ministry of Labour and Employment
[C] Ministry of Skill Development
[D] Ministry of Agriculture
Answer: Ministry of Education
Union Minister of Education Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank' launched 100+ comic books created by
teachers and students of CBSE schools. The comics, which are aligned with topics of NCERT textbooks,
can be accessed online on DIKSHA web portal or via the DIKSHA app on any android Smartphone. They
can also be accessed through a new WhatsApp powered Chatbot. DIKSHA is a online learning portal.
10. Which Union Ministry has chalked out a four-point strategy to handle the blockage at Suez
Canal?
[A] Ministry of Petroleum
[B] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[C] Ministry of Heavy Industries
[D] Ministry of External Affairs
Answer: Ministry of Commerce and Industry
The Union Commerce Ministry laid down a four-point strategy to handle the situation of total blockage at
the Suez Canal. It organised a meeting with the Ministry of ports, shipping and waterways and other
stake holders. As per the government's assessment, total backlog at the waterway will likely be cleared
in a week's time.
11. Which country has proposed retaliatory trade actions against India for imposing Equalisation
levy on e-commerce companies?
[A] Russia
[B] USA
[C] China

[D] UK
Answer: USA
The United States Trade Representative (USTR) has proposed retaliatory trade actions against India and
some other countries for imposing Equalisation levy on e-commerce companies. In June 2020, the US
initiated an investigation under Section 301 of the US Trade Act, 1974 against the taxation on the digital
services or the Equalisation levy by India, Italy, Turkey, UK, Spain and Austria.
12. The International Theatre Institute (ITI), the world’s largest performing arts organization, is
headquartered in which city?
[A] Rome
[B] Paris
[C] Geneva
[D] Moscow
Answer: Paris
The International Theatre Institute (ITI) is the world’s largest performing arts organization. It was
founded in 1948 by theatre and dance experts and the UNESCO. World Theatre Day is celebrated
annually on March 27th by the centres of ITI and the theatre community across the world. On the same
date in 1962, the "Theatre of Nations" season was inaugurated in Paris.
13. HEAL-COVID, which was making news recently, is a nation-wide trial to be implemented in
which country?
[A] USA
[B] UK
[C] Russia
[D] Taiwan
Answer: UK
The United Kingdom is set to launch HEAL-COVID (Helping to Alleviate the Longer-term consequences of
COVID-19), a national drug trial. The trials would test the selection of safe, existing drugs already
available in the market on patients across the country, in order to find effective treatments. The trial
aims to find drugs to reduce deaths and hospital readmissions among patients.
14. Which country is set to host the two-day climate summit of world leaders starting on Earth Day,
April 22?
[A] France
[B] USA
[C] India
[D] Australia
Answer: USA
The United States is set to host the two-day climate summit of world leaders starting on Earth Day, April
22. During the summit, the President Joe Biden is expected to announce the nationally determined
contribution of the US. In this regard, the US President has invited 40 world leaders, including Prime
Minister Narendra Modi to attend the summit.
15. Soma Mondal, who has been appointed as the new chairperson of SCOPE, is presently the
chairperson of which company?
[A] Indian Oil
[B] SAIL
[C] NTPC
[D] BHEL

Answer: SAIL
The present chairperson of state-owned PSU – Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) has been
appointed as the new chairperson of Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (SCOPE). She will be
serving a term of 2 years, starting April 2021. She has been the chairperson of SAIL since January 2021.
16. Who was Kamalesh Chandra Chakrabarty, whose name is in news recently?
[A] Former CMD of SBI
[B] Former Deputy Governor of RBI
[C] Former Chief Vigilance Commissioner
[D] Former Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Answer: Former Deputy Governor of RBI
Reserve Bank of India’s former Deputy Governor Kamalesh Chandra Chakrabarty passed away recently
after suffering a heart attack. He was 68 years old. He also served as the Chairman and Managing
Director of Punjab National Bank (2007-2009) and Indian Bank (2005-2007).
17. Which armed force has decided to employ retired combat dogs as 'therapy dogs'?
[A] Indian Navy
[B] Indian Army
[C] Indo Tibetan Border Police
[D] Indian Coast Guard
Answer: Indo Tibetan Border Police
The Indo Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) has decided to utilise the services of retired combat canines /
dogs as 'therapy dogs'. They would help early recovery of personnel undergoing medical treatment. Also,
they are to be used in treatment of the soldier’s specially abled children. This is the first time in India,
that retired canine elements are being used to serve the soldiers.
18. Anil Dharker, who has been in the news recently, was associated with which field?
[A] Cricket
[B] Space Science
[C] Politics
[D] Journalism
Answer: Journalism
Renowned journalist and author Anil Dharker died recently in Mumbai at the age of 74 years. He was the
founding person and director of the Mumbai International Literary Festival which is celebrated in
November every year. He was also the founder and director of Literature Live, which conducts literary
events throughout Mumbai.
19. Which country has launched the 'Tribal TB initiative'?
[A] Nepal
[B] India
[C] Sri Lanka
[D] Bangladesh
Answer: India
The Union health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan has recently launched the “Tribal TB Initiative”. This is a
part of the TB Mukt Bharat. He inaugurated the initiative via videoconference from his office. This is a
part of the Union Government to eliminate Tuberculosis from India by the year 2025, much ahead of the
global target of eliminating TB by 2030.
20. Which Ministry has invited research proposals with focus on female participation in economic
activities?

[A] Ministry of Education
[B] Ministry of Social Justice
[C] Ministry of Women and Child Development
[D] Ministry of HRD
Answer: Ministry of Women and Child Development
The Union Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD) has recently invited research proposals for
projects with special focus on improving female participation in economic activities of India. The
Ministry has announced grants in aid to NGOs, Universities, institutions etc for research, publication, and
monitoring.
21. Where is the Indo-South Korean friendship park constructed?
[A] Seoul
[B] Chennai
[C] Beijing
[D] New Delhi
Answer: New Delhi
The Indo-South Korean friendship park has been constructed in New Delhi – Cantonment. It has been
built to commemorate the contribution of Indian peacekeeping force during the Korean war of 1950-53.
The park was jointly inaugurated by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and Minister of National Defence of
South Korea Suh Wook.
22. The Indian Prime Minister launched the 'Swarna Jayanti' scholarships for the youth of which
country?
[A] Sri Lanka
[B] Bangladesh
[C] Nepal
[D] Myanmar
Answer: Bangladesh
The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi is on a 2-day official visit to Bangladesh as a part of National
Day celebrations in Bangladesh. He has announced the 'Swarna Jayanti' scholarships for the youth of
Bangladesh to mark half a century ling ties between the two countries. PM has invited 50 entrepreneurs
of Bangladesh to visit India and to join India’s start-up and innovation ecosystem.
23. In which country is the Bangabandhu-Bapu Museum located?
[A] Sri Lanka
[B] Myanmar
[C] Bangladesh
[D] China
Answer: Bangladesh
The Prime Minister of India Shri. Narendra Modi is on a 2-day official visit to Bangladesh as a part of
National Day celebrations in Bangladesh. During his visit, he has inaugurated the "Bangabandhu-Bapu
Museum" together with his counterpart of Bangladesh at the Bangabandhu International Conference
Centre.
24. As per the World Development Report, what is the per centage of low-income countries had an
open-date policy?
[A] 5%
[B] 11%
[C] 22%

[D] 33%
Answer: 11%
As per the recent World Development Report by the World Bank, most countries have not implemented
the open-data policy, particularly the developing economies. Only 11 per cent low-income countries
consistently made their data available with an open license. The per centage in lower-middle-income
countries was 19 per cent; for upper-middle-income countries is 22 per cent and high-income countries
at 44 per cent.
25. What is the new milestone reached by the Jal Jeevan Mission scheme across the country, as on
March 31, 2021?
[A] 1 Crore
[B] 2 Crore
[C] 4 Crore
[D] 5 Crore
Answer: 4 Crore
Jal Jeevan Mission was announced on 15th August, 2019, with the aim to provide tap water supply to
every rural home by 2024. The scheme has recently reached a new milestone of providing over 4 Crore
rural households with tap water supply. Goa has become the first State in the country to provide 100 per
cent tap water supply.
26. In which year, the Government e-Market (GeM) portal was launched?
[A] 2014
[B] 2016
[C] 2018
[D] 2020
Answer: 2016
The Government e-Market (GeM) portal was launched on August 9, 2016, for online purchases of goods
and services by all the central government ministries and departments. Recently, the public procurement
of goods and services has crossed Rs 1 lakh crore from the GeM since the platform was launched. The
main reason is the sharp increase in buying activities by various ministries.
27. ‘Earth Hour Day’ is annually observed on the last Saturday of which month?
[A] April
[B] March
[C] February
[D] January
Answer: March
Earth Hour, is being held annually on the last Saturday of March across the world. This year, the Earth
Hour Day was observed on March 27. The Earth hour began as a symbolic lights-out event in Sydney by
WWF and partners in 2007. It has turned into one of the world’s biggest events. The event calls for
actions to raise awareness about the importance of nature and the role people can play in global efforts
for nature.
28. The Union Jal Shakti Minister has approved Rs 465 crore performance incentive to how many
states in India?
[A] 7 states
[B] 10 states
[C] 20 states
[D] 28 states

Answer: 7 states
The Union Jal Shakti Ministry approved Rs 465 crore performance to 7 states under the Jal Jeevan
Mission. These states are Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Gujarat and
Himachal Pradesh. The Ministry has stated that Gujarat was among the best performing in implementing
the Jal Jeevan Mission.
29. Which country has approved a grant of ₹265 crore for improving the power supply of Andaman
& Nicobar Islands?
[A] China
[B] USA
[C] Russia
[D] Japan
Answer: Japan
The Government of Japan has approved a grant of ¥4.02 billion, or ₹265 crore under the official
development assistance (ODA) project for Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The grant is aimed to improve
the power supply in the islands. Additionally, Japan has also extended financial assistance for execution
of 4 projects pertaining to Delhi Metro’s Phase 4 and Bengaluru Metro’s Phase 2 expansion. An
agreement in these regards have been signed by JICA and Government of India.
30. Who is the author of the new version of 'Exam Warriors' book?
[A] President of India
[B] Prime Minister of India
[C] ISRO Chairman
[D] DRDO Chairman
Answer: Prime Minister of India
The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi has written the new version of Exam Warriors. It contains
many new mantras for students and for parents to cope with the anxiety and stress caused during
examinations. This is available in leading retail stores as well as in online stores. The Exam Warriors
module is also made available on the NaMo App.
31. Which state has the largest number of old vehicles in India, as per the recent Road Ministry
Data?
[A] Uttar Pradesh
[B] Madhya Pradesh
[C] Karnataka
[D] Haryana
Answer: Karnataka
As per the data released by the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Karnataka has the
highest number of vehicles which are older than 15 years are plying on roads. The number of such
vehicles pan India is more than four crore vehicles and Karnataka has topped the list with 70 lakh
vehicles.
32. As per the annual report of the Central Information Commission, which Union ministry made the
highest rejections of requests?
[A] Agriculture Ministry
[B] Defence Ministry
[C] Home Ministry
[D] External Affairs Ministry
Answer: Home Ministry

According to the Central Information Commission’s annual report, the Centre has only rejected 4.3% of
all Right to Information (RTI) requests in 2019-20. Almost 40% of these rejections did not include any
valid reason and did not come under the permissible exemption clauses in the RTI Act. 90% of rejections
were done by the Prime Minister’s Office. Home Ministry had the highest rate of rejections, at 20% of all
RTIs received.
33. Garhwal Himalaya, a sub-range of the Himalayas, is located in which state/UT?
[A] Bihar
[B] Uttar Pradesh
[C] Uttarakhand
[D] Sikkim
Answer: Uttarakhand
Garhwal Himalaya, a sub-range of the Himalayas, is located in the state of Uttarakhand. It is named so
because of several Garhs (forts) found in this mountainous region. Recently, a team of researchers
found that during 8th Century CE, these forts were strategically built to form clusters and varied levels
like valleys, ridges and hill tops. The rulers used them to relay information signals using smoke and fire
when facing enemy attack.
34. Which institution released the “Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021” and
estimated India’s growth at 7% in 2021-22?
[A] IMF
[B] UNESCAP
[C] World Bank
[D] ADB
Answer: UNESCAP
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) released a
report titled Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021. As per the report, India is
estimated to record an economic growth of 7% in 2021-22. It also highlighted that maintaining low
borrowing costs while controlling non-performing loans would be a challenge.
35. P. K. Mishra, Anil Ghanwat and Ashok Gulati are the members of the Supreme Court-appointed
committee to study which issue?
[A] Disinvestment
[B] Agricultural Laws
[C] Occupational Health
[D] Anti-conversion Laws
Answer: Agricultural Laws
The Supreme Court appointed a four-member committee to study the three new controversial
agricultural laws in January 2021. It had temporarily suspended the implementation of the three farm
laws until further notice. The members include P. K. Mishra, Anil Ghanwat, Ashok Gulati and Bhupinder
Singh Mann. The panel has submitted its report to the Supreme Court recently.
36. What is the outlay made for the Production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for the food processing
sector?
[A] Rs 5900 crores
[B] Rs 8900 crores
[C] Rs 10900 crores
[D] Rs 15900 crores
Answer: Rs 10900 crores

The Union Cabinet has recently approved a Production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for the food
processing sector, with an outlay of Rs 10,900 crore. This scheme is expected to boost production of
value-added food products, attract foreign investment and create job opportunities for over 2.5 lakh
people. It also aims to help farmers receive remunerative prices.
37. Which institution in its report “South Asia Vaccinates”, estimates India’s GDP growth in FY 22
would be in the range from 7.5% to 12.5%?
[A] IMF
[B] World Bank
[C] ADB
[D] S&P
Answer: World Bank
World Bank has recently released a report titled “South Asia Vaccinates”. It highlighted that private
consumption and public investment will make the Indian economy grow by 10.1% in 2021-22 (FY22). It
also estimated that on account of uncertainty caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, it said India’s economic
growth in FY22 will be in the range from 7.5% to 12.5%. It also forecasts that the Indian economy to
contract by 8.5% in FY21.
38. ‘AIM-PRIME’ programme launched by the NITI Aayog, is associated with which objective?
[A] Promote innovation among students
[B] Promote Science-based start-ups
[C] Promote AI & ML in schools
[D] Support student entrepreneurs
Answer: Promote Science-based start-ups
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog has launched AIM-PRIME (Program for Researchers on
Innovations, Market-Readiness & Entrepreneurship). It aims to promote and support science-based start-
ups & ventures across India. AIM has partnered with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) to launch
this program. It will be implemented by Venture Center - a non-profit technology business incubator.
39. The Lakhta Centre that was recently awarded with Emporis Skyscraper award 2019, is located in
which country?
[A] UAE
[B] Saudi Arabia
[C] USA
[D] Russia
Answer: Russia
The Lakhta Centre, which is located in St.Petersburg of Russia, has been awarded with the Emporis
Skyscraper award 2019. This is the most prestigious award given to high rise architecture. This building
is 462 m tall. Russia has for the first time bagged this award since inception of this award 20 years ago.
40. In which year was the system of E Way Bills was introduced in India?
[A] 2000
[B] 2010
[C] 2015
[D] 2018
Answer: 2018
The system of E Way Bill was introduced in India under the GST regime on 01.04.2018. It was launched
by the National Informatics Centre (NIC). Recently, the E Way Bill has system has reached a new
milestone of generating 7.12 crore bills, in the month of March 2021. This number is the highest since

the last 3 years.
41. How many companies have been registered with Ministry of Corporate Affairs during the
Financial Year 2020-21?
[A] 1.55 Lakh
[B] 1.00 Lakh
[C] 0.50 Lakh
[D] 0.20 Lakh
Answer: 1.55 Lakh
As per a recent release by the Union Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), it has registered more than
1.55 lakh companies in the financial year 2020-21 compared to a registration of to 1.22 Lakh companies
during the previous FY 2019-20. This increase in number of company registration is significant amidst
the COVID 19 pandemic. It has been the result of various measures undertaken by the Government of
India under “Ease of Doing Business” reforms.
42. The Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) between India
and which country has come into force from 1st April, 2021?
[A] Japan
[B] USA
[C] Mauritius
[D] Sri Lanka
Answer: Mauritius
The Government of India had signed the India-Mauritius Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and
Partnership Agreement (CECPA) on 22nd February, 2021. The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and
Customs (CBIC) has notified that all the legal formalities pertaining to the CCEA has been completed
and the agreement has come into force on 1st April 2021.
43. ‘CACTus and CIISCO’ are the software launched by the Department of Science and Technology,
associated with which field?
[A] Solar Mission
[B] Sustainable Agriculture
[C] Himalayan Ecosystem
[D] Water Mission
Answer: Solar Mission
The Department of Science and Technology announced that Scientists have developed a new technique
to track the huge bubbles of gas, which are ejected from the Sun. This new technique will be used in
India's first solar mission Aditya-L1. A software named Computer Aided CME Tracking Software
(CACTus) and CMEs Identification in Inner Solar Corona (CIISCO) algorithm have been developed.
44. ‘La Pérouse’ is a Defence Exercise to be conducted by which country?
[A] Italy
[B] Israel
[C] France
[D] UAE
Answer: France
France is set to conduct the joint naval exercise, La Pérouse, in the Bay of Bengal from April 5 to 7. India
is set to join its Quad partners — Australia, Japan, and the United States in the exercise. Two French
Navy ships will be joined by ships from India, Australia, Japan, and the U.S. to promote multilateralism at
sea and create free and open Indo-Pacific. India and France will also hold the bilateral naval exercise,

Varuna later this month.
45. Which body decides the interest cut on small saving schemes such as the PPF and NSC?
[A] NITI Aayog
[B] Finance Commission
[C] Department of Economic Affairs
[D] Department of Financial Services
Answer: Department of Economic Affairs
The Department of Economic Affairs, Union Finance Ministry decides the small saving schemes such as
the PPF, NSC and Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana. The Government announces interest rates for small saving
schemes at the end of every quarter. Recently after announcing steep cuts in the rates, the Finance
Minister rolled back the changes to previous rates for the next quarter.
46. Which country has created a world record for Fastest Road construction?
[A] China
[B] Japan
[C] India
[D] UAE
Answer: India
Union Minister Nitin Gadkari announced that India holds the world record for fastest road construction.
India has entered Guinness World Records by building a 2.5 km 4-lane concrete road within 24 hours. It
also built 25-km bitumen Solapur-Bijapur road within 24 hours. A record construction of 37 km per day
was achieved in financial year 2020-21.
47. As per a recent report available on Global Forest Watch, which region lost 12.2 million hectares
of tree cover in 2020?
[A] Tropical Region
[B] Temperate Region
[C] Sub-Tropical Region
[D] Equatorial Region
Answer: Tropical Region
As per the recent report from the University of Maryland and available on Global Forest Watch, the
tropical region has lost 12.2 million hectares of tree cover in 2020. Out of the total cover, deforestation
of around 4.2 million hectares occurred within humid tropical primary forest. The resulting carbon
emissions from this primary forest loss is about 2.64 Gt CO2. The Primary forest loss was also 12%
higher in 2020 than the year before.
48. Which bank has partnered with Japan’s JBIC to extend loans to Japanese automobile
manufacturers in India?
[A] Punjab National Bank
[B] State Bank of India
[C] Canara Bank
[D] ICICI Bank
Answer: State Bank of India
India’s largest lender State Bank of India (SBI) announced that it has signed a loan agreement of up to
USD 1 billion with Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). JBIC is wholly owned by the
Government of Japan. This loan intends to promote smooth flow of funds for the business operations of
Japanese automobile manufacturers in India. SBI had signed a similar deal with JBIC in October last
year. The beneficiaries include suppliers, dealers and the end users.

49. In which state is the India’s largest floating solar power plant is proposed to be set up?
[A] Maharashtra
[B] Madhya Pradesh
[C] Telangana
[D] Tamil Nadu
Answer: Telangana
In the state of Telengana, India’s largest floating solar power plant is proposed to be set up with a
generation capacity of 100MW. The unit is coming up in Ramagundam. The project is being
commissioned by National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) at an estimated cost of Rs.423 crore with
4.5 lakh photovoltaic panels.
50. Which Ministry has introduced ‘National Register’ for driving licenses (DLs)?
[A] Ministry of Road Transport
[B] Ministry of Home Affairs
[C] Ministry of Information and Technology
[D] Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievance
Answer: Ministry of Road Transport
The Union Road Transport Ministry has introduced the ‘National Register’ for driving licenses (DLs) and
National Register for Registration Certificates. These registers have come into effect from March 31,
2021 and are intended to make all changes in Driving Licenses done electronically. This would prevent
duplication or misuse of DLs.
51. “Be the Brand Ambassador of Tribes India” has been launched by which organization?
[A] NABARD
[B] NHB
[C] TRIFED
[D] Tribal Corporation of India
Answer: TRIFED
The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation Ltd (TRIFED) has launched two competitions
namely “Be the Brand Ambassador of Tribes India” and “Be a friend of TRIBES INDIA”. This has been
launched in association with MyGov.in. These competitions are intended to promote tribal craft, culture
and lifestyle.
52. Which country has rejected the proposal for imports of sugar and cotton from India?
[A] Sri Lanka
[B] Pakistan
[C] Afghanistan
[D] China
Answer: Pakistan
Pakistan has recently rejected the proposal for trade relations with India. Prime Minister of Pakistan has
denied to allow imports of sugar and cotton from India, in order to control prices and overcome a
shortage. Pakistan has stated that no bilateral trade would be encouraged with India till Article 370 is
not restored in Jammu and Kashmir.
53. What is the full form of HSN?
[A] Harmonised System of Nomenclature
[B] Heart and Spine Network
[C] Hearing System Network
[D] Health System Network

Answer: Harmonised System of Nomenclature
The Union Minister of Finance has notified that business entities with turnover of more than Rs 5 crore
will have to furnish six-digit HSN – Harmonised System of Nomenclature on the invoices issued for
supplies. HSN is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers to classify traded
products which came into effect in 1988.
54. Which international organization has released the “World 2030: Public Survey” Report?
[A] IMF
[B] World Bank
[C] UNDP
[D] UNESCO
Answer: UNESCO
The UNESCO has recently released a report titled “World 2030: Public Survey Report”. This report is
based on surveys conducted around the world from May 2020 to September 2020. As per the report,
climate change, violence and conflict, loss of biodiversity, discrimination and inequality etc are some of
the important challenges affecting a peaceful society.
55. What is the name of the scheme that intends to provide working capital facility of Rs.10,000 per
year to urban street vendors of the country?
[A] PM KISAN
[B] MUDRA Yojana
[C] PM SVANIDHI
[D] TLTRO
Answer: PM SVANIDHI
Under the PM SVANIDHI scheme, urban street vendors are sanctioned with working capital credit
facilities upto Rs,10,000 per year by banks. This scheme was launched by the Government of India to
provide micro-credit facility to vendors during Covid-19 lockdown. As per a recent data by the Ministry of
Home Affairs, out of the total disbursement under the scheme, private banks have contributed only
1.6%.
56. As per the data by National Savings Institute, which state has made highest contribution to
government’s small savings schemes?
[A] Uttar Pradesh
[B] Madhya Pradesh
[C] West Bengal
[D] Haryana
Answer: West Bengal
As per the data released by National Savings Institute under the Ministry of Finance, West Bengal has
made the highest contribution to government’s small savings schemes and has a share of more than
15% in deposits at post offices and banks. West Bengal is followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu in the list.
57. As per the report by FIS (leading provider of financial technology solutions), what quantum of
real-time financial transactions are made in India?
[A] 10 million per day
[B] 41 million per day
[C] 50 million per day
[D] 100 million per day
Answer: 41 million per day

As per a recent release by FIS (leading provider of financial technology solutions to banks and
merchants), the number of real-time financial transactions in India has grown to 41 million transactions
per day. This number is more than double that of the last year. In terms of growth rate of real time
financial transactions, the list is topped by Bahrain with 657% growth.
58. Who has clinched the Miami Open Men’s tennis title recently?
[A] Hubert Hurkacz
[B] Novak Djokovic
[C] Roger Federer
[D] Andy Murray
Answer: Hubert Hurkacz
Hubert Hurkacz of Poland has recently clinched the Miami Open Men’s title. He defeated Jannik Sinner
of Italy to take away the cup. Presently, he is ranked 37th in the world. He has defeated two top 10
opponents in this tournament. With this he is projected to move up to 16th in world ranking.
59. Researchers of which Indian institution have developed touch-sensitive, tactile, haptic watch for
assisting visually impaired people?
[A] IIT Madras
[B] IIT Kanpur
[C] IIM Ahmedabad
[D] JNTU
Answer: IIT Kanpur
Two researchers from IIT Kanpur have recently developed touch-sensitive, tactile, haptic watch. This is
intended to measure time by touching the face of the clock. This model of watch conveys time via
vibrations when an individual touches the proper spoke on the face.
60. Up to what value of default, “pre packs” can be used a tool for insolvency resolution for MSMEs?
[A] Rs.1 lakh
[B] Rs.10 lakh
[C] Rs. 1 crore
[D] Rs. 10 crore
Answer: Rs. 1 crore
The Government of India has promulgated an Ordinance that allows the use of pre-packs as an
insolvency resolution mechanism for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). This is applicable
for defaults upto an amount of Rs. 1 crore. A pre-pack is an agreement for the resolution of debt of a
distressed MSME through an agreement between secured creditors and investors instead of a public
bidding process.
61. What is “Ingenuity”, which is in news recently?
[A] Meteor
[B] Covid Vaccine
[C] NASA’s Mars Helicopter
[D] Oxford Word of the year
Answer: NASA’s Mars Helicopter
Ingenuity is a mini-helicopter developed by NASA for propulsion in Mars. This was fixed with the NASA’s
Perseverance rover that successfully landed in Mars recently. The helicopter has been dropped
successfully on Mars’s surface and is expected to make its flight through Mars atmosphere on 11th
April.
62. In which state / UT is the 1.3-kilometre-long Chenab Bridge being constructed?
[A] Uttarakhand Uttarakhand Uttarakhand Uttarakhand
[B] Assam
[C] Jammu and Kashmir
[D] Himachal Pradesh
Answer: Jammu and Kashmir
The 1.3-kilometre-long Chenab Bridge is being constructed in the UT of Jammu and Kashmir. It is being
placed 359 metres above the bed of the Chenab river and is considered the world’s highest railway
bridge. Recently, construction of the arch of the bridge has been completed, which is termed as a
milestone achievement by the Northern Railways zone of Indian Railways.
63. Which organisation has allowed private sector firms to partner in production of missile systems?
[A] ISRO
[B] DRDO
[C] BEML
[D] HAL
Answer: DRDO
The Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) has allowed private sector firms to join hands
with it in development and production of missile systems. This announcement has been made under the
Development-cum-Production Partner programme. The programmes covered under the programme
include the Vertical Launched Short Range Surface to Air Missile system (VL-SRSAM).
64. Which state has approved ordinance to regulate rent and tenancy agreements, which was
promulgated in January 2021?
[A] Gujarat
[B] Uttar Pradesh
[C] Bihar
[D] Madhya Pradesh
Answer: Uttar Pradesh
The Uttar Pradesh Cabinet has approved the Uttar Pradesh Regulation of Urban Premises Tenancy
(second) Ordinance 2021. It aims to reduce tenancy disputes as it makes signing of contract
compulsory to rent out a property. There is no clear mechanism for conflict resolution under the present
law. It was promulgated and implemented in the state of January 2021.
65. Receivables Exchange of India (RXIL), which was making news recently, is associated with which
sector?
[A] Agriculture
[B] Foreign Exchange
[C] MSMEs
[D] Gold Import
Answer: MSMEs
Receivables Exchange of India (RXIL) is the invoice discounting platform for MSMEs. It is a TReDS
(Trade Receivables Discounting System) Exchange Platform accredited by the RBI. RXIL recently
announced that it has discounted receivables of Rs 1,000 crores in a month. The platform has over 7000
registered MSMEs and have processed over 5,00,000 invoices, since its launch in 2017.
66. Which country has approved Qelbree, the first new drug for children with Attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
[A] India
[B] USA

[C] Russia
[D] Germany
Answer: USA
The Food and Drug Administration of the USA have approved the first new drug in over a decade for
children aged 6 to 17 with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is said to cause
inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. This new medicine is different from the traditional ADHD
medicines as it is not a stimulant or a controlled substance, which makes it hard to abuse.
67. A massive data leak has been witnessed by which social networking giant, recently?
[A] WhatsApp
[B] Orkut
[C] Twitter
[D] Facebook
Answer: Facebook
A massive data leak has been recently reported on Facebook. Information of about 533 million
Facebook users has been leaked online, which includes contact numbers, IDs, birth dates and more
personal information. Among the affected, were the Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and other co-
founders.
68. Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers organised a National Dialogue on Chemicals
Manufacturing along with which organisation?
[A] ADB
[B] UNIDO
[C] IMF
[D] AIIB
Answer: UNIDO
The Union Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers organised a “National Dialogue on 'Manufacturing
Excellence & Innovation for Competitiveness & Sustainability of Chemicals Manufacturing'. The United
Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) promotes industrial development for poverty
reduction and environmental sustainability. UNIDO jointly organised this national dialogue as well as a
dialogue under ‘Clean Manufacturing in India’ (Swachh Udyog).
69. When is the “International Day of Sport for Development and Peace” observed?
[A] April 4
[B] April 6
[C] April 8
[D] April 10
Answer: April 6
“International Day of Sport for Development and Peace” is observed across the world on April 6, after the
United Nations General Assembly resolution in 2013. It is marked to celebrate the positive contribution
of sports towards sustainable development and advancement of human rights. This year’s theme is
around recovery from the pandemic and the importance of equity in that recovery.
70. Which country has hosted the Meeting of BRICS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors
2021?
[A] Brazil
[B] Russia
[C] India
[D] China

Answer: India
India recently hosted the Meeting of BRICS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors 2021. It was
co-chaired by Union Finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman and RBI governor Shaktikanta Das. Finance
Minister addressed the meeting virtually from New Delhi. Issues regarding New development bank,
social infrastructure, IMF reforms, fintech for SME and financial inclusion, customs cooperation were
discussed during the meeting.
71. What was the target for number of houses in the 1st phase of PMAY- Gramin?
[A] 1 crore
[B] 75 lakhs
[C] 60 lakhs
[D] 50 lakhs
Answer: 1 crore
Under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G), 92% target of completion has been
achieved in the 1st phase of the scheme. A target of 1 crore houses was set for completion in the 1st
phase of the scheme- from 2016-17 to 2018-19. It aims constructing 2.95 crore PMAY-G houses with all
basic amenities by the year 2021-22.
72. Which Union Ministry implements the PM Mudra Yojana?
[A] Ministry of Home Affairs
[B] Ministry of Labour and Employment
[C] Ministry of Social Justice
[D] Ministry of Finance
Answer: Ministry of Finance
The Union Ministry of Finance implements the Government’s flagship scheme Pradhan Mantri Mudra
Yojana, which was launched in the year 2015. The Finance Ministry has recently stated that nearly 15
lakh loans have been sanctioned under the scheme and 68 percent of loans have been given to women
entrepreneurs.
73. PLI scheme for White Goods has been approved recently. What are the goods covered under the
tag?
[A] Pharmaceutical Ingredients
[B] Air Conditioners and LED Lights
[C] Telecom Devices
[D] Petroleum Products
Answer: Air Conditioners and LED Lights
The Union Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister has approved a production linked incentive (PLI)
scheme for white goods (i.e) Air Conditioners and LED Lights. The scheme has been approved with a
budget of Rs.6238 crores. This scheme aims to make manufacturing in India globally competitive and
enhance the manufacturing efficiency.
74. Who has been appointed as the Mission Director of Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)?
[A] Amit Khare
[B] Chintan Vaishnav
[C] Amitabh Khant
[D] Rajiv Kumar
Answer: Chintan Vaishnav
Dr Chintan Vaishnav has been appointed as the Mission director of Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), the
flagship initiative under NITI Aayog. He will take over from Ramanathan Ramanan, who has been leading

AIM as its first mission director since June 2017. Chintan Vaishnav is a socio-technologist who is
currently serving at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), US.
75. INS Sarvekshak has been deployed in which country, for conducting joint hydrographic surveys?
[A] Maldives
[B] Mauritius
[C] Japan
[D] Vietnam
Answer: Mauritius
INS Sarvekshak is a hydrographic survey ship, is on a deployment to Mauritius for conducting joint
hydrographic surveys along with their Mauritian counterparts. The ship visited Port Louis, Mauritius and
has started the hydrographic survey of ‘Deep sea area off Port Louis’. The survey will also include
training of Mauritian personnel on advanced hydrographic equipment and practices.
76. Who has been appointed as the new Chairman and Managing Director of SIDBI?
[A] Rajnish Kumar
[B] S Ramann
[C] Arundhati Bhattacharya
[D] R Gandhi
Answer: S Ramann
The Government has appointed S Ramann as the new Chairman and Managing Director of Small
Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). Banks Board Bureau had recommended his name for the
post and the appointment is for a period of three years. Ramann is an Indian Audit & Accounts Service
officer, is currently the CEO of National E-Governance Services Ltd.
77. “Copyright (Amendment) Rules, 2021”, which was seen in the news recently, has been notified
by which Union Ministry?
[A] Ministry of Finance
[B] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[C] Ministry of Home Affairs
[D] Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Answer: Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Ministry of Commerce & Industry notifies Copyright (Amendment) Rules, 2021. It also added a new
provision regarding publication of a copyrights journal, thereby eliminating the requirement of
publication in the Official Gazette. In India, the copyright regime is governed by the Copyright Act, 1957
and the Copyright Rules, 2013.
78. In which state, the Assembly Committee has revealed that three out of every 1,000 pregnant
women test positive for HIV?
[A] Uttar Pradesh
[B] Bihar
[C] Meghalaya
[D] Mizoram
Answer: Meghalaya
Meghalaya’s Assembly Committee on Women Empowerment has said that three out of every 1,000
pregnant women test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The panel headed by Ampareen
Lyngdoh has also sought a scheme to rehabilitate commercial sex workers in the state. The increase in
HIV cases observed in the state is increasing at an alarming rate.
79. PDOT (Pre-Departure Orientation Training) Programme for migrant workers, which was seen in

the news, was launched by which Ministry?
[A] Ministry of Labour and Employment
[B] Ministry of Skill Development
[C] Ministry of Home Affairs
[D] Ministry of External Affairs
Answer: Ministry of External Affairs
The Ministry of External Affairs has launched the first online Pre-Departure Orientation Training (PDOT)
Programme for migrant workers. It has associated with Protector of Emigrants (POE) Mumbai and other
POEs for the online session, to supplement physical training being held in PDOT Centres. The
programme aims to train maximum number of prospective migrants before their departure.
80. Which development bank has approved a loan of USD 484 million to improve connectivity in
Chennai-Kanyakumari Industrial Corridor (CKIC)?
[A] AIIB
[B] ADB
[C] IBRB
[D] IMF
Answer: ADB
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved a loan of $484 million to improve transport
connectivity and road maintenance in the Chennai-Kanyakumari Industrial Corridor (CKIC). CKIC extends
from West Bengal to Tamil Nadu and it connects India to the production networks of Southeast and East
Asia. This project will upgrade about 590 km of State highways in the CKIC influence area.
81. Nethra Kumanan, who was in news recently, is the first Indian woman to qualify for which sport
in the Tokyo Olympics?
[A] Weight Lifting
[B] Sailing
[C] Fencing
[D] Table Tennis
Answer: Sailing
Four sailors created history from India by qualifying for the upcoming Tokyo Olympics. Nethra Kumanan
became the first Indian woman sailor to qualify for the Olympics, during the Mussanah Open
Championship. Other three men sailors are Vishnu Saravanan and the pair of Ganapathy Chengappa and
Varun Thakkar. They were announced qualified during the ongoing Asian Qualifiers in Oman.
82. Which Ministry along with the Ministry of Food Processing Industries will converge to implement
“Pradhan Mantri Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme”?
[A] Ministry of Agriculture
[B] Ministry of Home Affairs
[C] Ministry of Rural Development
[D] Ministry of Commerce
Answer: Ministry of Rural Development
The Union Ministry of Food Processing Industries and the Ministry of Rural Development has agreed to
converge for successful implementation of Pradhan Mantri Formalization of Micro Food Processing
Enterprises Scheme. Under the convergence, MoFPI and DAY NRLM (Ministry of Rural Development)
agreed to work together on implementation of PM-FME to support Self Help Groups (SHGs) in food
processing.
83. Which model of the Reserve Bank of India has been modified to better capture how fiscal and

monetary policy interact with real-economy elements?
[A] Repo Rate model
[B] Reverse Repo model
[C] MCLR Model
[D] Inflation forecasting model
Answer: Inflation forecasting model
The Reserve Bank of India has revised and modified its inflation-forecasting model. This has been done
to better capture the relationship between monetary policy and real economic elements. fiscal-monetary
dynamics, fuel pricing, exchange-rate fluctuations etc have been incorporated in the revised model to
adjust inflation. This is termed as the Quarterly Projection Model 2.0.
84. Which international organisation has proposed imposing “solidarity tax” on high earners and
companies?
[A] RBI
[B] IMF
[C] World Bank
[D] ADB
Answer: IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has proposed the imposition of “solidarity tax” on high earners
and companies that prospered in the coronavirus crisis to show solidarity with those who were hit
hardest by the pandemic. IMF has stated that this temporary tax would help to reduce social inequalities
and help countries recover from COVID 19 disruptions.
85. Which two organisations are planning to launch a platform for advising poor countries on climate
changing funding?
[A] RBI and SEBI
[B] ADB and AIIB
[C] World Bank and IMF
[D] NDB and ADB
Answer: World Bank and IMF
The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have planned to launch a dedicated platform
that would advise the poor nations on funding their climate and conservation activities. It is proposed
that the platform would consist of UN officials, non-governmental organisations, private investors and
rating agencies, to aid and advise the funding activities.
86. What does “A” stand for, in “G-SAP 1.0”, which was seen in the news recently?
[A] Acquisition
[B] Awareness
[C] Aid
[D] Across
Answer: Acquisition
In the first bi monthly monetary policy statement for the year 2021-22, RBI has stated that it would
conduct open market purchase of government securities amounting Rs.1 lakh crore, under its G-sec
Acquisition Programme (G-SAP 1.0). The first tranche of G sec purchase operations amounting
Rs.25,000 crore is scheduled on 15th April 2021.
87. ‘SARTHAQ’, which was seen in the news recently, is an implementation plan related to which
policy?
[A] Agriculture Laws

[B] New Education Policy
[C] Public Sector Enterprises Policy
[D] Environment Impact Assessment
Answer: New Education Policy
Union Education Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal chaired a high-level meeting on implementation of National
Education Policy (NEP) 2020. A suggestive implementation plan for school education named ‘Students’
and Teachers’ Holistic Advancement through Quality Education (SARTHAQ) was also released.
88. ‘Blue Flag’ is a globally recognised eco-label certification provided to beaches, from which
country?
[A] Germany
[B] USA
[C] Denmark
[D] France
Answer: Denmark
Blue Flag is a globally recognised eco-label certification provided to beaches by the Foundation for
Environment Education, Denmark. It is based on water quality, environment education, conservation and
safety and services. Recently, the fishermen of Odisha have been staging protests against the Odisha
state’s move to get Blue Flag certification for five beaches. They demand an alternative sea mouth to
anchor their boats before being removed from the beaches.
89. As an acknowledgement of gender equality, which country replaced the term “Airmen” by
“Aviators”?
[A] France
[B] Germany
[C] Australia
[D] New Zealand
Answer: Australia
Australian air force personnel will be known as aviators rather than airmen, as per the Australia’s Chief
of Air Force. Australia has the highest female participation in any branch of the country’s military at over
20% of the 15,000 personnel in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It also aims to have 25% women
strength in the force by 2023.
90. Which Bank announced the winners of “SmartUp Grants 2021”?
[A] Reserve Bank of India
[B] Indian Bank
[C] ICICI Bank
[D] HDFC Bank
Answer: HDFC Bank
India’s leading private sector bank – HDFC Bank instituted the SmartUp grants in 2017 and over the last
4 years, it has supported 87 start-ups across the country. The Bank has announced the SmartUp Grants
2021 recently. 21 start-ups have been selected for the grant from more than 300 applications received.
91. What is India’s net direct tax collection (excluding refunds) for FY 2020-21?
[A] Rs.5.45 trillion
[B] Rs.7.45 trillion
[C] Rs.9.45 trillion
[D] Rs 12.45 trillion
Answer: Rs.9.45 trillion

India’s net direct tax collection (excluding refunds) for FY 2020-21 stood at Rs.9.45 trillion. This is for
the first time in 4 years, the direct tax collection has fallen below Rs 10 trillion mark. But this year’s
actual tax collection is more than the revised estimates by around 4.5 per cent.
92. What is the name of the book written by 'Utkal Keshari' Dr Harekrushna Mahtab, whose Hindi
translation was launched by the Prime Minister?
[A] Odisha Itihaas
[B] Bharat Samrat
[C] Mission India
[D] Ignited Minds
Answer: Odisha Itihaas
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has recently released the Hindi translation of the book ‘Odisha
Itihaas’, which was authored by 'Utkal Keshari' Dr Harekrushna Mahtab. Dr Harekrushna Mahtab was a
leader of Indian National Congress and had played a vital role in the freedom struggle. He had served as
the CM of Odisha from 1946 to 1950 and 1956 to 1961.
93. The “Freedom of Navigation operation” has been conducted by which country in the Indian
Ocean Region?
[A] Japan
[B] USA
[C] China
[D] Malaysia
Answer: USA
The US Navy has recently carried out a freedom of navigation operation in the Indian waters in Indian
Ocean Region near Lakshadweep Islands. Any maritime operations in Indian water require prior approval
from the Government of India. But, the US Naval forces had conducted this operation without the
consent of Indian authorities.
94. Which organization has launched the RE-HAB project?
[A] RBI
[B] NABARD
[C] SIDBI
[D] KVIC
Answer: KVIC
The Chairman of KVIC Vinai Kumar Saxena had launched the RE-HAB project (i.e) Reducing Elephant –
Human Attacks using Bees. It has been first implemented at four locations on the periphery of
Nagarhole National Park in Kodagu district of Karnataka. Under this project, bee boxes are used as a
fence to prevent elephants from entering human habitation
95. As per the IMF's recent statement, what is India's debt to GDP ratio during the Covid-19
pandemic?
[A] 60 per cent
[B] 75 percent
[C] 90 percent
[D] 105 per cent
Answer: 90 percent
As per the Fiscal Affairs Department of the Internatioanl Monetary Fund, India's debt to GDP ratio
increased from 74 per cent to 90 per cent during the COVID-19 pandemic. IMF also expects that the
ratiop would drop down to 80 per cent as a result of the country's economic recovery.

96. As per a recent notification from the Finance Ministry, a basic savings bank account can be
opened in which institution?
[A] Payment Bank
[B] Foreign Bank
[C] Post office
[D] Small Finance Bank
Answer: Post office
The Finance Ministry has notified changes in Post Office Savings Account Scheme, 2019. As per the
notification, a beneficiary of the Government welfare scheme can open a basic savings bank account
with a post office. As per the notification, there is no minimum deposit required for opening of such an
account. There will also be no requirement for maintaining minimum balance. The ministry also reduced
fee for not maintain the balance in a savings account.
97. Which constitutional body has recently stated that all adults above 18 were free to choose a
religion of their choice?
[A] National Human Rights Commission
[B] National Administrative Tribunal
[C] Supreme Court of India
[D] National Commission for Backward Classes
Answer: Supreme Court of India
The apex judicial body of India – The Supreme court has recently held that the word “propagate”
mentioned in Indian Constitution permits any above the age of 18 to freely a religion of his / her choice.
Quoting the above, the supreme court has dismissed a public interest litigation which had sought court
intervention to stop “fraudulent” conversions in India.
98. Which Municipal Corporation of India issued the first 'Green Bonds' in the country?
[A] New Delhi
[B] Greater Noida
[C] Ghaziabad
[D] Ahmedabad
Answer: Ghaziabad
The Green bonds issued by Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation was the first of the kind in India.
Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation raised a sum of Rs.150 crores through green bond route The proceeds
of the bond were being used for creating tertiary water treatment infrastructure in the city. These bonds
have been listed in BSE recently.
99. Which body collaborated with Hindustan Unilever and Google, for conducting "AI for Agriculture
Hackathon"?
[A] UNESCO
[B] NITI Aayog
[C] AIM
[D] MyGov India
Answer: MyGov India
Hindustan Unilever, Google and MyGov India have collaborated together for conducting a hackathon in
the field of agriculture. The three entities have come together to find innovative solutions for water
conservation in agriculture and to bring start-ups in designing sustainable solutions for farmers.
100. Which institution is set to launch a hand book for Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)?
[A] SEBI

[B] RBI
[C] NITI Aayog
[D] IRDAI
Answer: NITI Aayog
Indian Government’s think tank – NITI Aayog has planned to launch a hand book for Online Dispute
Resolution (ODR). This book would serve as an invitation to business leaders to adopt ODR in India. The
book would be published in association with organizations like Agami and Omidyar Network India, ICICI
Bank, Ashoka Innovators for the Public etc.
101. Which country has launched a hotline to report online defamatory comments done by
“Historical nihilists”?
[A] North Korea
[B] China
[C] Brazil
[D] Cuba
Answer: China
“Historical nihilism” is a phrase used in China which describes public doubt over the description of past
events by Chinese Communist Party. Recently, China’s cyber regulator has launched a hotline to report
online comments that tend to defame the ruling Communist Party and its history. The Party’s 100th
anniversary falls on July this year.
102. Sputnik V, the Covid-19 vaccine, which was approved by the Indian Experts panel, was
launched by which country?
[A] China
[B] Russia
[C] Germany
[D] UAE
Answer: Russia
The Subject expert committee recommended the emergency use of Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine in India.
Now, the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) will consider this recommendation and authorise the
restricted emergency use in India. The other two vaccines are Covishield by Serum Institute and Covaxin
by Bharat Biotech. Sputnik V will be manufactured in India by several companies in India.
103. What is the original name of the Antarctica’s “Doomsday Glacier”, which was making news
recently?
[A] Thwaites Glacier
[B] Pine Island Glacier
[C] Jakobshavn Glacier
[D] Helheim Glacier
Answer: Thwaites Glacier
Thwaites Glacier – also called the “Doomsday Glacier” is present in Antarctica and has been melting
fast over the years. Due to its large size of 1.9 lakh square km, it contains enough water to raise the
world sea level by more than half a metre. Recently, Researchers at Sweden’s University of Gothenburg
have found that the glacier is melting at a higher rate than it was originally thought.
104. Which state is to involve “Arhtiyas” in the direct payment process for Farmers?
[A] Rajasthan
[B] Punjab
[C] Madhya Pradesh

[D] Uttar Pradesh
Answer: Punjab
The Punjab government has said to the central government that it will pay the Minimum Support Price
(MSP) directly into the accounts of farmers. Earlier, the Arhtiyas (commission agents) used to pay the
farmers. Punjab Chief Minister captain Amarinder Singh announced that the State Food Department has
amended the procurement software so that the Arhtiyas will continue to be involved in the direct
payment process.
105. Shantir Ogrosena-2021 is a multinational military exercise held between which two countries?
[A] India-Sri Lanka
[B] India- Bangladesh
[C] Pakistan- Bangladesh
[D] Pakistan – Myanmar
Answer: India- Bangladesh
Exercise Shantir Ogrosena-2021 is a 10 day long multinational military exercise, held between India and
Bangladesh. The exercise started on April 4 2021 and ended on April 12 2021 at Bangabandhu
Senanibas (BBS), Bangladesh. Troops from four countries participated in this exercise with observers
from various countries including USA, UK, Russia, Turkey, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and
Singapore.
106. Which Ministry has presented the AICTE Lilavati Awards 2020?
[A] Union Home Ministry
[B] Union Ministry of Education
[C] Union Ministry of Women and Child Development
[D] Union Ministry of Social Justice
Answer: Union Ministry of Education
The Union Education Ministry headed by Shri Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank' has presented the AICTE
Lilavati Awards 2020. The theme of the awards was “women empowerment”. Under the awards, AICTE
has finalized the winners from a total of 456 entries who competed across 6 sub themes, like Women’s
Health, Self-Defence, Sanitation, literacy etc.
107. As per recent data, the population of which species has doubled in the Chilika lake?
[A] Dolphins
[B] Crocodiles
[C] Cat Fish
[D] Turtle
Answer: Dolphins
Chilika Lake is India’s largest brackish water lagoon, which is spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam
districts of Odisha. As per a recent data release by the State Forest and Environment Department, the
number of dolphin populations in the lake has doubled this year compared with last year. The state’s
Chilika lake is known for its Irrawady dolphins
108. Artemis program is undertaken by which organization?
[A] DRDO
[B] ISRO
[C] NASA
[D] World Bank
Answer: NASA
The Artemis program is NASA’s manned mission to the moon which is set to be executed in the year
2024. Recently, NASA has stated that it will land the first person of colour on the moon and the first
woman on moon as a part of the mission in 2024.
109. Which country has unveiled advanced uranium enrichment centrifuges, recently?
[A] USA
[B] Iraq
[C] Saudi Arabia
[D] Iran
Answer: Iran
The Government of Iran has unveiled advanced uranium enrichment centrifuges recently and has stated
that it has commenced the process of uranium enrichment using the new centrifuges. The three
centrifuges namely 164 IR-6, 30 IR-5 and 30 IR-6 devices have been placed at the Natanz uranium
enrichment plant.
110. Noura al-Matroushi has been identified as the first female astronaut by which country?
[A] USA
[B] India
[C] UAE
[D] Iran
Answer: UAE
The United Arab Emirates has named the next two astronauts for its space programme. The ruler of
Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum has named Noura al-Matroushi as the UAE's first
female astronaut. The two astronauts have been identified among more than 4000 applications
received. The two astronauts will undergo special space training at NASA's Johnson Space Center in
Houston.
111. What is the name of the tropical cyclone that has made landfalls in Western Australia?
[A] Seroja
[B] Bob
[C] Nivar
[D] Fani
Answer: Seroja
Tropical cyclone Seroja recently hit and damaged a 1,000km stretch of Western Australia. With a
windspeed of up to 170km/h, the category three storm made landfalls. As per the country’s Bureau of
Meteorology the storm had weakened yet it would cause damages wi the peak winds of 110 km/hr.
112. The day on which the Indian Army launched Operation MEGHDOOT is observed as which
special Day?
[A] Vijay Diwas
[B] Kargil Diwas
[C] Siachen Day
[D] Rakshak Diwas
Answer: Siachen Day
On 13 April 1984, the Indian Army launched ‘Operation MEGHDOOT’ to secure Bilafond La and other
passes on the Saltoro Ridgeline. Siachen Day every year commemorates the courage displayed by
troops of the Indian Army in securing Siachen Glacier, the highest and coldest battlefield in the world.
113. “Sajibu Cheiraoba”, is the lunar new year festival celebrated in which Indian state?
[A] West Bengal
[B] Odisha
[C] Manipur
[D] Bihar
Answer: Manipur
Sajibu Cheiraoba is the Lunar New year Festival celebrated by the people who follow the religion of
Sanamahism in the Indian state of Manipur. It falls on the day of the Month of Sajibu. The lunar new year
is celebrated on the same day in different names in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and many
other Indian states.
114. The National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is to deploy “NSV” to provide better roads.
What does NSV stand for?
[A] National Standard Vehicle
[B] Network Survey Vehicle
[C] National Signal Variance
[D] New Standard Vehicle
Answer: Network Survey Vehicle
The National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is set to deploy Network Survey Vehicle (NSV), to
provide better roads to commuters. NHAI has made road condition survey using NSV mandatory at the
time of certifying completion of the project and every six months thereafter. This has also been included
as a part of the standard bidding document of consultancy services.
115. What is the name of the farthest gamma-ray emitting galaxy that has been discovered recently?
[A] Narrow-Line Seyfert 1
[B] Andromeda
[C] Sky Way
[D] Milk Line
Answer: Narrow-Line Seyfert 1
Recently, space scientists have discovered a new active galaxy, which is considered to be the farthest
gamma-ray emitting galaxy discovered so far. This galaxy is named Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxy,
which is about 31 billion light-years away from earth. This has been described as a rare space entity.
116. Which organization has released the picture titled 'Blue Dunes of Red Planet'?
[A] ISRO
[B] DRDO
[C] NASA
[D] ESA
Answer: NASA
The American Space Agency – NASA has recently shared an image of Mars titled 'Blue Dunes of Red
Planet'. This picture has been released to mark the 20 years of NASA’s Odyssey mission to Mars. The
picture combines shots captured between December 2002 and November 2004 by the robotic spacecraft
orbiting the planet Mars.
117. By what percentage, the net indirect tax collection in 2020-21 has grown over the previous
year?
[A] 1%
[B] 10%
[C] 12.3%
[D] 15%
Answer: 12.3%
As per the data released by the Union Finance Ministry, net indirect tax collection in 2020-21 grew 12.3%

over the previous financial year. The total collection stood at Rs.10.71 lakh, thereby exceeding the
indirect tax collection target of Rs.9.89 lakh set for the FY 2020-21.
118. “Central Asia” center for trade and economic cooperation is being constructed by which
countries?
[A] Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan
[B] USA and India
[C] China and Japan
[D] USA and UK
Answer: Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan
'Central Asia' is the name of an international center for trade and economic cooperation, being
constructed by Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan at the borders of the two countries. The center would have a
capacity of accommodating 35,000 people and 5,000 trucks per day in both directions. It would serve as
a large industrial, trade and logistics platform for both countries.
119. The month of April is dedicated for awareness generation of which disease?
[A] Diabetes
[B] Anemia
[C] Parkinson’s
[D] Cancer
Answer: Parkinson’s
The month of April is considered to be Parkinson’s Awareness Month. On April 11 every year,
communities from around the world come together to raise awareness about the disorder. Parkinson's
disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects the movement of the human body.
120. The India Energy Dashboard (IED) 2.0 has been launched by which organization?
[A] NITI Aayog
[B] Planning Commission
[C] GST Council
[D] Planning Commission
Answer: NITI Aayog
India’s policy think tank – NITI Aayog has launched the Version 2.0 of the India Energy Dashboards
(IED). The dashboard has been launched to achieve the development goals (SDGs) and India’s Nationally
Determined Contributions. It provides a single window access to the energy data for the country.

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