Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

CHAPTER - 05
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

 Plant Anatomy - Study of internal structures in plants

♦ Father of plant anatomy = N. Grew
♦ Father of modern plant anatomy = Nageli
♦ Father of Indian plant anatomy = Chaudery
♦ Mother of plant anatomy = Katherine Esau
 TISSUE
♦ The term plant tissue introduced by N. Grew
♦ Group of cell have common origin, similar structure and perform a specific function
♦ Study of Tissues - Histology (Mayer)
In plants there are two types of tissues :
I. Meristematic
II. Permanent
Meristematic tissues (Nageli)
♦ Continuously dividing cells
♦ Present in growing points
♦ Without intercellular space
♦ Thin cell wall → cellulose
♦ Dense cytoplasm
♦ Prominent nucleus present
♦ Abundant plasmodesmatal strand
♦ Vacuoles and ergastic substances absent

1
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Classification of Meristematic Tissue

I. Based on Origin
1. Promeristem / Primodial meristem / Embryonal meristem
Meristem present in the embryo
2. Primary meristem
Meristem formed from Promeristem, it give rises primary permanent tissue.
eg. Apical and intercalary meristems.
3. Secondary meristem
Meristem formed from primary permanent tissue.
eg. Lateral meristem - Interfascicular and cork cambium
II. Based on Position
1. Apical Meristem :
Present in the growing points like shoot tip, root tip and leaf primordia. It increases the
length, ie primary type.
2. Intercalary Meristem
Meristem present in Organs, base of internode and leaf sheath in monocot plants. It also
increases the length ie, primary type.
3. Lateral Meristem
Meristem present in the lateral position, it increases the thickness or girth, ie secondary
type.
eg. Fascicular cambium, cork cambium.
III. Based on Histogens / Meristematic layers
i. Dermatogen → Epidermis

2
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

ii. Periblem → Cortex

iii. Pluerome → Stelar region
iv. Calyptrogen → root cap

IV. Based on plane of division

i) Mass meristem : it is a young meristem in which anticlinal and periclinal division takes place
in all planes.
eg. Embryo, Endosperm
ii) Plate meristem : in which anticlinal division takes place in two planes.
eg. Leaf
iii) Rib / file meristem : In which anticlinal division takes place only in a single plane.
eg. cortex and pith
V. Based on Function
1. Protoderm - Dermal tissues
2. Ground meristem - fundamental / Ground tissues
3. Procambium - Vascular tissues
Shoot Apex Organisation

3
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

♦ It is dome shaped, Apical / Terminal Position

♦ Protected with leaf Primodia
♦ Few millimeters to centimeters in size
Shoot Apex Organisation Theories
1. Apical Cell Theory - Nageli (1858) shoot apex organization from a single cell known as
apical cell. It is only applicable in algae, bryophytes and some pteridophytes.
2. Histogen Theory - Hanstein (1870)
Shoot apex organization from different meristematic layers known as Histogens.
Dermatogen - Epidermis
Periblem - Cortex
Pleurome - Stelar region
3. Tunica - Corpus theory - Schmidt (1924)
Shoot apex organisation from two layers.
1. Tunica - Epidermis, hypodermis
2. Corpus - Stelar region, cortex
Root Apex Organisation

♦ Root Apex Organisation Theory

1. Histogen Theory - Hanstein (1870)
Dermatogen - Epiblema
Calyptrogen - root cap
4
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

Pluerome - Stelar Region

Periblem - Cortex
2. Korpper - Kappe Theory - Scheupp (1917)

korpper - body
Kappe - Root cap

In which periclinal division followed by Anticlinal division in a ‘T’ shaped manner.

Quiescent Region - it is a reservoir meristem present in root tip
 PERMANENT TISSUES
♦ formed from meristematic tissues
♦ They loose the capacity to divide
♦ They are differentiated cells for specific functions
♦ Permanent tissues may be Homogenous / Heterogenous
♦ With or without Intercellular space
♦ Thin / thick walled cell wall
♦ Cells may be living / dead
Based on the nature, permanent tissues are :
I. Simple Permanent Tissue
II. Complex Permanent Tissue
Simple Permanent Tissue
♦ Homogenous nature
♦ Present in fundamental tissue system
♦ Composed of Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
1. Parenchyma (Grew)

♦ They are thin walled living simple PT

♦ Intercellular space present
5
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

♦ Cell wall → cellulose

♦ Cell may be spherical, oval, rectangular and hexagonal type
♦ Parenchyma cells present in cortex, endodermis, pericycle, conjunctive tissue, medullary
rays and pith.
Types of Parenchyma
1. Chlorenchyma → Parenchyma cells with chloroplast
2. Mesophyll → Chlorenchyma cells present in leaf.
a) Palisade
b) Spongy

3. Aerenchyma → Parenchyma cell with large Intercellular space.

eg. Hydrophytes - Eichhornia, Pistia etc.
→ Helps in buoyancy.
4. Stellate Parenchyma → Aerenchyma cells present in the leaf petiole of some monocot
plants like musa, canna

5. Prosenchyma → Elongate parenchyma cells with or without tapering cells.

6
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

6. Storage parenchyma → Parenchyma, cells present in underground stems and some

adventitious roots. They store food.
eg. Rhizome, Corm, Sweet potato.
7. Idioblast : Parenchyma cells with oils and crystals.
8. Xylem and Phloem parenchyma : Parenchyma cells associate with vascular tissues.
9. Paratracheary parenchyma & Apotracheary Parenchyma →
Parenchyma cells associate with vessels known as paratracheary.
Parenchyma not associated with vessel → Apotracheary
10. Ray parenchyma → Radially conducting parenchyma
2. Collenchyma (Schleiden) - 1839
♦ Thick walled, living, simple PT
♦ Intercellular space absent
♦ Cell wall → cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
♦ They provide elasticity and rigidity → ie, they are mechanical living tissues
♦ Collenchyma cells may be spherical, oval, rectangular, hexagonal
♦ Present in herbs, shrubs, climbers and leaf petiole
♦ In dicot stem, hypodermis is always collenchymatous
Based on the wall thickening, collenchyma cells are :
1. Lamellate / Lamellar - cell wall thickening on their tangential wall. Eg. Asteraceae

2. Lacunate wall thickening with intercellular space. Eg. Solanaceae & Fabaceae

7
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

3. Angular : Wall thickening on their Angles. Eg. Solanaceae, Fabaceae

3. Sclerenchyma (Mettenium, 1805)

♦ Dead, thick walled, Simple PT
♦ without intercellular spaces
♦ cell wall made up of lignin
♦ they are double walled cells (outer thin, inner thick)
♦ they provide rigidity ie, mechanical tissues
♦ In monocot plants, Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous
Based on the shape, sclerenchyma cells are divided into :
1. Sclerenchyma fibres
2. Sclereids
1. Sclerenchyma fibres :

♦ Elongated, highly lignified cells with tapering ends.

♦ Inside the sclerenchyma free space known as Lumen
♦ In sclerenchyma, cell wall have minute opening known as pits.

8
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

♦ Double walled cells, cross section shows hexagonal shape.

Types of Sclerenchyma fibre
I. Surface fibres : Sclerenchyma fibre present on the surface of seeds and fruits
Eg. Cotton, Calotropis, Coconut
II. Bast fibres / Phloem fibres : Sclerenchyma fibres present inside the bark associated with
phloem cells.
Cannabis - Hemp
Flax/linum - linen
Corhorus - Jute
Crotalaria - Sunhemp
Hibiscus - Patua
III. Leaf fibres : Sclerenchyma fibres present in leaf
Eg. Agave - Sesal Hemp
Musa - Manila Hemp
2. Sclereids
They are small, spherical, highly lignified sclerenchyma cells present in seed coat, shells and
fruit pulp.
Sclereids present in seed coat and shell called stone cells
Sclereids present in fruit pulp called grit cells.
Based on the shape, sclereids are :
1. Brachysclereids / Stone cells → spherical / oval. eg. grit of pear, apple, sapotta, guava
2. Macrosclereids → Rod / Columnar eg. Epidermis of Legume seeds
3. Osteosclereids → Bone shaped eg. Subepidermis of legume seeds
4. Asterosclerids → Star shaped, eg. Pea leaves, Petiole of lotus
5. Filiform / Trachosclereids → Small, hair shaped eg. Olea leaf, Monstera
II. Complex Permanent Tissue
♦ it is present inside the stelar region in shoot and the root. The main components are xylem
and phloem
♦ Xylem and phloem cells are arranged on Vascular bundles
♦ They conduct H2O, minerals and photosynthates
♦ Complex permanent tissue otherwise known as conductive / vascular tissue

9
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

♦ Heterogenous nature
♦ With / without intercellular space
♦ Cells may be thin walled / thick walled and living / dead type.
Xylem / wood - (Nageli, 1858)
♦ Complex permanent tissue
♦ Conduct H2O and minerals → unidirectional
♦ Functional unit / conducting unit of xylem known as Hadrome.
♦ Cell wall made up of lignin
♦ Xylem elements are :

1.Tracheids  
 → Tracheary elements(conduct) 
2.Vessels/Trachea   Dead

3.Xylem fibre 
4.Xylem parenchyma } → living

Xylem cells are classified into primary xylem and secondary xylem.
1o Xylem : formed during primary growth; from Procambium. Primary xylem contain protoxylem
and metaxylem. Ist formed primary xylem known as Protoxylem; in which xylem members will
have narrow lumen. Later formed 1o xylem known as Metaxylem in which xylem members have
large lumen.
♦ In primary xylem (protoxylem), xylem fibres are absent
2ο Xylem : formed during secondary growth form vascular cambium. In secondary xylem four
xylem members are present.
Based on the arrangement of Protoxylem and metaxylem.
1) Endarch / centrifugal 2) Exarch / Centripetal

3) Centrarch 4) Mesarch

1 0Tracheids

 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

Tracheids

♦ They are elongated tube like xylem cells with tapering ends.
♦ They are arranged in long rows, placed one above the other.
♦ Tracheids are dead cells and highly lignified
♦ Inner free space of tracheids → cell lumen
♦ Cell wall have minute opening → Pits
♦ Two types of pits present in tracheids

♦ In their cross section, shows Hexagonal shape in dicots and rounded in Monocots
♦ Upward conduction and mechanical support are the main function of tracheids

11
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

♦ Tracheids are the main conductary units in Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms

♦ Tracheophytes are Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperm
♦ Based on the thickening present in the inner wall during secondary growth, Annular, Spiral,
Scalariform and Reticulate

Vessel / Trachea : They are cylindrical, tube like cells without tapering ends.
♦ Vessels are arranged in long rods are placed, one above the other.
♦ They are dead cells and have large cell lumen
♦ In vessels, simple and bordered pits are present, the inner walls are thickened, in different
ways during secondary growth they are Annular, spiral, scalariform and reticulate.
♦ The end walls with vessel membrane have pore called perforation plate.
♦ The end wall / cross wall have a single large pore known as simple perforation plate.
♦ Perforation plate with number of opening / pores called multiple perforation plate, it is primitive
conduction

♦ Vessels are chief conducting units in angiosperm. In some pteridophytes like selaginella
and Lycopodium, vessels are present.

12
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

♦ In some Gymnosperms like Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia vessels are present.
Xylem fibres : Sclerenchyma fibres are associate with xylem. They are dead and highly lignified
cells. They provide mechanical support.
Xylem fibres are present in secondary xylem or woody conditions
Xylem parenchyma : Parenchyma cells associate with xylem.
♦ Then walled, living, they store reserve food materials.
♦ Xylem parenchyma present both in primary and secondary xylem.
♦ Radially conducting Parenchyma cells known as Ray parenchyma

During secondary growth, some outgrowth formed into the vessel lumen from parenchyma cells
look like Balloons known as Tyloses. Such parenchyma cells are known as Paratrachiery
parenchyma.
Tyloses block the vessel lumen and they become non functional, such wood are known as Heart
wood.
Phloem / Bast - (Nageli, 1858)
♦ Complex permanent tissue
♦ Heterogenous
♦ Conduct photosynthase - bidirectional
♦ Functional unit of phloem Leptome
Phloem Elements
1. Sieve tube
2. Companion cells
3. Phloem fibre
4. Phloem parenchyma

13
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

 Sieve Tube :
♦ They are elongated slender tubular phloem cells
♦ With oblique end walls
♦ They are placed on above the other ; the wall of the sieve tube are thin and cellulosic
♦ They are Anucleated cells
♦ The cross walls and endwalls are oblique and provided with minute opening known as sieves.
♦ Cross wall with sieve pore known as sieve plate
♦ Sieve plate and sieve pore wall materials callose
♦ Sieve plate having more than 1 sieve area is called compound sieve plate eg. Vitis
♦ P.proteins / Phloem proteins present in the cell lumen help in sealing along with callose at the
time of wounding.
♦ In Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes sieve tubes are absent in which sieve cells are present.
♦ They are elongated cells with tapering ends.
♦ They have minute openings on walls → sieve pores.
Companion cells
♦ They are thin walled parenchyma like nucleated cells, associate with sieve tube.
♦ They are interconnected with plasmodesmatal connections. They control all activities which
takesplace inside the sieve tube.

14
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

♦ Both sieve tubes and companion cells are formed from a single parental cells. ie, they are
sister cells.
♦ In Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, companion cells are absent in which Albuminous cells
are present.
♦ Phloem fibre / Bast fibre
♦ Sclerenchyma fibres associated with phloem and present inside the bark region
♦ They provide mechanical support . They are present only in secondary phloem. eg. Flax,
Jute, Hemp
♦ Phloem Parenchyma
♦ Parenchyma cells are associated with phloem
♦ They are living cells, present in 1o and 2o phloem
♦ They store reserve food material
♦ In monocot plants, phloem parenchyma are absent
Special Type of Tissues :
1. Lactiferous / Lacticiferous tissue
Produce latex
♦ Colourless latex. eg. musa
♦ Milky latex. eg. Hevea (Rubber), Euphorbia, Ficus, Pappaya
♦ Coloured latex. eg. Cannabis, Poppy plants
2. Glandular tissue
eg. Digestive glands, Aromatic glands, oil glands, Nectar glands
TISSUE SYSTEM
1. Epidermal Tissue System
2. Fundamental / Ground Tissue System
3. Vascular / Conductive Tissue System
1. Epidermal Tissue System
It is the outermost and protective layer in plants in which ;
a) Epidermis
b) Stomatal Apparatus
c) Epidermal Appendages / Hairs
a) Epidermis
♦ Parenchymatics
♦ In shoot system, cuticle present
♦ In root system → Epidermis → Epiblema / Piliferous layer
15
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

b) Stomatal Apparatus

(1) Stomatal aperture / opening

(2) Guard cells :
In dicot → kidney / Reniform / Bean shaped
In Monocot → Dumbell shape

♦ In Guard cell, Outer thin wall and inner thick wall

♦ In Epidermal tissue system; chloroplast only present in guard cell
2) Subsidiary / Accessary cells
The number, size, shape are vary in different species.
3) Epidermal Appendages / Hairs / Outgrowths
In shoot system, Uni/Multicellular hair → Trichomes
In root system, always unicellular hairs → Root hairs
2. Fundamental / Ground tissue system
The main components are simple permanent tissues ie,
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

16
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

This tissues are present in cortex, endodermis, pericycle, conjunctive tissues, medullary rays
and pith region.
3. Vascular / Conductive tissue system
♦ Present inside the stelar region in which xylem and phloem are arranged in bundles commonly
known as vascular bundles.
In Angiosperms, two types of vascular bundles.
I. Conjoint
II. Radial
I. Conjoint : In a conjoint bundle xylem and phloem are together. Eg. Stem
♦ Conjoint bundles are 3 types
a) Collateral : in which xylem towards centre and phloem towards periphery.
In a collateral V B, A meristematic layer ‘Cambium’ is present.
It is open type. eg. Dicot stem
Cambium absent - closed type. eg. Monocot stem

Conjoint, collateral, open - dicot

Conjoint, collateral, closed - Monocot
b) Bicollateral

eg. Cucurbitaceae

17
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

c) Concentric : one of the vascular tissues completely surrounded with another.

Concentric bundles are 2 types.

1) 2)

II. Radial
In which xylem and phloem bundles are separate. eg. Root

In Dicot root, the number of xylem and phloem bundles are less than 6. (2 - 4) ie, diarch to
tetrarch.
In Monocot roots, the number of xylem and phloem bundles are more than 6 ie, Polyarch.
DICOT ROOT
A young Dicot root shows 3 regions
1. Epiblema / Piliferous layer
♦ It is parenchymatous
♦ Cuticle absent
♦ Unicellular hair present - Root hair

18
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

2. Cortex
♦ It is homogenous - Parenchymatous
♦ Inner layer of cortex known as Endodermis
♦ The inner wall of endodermis is suberised (suberin) known as Casparian strips.
♦ Without casparian strips, the cells in endodermis known as Passage cell.
3. Stelar region
♦ Outer layer of stele known as Pericycle.
♦ It is parenchymatous
♦ Stele is parenchymatous in which vascular bundles are in Radial manner
♦ The number of xylem and phloem bundles are 2 - 4 (Diarch - Tetrach)
♦ Xylem bundles are exarch condition
♦ Xylem cells are Hexagonal shape
♦ between xylem and phloem bundles, parenchyma cells are known as conjunctive tissues.
♦ Central region in stele is parenchymatous pith

19
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

MONOCOT ROOT
1. Epiblema
2. Cortex
3. Stelar region

20
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

1. Epiblema / Pilipherous layer

♦ It is parenchymatous
♦ Cuticle absent
♦ Unicellular hair present - Root hair
2. Cortex
♦ It is homogenous - Parenchymatous
♦ Inner layer of cortex known as Endodermis
♦ The inner wall of endodermis is suberised (suberin) known as Casparian strips.
♦ Without casparian strips, the cells in endodermis is known as Passage cell.
3. Stelar Region
♦ The number of xylem bundles are more than 6 (Polyarch)
♦ Xylem cells are rounded in cross section
♦ A large parenchymatous pith
DICOT STEM
1. Epidermis
♦ It is parenchymatous with Cuticle and Trichomes

21
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

2. Cortex
♦ Heterogenous - Collenchyma, Chlorenchyma, Parenchyma
♦ Hypodermis - Collenchymatous
♦ Inner layer of cortex - Endodermis - (starch sheath)
3. Stelar Region
♦ Stele - Eustele / Truestele / Monostele
♦ Vascular bundles are limited in number and arranged in a ring manner with a central pith.
♦ Each vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and open
♦ In each vascular bundle, a sclerenchymatous semilunar shape modified pericycle known
as bundle cap, xylem strips are endarch.
♦ Between adjacent vascular bundles parenchymatous medullary rays are present
♦ A central large pith is present
♦ Xylem cells are Hexagonal

C.S OF DICOT STEM

22
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

ENLARGE VIEW OF DICOT STEM

MONOCOT STEM
1. Epidermis
♦ Parenchymatous with cuticle
♦ Trichomes absent
2. Ground Tissue
♦ In monocot stem it is parenchymatous. In monocot stem especially in grass family
sclerenchymatous Hypodermis is present.
♦ Stele → Atactostele
♦ Vascular bundles are numerous, scatterly arranged without a central pith
♦ Each vascular bundle, xylem strips are endarch. Xylem shape is round or oval.
♦ Below the protoxylem, a schizogenous cavity present known as protoxylem lacunae
♦ Each vascular bundles have a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.

23
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Pith : Monocot root > Dicot stem > Dicot root

Monocot root - Monocot stem - Pith absent
DICOT LEAF
♦ Bifacial / Hypostonic / Dorsiventral leaf
1. Epidermis
a) Upper / Ventral / Adaxial
b) Lower / Dorsal / Abaxial
♦ It is Parenchymatous
♦ Upper epidermis is covered with cuticle and Trichomes
♦ Lower epidermis have stomatal apparatus known as Hypostomic condition
2. Ground tissue
♦ It is made up of Mesophyll cells
♦ It is divided into palisade and spongy
♦ Vertically arranged, elongated parenchyma cells with abundant chloroplast prevent in
the upper epidermis known as palisade
♦ Loosely arranged mesophyll cell known as spongy parenchyma us situated below the
palisade cell.

24
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

3. Vascular bundles

♦ Inside the vascular bundles xylem cells are towards the adaxial surface and phloem cells
are towards the abaxial surface.
♦ In xylem strips, protoxylem - Adaxial
metaxylem - Abaxial
♦ Each vascular bundles covered with a parenchymatous bundle sheath.
♦ In Dicot leaf, a parenchymatous bundle sheath extensions are present.
MONOCOT LEAF
Equifacial / Amphistomic / Isobilateral
1) Epidermis
♦ Parenchymatous epidermis covered with cuticle
♦ In Monocot leaf, thin walled elongated, fan shaped, specialised cells present on the upper
epidermis called Bulliform cells / Motor cells.
2) Ground tissue
♦ made up of simple mesophyll cells
♦ vascular bundles are covered with parenchymatous bundle sheath and sclerenchymatous
bundle sheath extension are present. In vascular bundles;
→ xylem → Adaxial
Metaxylem - Abaxial
Protoxylem - Adaxial
→ Phloem → Abaxial
25
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

GROWTH
1. Primary Growth :
In plants length increases with the help of Apical and intercalary meristem.
2. Secondary Growth :
Thickness / Girth increases known as secondary growth.
Secondary growth present in Dicots and Gymnosperms
Dicot stem shows 2 types of secondary growth.
1) Stelar secondary growth : present in the stelar region with the help of fascicular cambium
2) Extrastelar secondary growth : present in the cortex or extrastelar region with the help of
cork cambium / phellogen.
In some monocot plants secondary growth is present.
eg. Dracaeina, Yucca
In such plants, secondary growth known as abnormal or anomalous type.

26
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

STELAR SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOTS

1. Fascicular cambium
♦ It is formed from Procambium
♦ In young dicot stem ; cambium present in patches between xylem and phloem.
♦ It is known as intrafascicular cambium (1o type)
♦ During secondary growth, medullary rays become meristematic and forms interfascicular
cambium (secondary type)
♦ Inter and intra together known as cambial ring and it is partially primary and partially
secondary.
Activity of Cambial Ring
♦ Cambial ring cut off cells, both inner and outer side. Cells cut off towards pith and mature
into secondary xylem and cell cut off towards periphery and mature into secondary phloem.
♦ This activity is due to the action of Auxin hormone

27
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

♦ Interfascicular cambium, cut off cells towards pith and xylem parenchyma. Towards
periphery mature into phloem parenchyma.
♦ The amount of xylem is more than phloem ie, auxin production is more in the inner cambial
region.
♦ Primary and secondary phloem get crushed due to the accumulation of secondary xylem.
♦ After stelar secondary growth, a new cambial ring, formed in the cortex region known as
cork cambium or phellogen.
♦ Cells of cork cambium undergo anticlinal and periclinal division.
♦ Periclinal division towards outside known as Cork / phellem
♦ Periclinal division towards inner side produce secondary cortex / phelloderm
♦ The three layers together called Periderm
Periderm = Phellom + Phelloderm + Phellogen

Root Secondary Growth

♦ Inside the stelar region vascular bundles are radial, xylem are exarch condition.

28
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

♦ During secondary growth inside the stelar region, the conjunctive parenchyma become
meristematic and forms strips of cambium.

♦ The total number of cambial rings is equal to the total number of xylem and phloem bundles.
♦ The cells above the protoxylem and below the pericycle also meristematic and from new
cambial strips are formed. The two types of cambial strips are joined to form a wavy
vascular cambial ring.

♦ In dicot root, the cambial ring is completely secondary in origin.

♦ The cambial ring below the phloem is more active and produce more cells. It gradually
convert the wavy nature into circular manner.
♦ Cambial ring produce more xylem towards the inner region and less phloem towards
peripheral region.

29
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

WOOD

Spring Wood / Early Wood

♦ Formed during spring season
♦ Cambium is more active
♦ Xylem elements have large lumen
♦ Light coloured wood
♦ Low density wood
Autumn wood / Late wood

♦ Formed during autumn season

♦ Cambium is less active
♦ Xylem elements have narrow lumen
♦ Dark coloured wood
♦ High density wood
 Ring Porus Wood

Some plants, spring wood shows large vessels arranged in ring manner.
Diffuse Porus Wood

30
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

Some plants, spring wood shows vessels are scatterly arranged.

Hard wood / Porus wood
Angiosperm wood commonly known as Hard wood in which vessels are present.
Porus type
Soft wood / Non porus wood
Gymnosperm known as soft wood because vessels are absent known as soft wood.
Heart Wood / Duramen

In Dicots and Gymnosperms [coniferous] the central dark coloured highly lignified, non
functional, highly durable wood known as Heart wood.
Sap Wood / Alburamn
In Gymnosperms and dicots the outer light coloured, functional, less lignified, non durable
wood known as sapwood.

31
 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

BARK
♦ Technically it is cork/ phellom.
♦ Non Technically it is the outer region of vascular cambium
♦ The outer dead part of bark → Rhytidome [cork]
♦ Inner living part of bark Phellogen + Phelloderm + Phloem
Sheath Bark / Ring Bark - peeled off in concentric ring.
eg. Betunia
Irregular / Scaly Bark - Peeled off in strips
eg. Eucalyptus, Psidium, Accaccia
Bark of Cinchona (Qunione)
Bark of Cinnamon (Spicy oil)
Bark of Accaccia (Tanins)
Lenticels

♦ Outer lens shaped opening present in large tree trunks

♦ They allow exchange of gases
♦ They are the Nostrils of Bark
♦ Transpiration through lenticels known as Lenticular Transpiration
Growth Rings - Cross section of stem. The spring wood and Autumn wood appear as concentric
rings known as growth rings.

32
 Repeaters-2021-Medical-Biology

Growth rings - formed during the same year together known as Annular rings.

(Spring wood + Autumn wood)

 Dendrochronology

♦ The Determination of Age of a tree by counting the annular rings is known as

Dendrochronology.
♦ Trees growing in tropic regions ; The growth rings are not conspicuous. Such growth rings
called Growth Mark.

33