Structural organization

in
Animals
Presentation by
Dr. P. Pukazhvanthen., M.Sc (JIPMER), Ph.D (ICMR-NIRT).
 Tissues
Body tissues are classified into four types, based on

 Structure of the cells.

 Composition of the non cellular substances surrounding the cells (called

the extra cellular matrix).

 Functions of the cells.

The four primary tissue types are

i. Epithelial tissue (covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms
glands).
ii. Connective tissue (binds and supports body parts).
iii. Muscle tissue (moves the body and its parts).
iv. Nervous tissue (receives stimuli and transmits nerve impulses).
Four basic tissue types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
 Epithelial tissues
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Classification of Epithelial cells

(dry)
Types of epithelial cells
Simple Squamous epithelium
Simple Cuboidal epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Stratified epithelium - Stratified Squamous
Stratified epithelium - Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified epithelium - Stratified Columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
Transitional Epithelium
Summary of epithelial Tissues
Summary of epithelial Tissues
Summary of epithelial Tissues Contd….
Cell Junctions

(Zona Occludens)

(Zonula Adherens)
 Glands
 Endocrine glands
 Exocrine glands
 Unicellular
 Multicellular

Unicellular gland
 Multi cellular exocrine glands
Simple glands (single, nonbranched ducts)

and pancreas

Compound glands (multiple, branched ducts)

Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types
Skin and subcutaneous layer
Layers of the Cells in the
epidermis epidermis
Sensory receptors in the epidermis and dermis of skin
 Summary of Skin glands

(Holocrine) (Merocrine)

(Odoriferous)
 Connective tissues

Connective tissues

Loose connective Dense connective Specialized connective

Areolar Adipose Dense Dense Skeletal Blood Reticular

Regular Irregular

Yellow elastic White fibrous Bone

Ligament Tendon
Compact Spongy

Cartilage

Hyaline Elastic Fibrous

Components of Connective tissue
Components of Connective tissue
Molecules of the Connective Tissue Matrix
Embryonic connective tissue - Mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue – Mucous Connective tissue
Loose Connective Tissue – Areolar tissue
Loose Connective Tissue – Adipose tissue

White adipose tissue – in Adult.

Brown adipose tissue – in Fetus and Infant.
Loose Connective Tissue – Reticular tissue
Dense Connective Tissue – Regular (White, Collagenous)
Dense Connective Tissue – Regular (Yellow, Elastic)
Dense irregular connective tissue
Supporting connective tissues – Cartilages - Hyaline Cartilage
Fibro Cartilage
Comparison between three types of cartilages
Elastic cartilage
Supporting connective tissues - Bone
 Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood and Hemopoietic Tissue
(a)
Muscular tissues
Nervous tissue
Neurons and neuroglia
 References and figure courtesy
 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora & Derrickson, 15th edition.
 Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology, eleventh edition.
 General Anatomy by B.D. Chaurausia.

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