Origin of Mankind
Theory 1
Darwin mankind evolution
Charles Darwin’s version of transformism has been the subject of
massive historical and philosophical scholarship almost unparalleled in
any other area of the history of science. This includes the continued flow
of monographic studies and collections of articles on aspects of Darwin’s
theory (Richards and Ruse 2016; Ruse 2013a, 2009a,b, 2008; Ruse &
Richards 2008; Hodge & Radick 2003 [2009]; Hösle & Illies [eds] 2005;
Gayon 1998; Bowler 1996; Depew & Weber 1995; Kohn 1985a). The
continuous production of popular and professional biographical studies on
Darwin provide ever new insights (Ruse et al. 2013a; Johnson 2012;
Desmond & Moore 1991, 2009; Browne 1995, 2002; Bowlby 1990;
Bowler 1990). In addition, major editing projects on Darwin’s manuscripts
and Correspondence, now completed through 1878, continue to reveal
details and new insights into the issues surrounding Darwin’s own thought
(Keynes [ed.] 2000; Burkhardt et al. [eds] 1985–; Darwin 1836–1844
[1987]). The Cambridge Darwin Online website (see Other Internet
Resources) serves as an international clearinghouse for this worldwide
Darwinian scholarship.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/origin-descent/
Theory 2
BIG BANG THEORY
This is known as The Big Bang Theory. For almost a century, the term
has been bandied about by scholars and non-scholars alike. This should
come as no surprise, seeing as how it is the most accepted theory of
our origins. But what exactly does it mean? How was our Universe
conceived in a massive explosion, what proof is there of this, and what
does the theory say about the long-term projections for our Universe?
The basics of the theory are fairly simple. In short, the Big Bang
hypothesis states that all of the current and past matter in the Universe
came into existence at the same time, roughly 13.8 billion years ago. At
this time, all matter was compacted into a very small ball with infinite
density and intense heat called a Singularity. Suddenly, the Singularity
began expanding, and the universe as we know it began.
While this is not the only modern theory of how the Universe came into
being – for example, there is the Steady State Theory or the Oscillating
Universe Theory – it is the most widely accepted and popular. Not only
does the model explain the origin of all known matter, the laws of
physics, and the large scale structure of the Universe, it also accounts
for the expansion of the Universe and a broad range of other
phenomena.
https://phys.org/news/2015-12-big-theory.html
 Origin of Numbers
Theory 1
The Roman numerals
The Roman numerals are symbols from the ancient Roman Empire that
were commonly used to represent small numbers. The system could also
incorporate larger numbers. And for centuries, they were the typical way
of writing numbers in the empire. This numerical system was also
widespread across Europe up until the Middle Ages. The question on
most historians’ minds about this topic is that how far did the Roman
numeral system go? Detailed answer will be provided to the above
question as well as the modern usage of the Roman numerals.
Brief Overview of the System
Broadly speaking, the Roman numeral uses 7 main letters of the Latin
alphabet to represent numbers. The symbols are as follows:
Roman numeral symbols along with their corresponding values
https://www.worldhistoryedu.com/history-of-the-roman-
numerals/
Theory 2
The Arabic numeral system
The Indian numerals discussed in our article Indian numerals form the
basis of the European number systems which are now widely used.
However they were not transmitted directly from India to Europe but
rather came first to the Arabic/Islamic peoples and from them to Europe.
The story of this transmission is not, however, a simple one. The
eastern and western parts of the Arabic world both saw separate
developments of Indian numerals with relatively little interaction between
the two. By the western part of the Arabic world we mean the regions
comprising mainly North Africa and Spain. Transmission to Europe
came through this western Arabic route, coming into Europe first
through Spain.
There are other complications in the story, however, for it was not
simply that the Arabs took over the Indian number system. Rather
different number systems were used simultaneously in the Arabic world
over a long period of time. For example there were at least three
different types of arithmetic used in Arab countries in the eleventh
century: a system derived from counting on the fingers with the
numerals written entirely in words, this finger-reckoning arithmetic was
the system used for by the business community; the sexagesimal
system with numerals denoted by letters of the Arabic alphabet; and the
arithmetic of the Indian numerals and fractions with the decimal place-
value system.
https://mathshistory.standrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Arabic_numerals/
 Origin of Money
Theory 1 Theory 2

The commodity theory of money commodity theory of money

The most common theory of the origins of money is the one found in ―The
Wealth of Nations‖ (1776) by Adam Smith. According to Smith’s story,
money emerged with increasing productivity and the division of labour, as base. This has stimulated interest in the possible role of a money
individuals found themselves without many of the necessities they
required but at the same time an excess of their own products. Without a explanation of the general level of prices, is provided through only two
common means of payment individuals had to resort to barter in order to
trade, which was problematic as both sides of the deal had to have
something the other person wanted (the ―double coincidence of wants‖).
According to the theory certain types of commodities were introduced as
means of exchange for goods and services to avoid this inconvenience.
Particularly obvious as candidates for such a means were gold, silver and
other kinds of metals, as the majority of people found them valuable and
as they easily divisible into smaller units, most would accept them in
exchange for their own goods or services.
The recent instability in financial markets demonstrated the inadequacy
of the mainstream treatment of money and the underlying production
commodity. The fundamental function of monetary theory, an
analytical mechanisms, quantity-based valueless money or a money
commodity. The quantity-based explanation is unsound by its own logic.
The theoretical argument for commodity-based money, on the other
hand, is analytically consistent. This theoretical superiority has little
practical impact because the commodity money hypothesis is
considered empirically absurd. However, a link between gold and
aggregate prices in the United States since the end of World War II can
be demonstrated, and this link has prima facie credibility. This credibility
might motivate Marxists and other critics of mainstream economics to
give serious consideration to commodity-based monetary theory.

https://themoneyquestion.org/the-origin-of-money/
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41510526?seq=1
 Origin of Government and State
Theory 1 Theory 2
PATRIARCAL SYSTEM
Patriarchal (adj.) describes a general structure in which men have power
over women. Society (n.) is the entirety of relations of a community. Theories of the Origins of Government and the State
A patriarchal society consists of a male-dominated power structure
throughout organized society and in individual relationships. Power is We have discussed several purposes for governments in the previous
related to privilege. In a system in which men have more power than lesson, but not how the first governments arose. Well, no one really
women, men have some level of privilege to which women are not knows how the first governments were born. However, there are four
entitled.What Is the Patriarchy? The concept of patriarchy has been theories that have been accepted as to how the first governments were
established. Political scientists have advanced the four theories to
central to many feminist theories. It is an attempt to explain the
explain the origins of government as an institution of state.
stratification of power and privilege by gender that can be observed by
many objective measures. A patriarchy, from the ancient Force Theory
Greek patriarches, was a society where power was held by and passed
down through the elder males. When modern historians and sociologists The history of force theory proposes that the origin of state is developed
describe a "patriarchal society," they mean that men hold the positions of through the use of force. One person or a small group of people claim
power and have more privilege: head of the family unit, leaders of social control over the population in a specific area by force. Once the rule is
groups, boss in the workplace, and heads of government. In patriarchy, well established, the state is established. This theory is generally a result
there is also a hierarchy among the men. In traditional patriarchy, the of war. As an example, Adolf Hitler and his control over Germany led to
the attempted control of Europe as well as the mass genocide of the
elder men had power over the younger generations of men. In modern
Jewish population during the Holocaust.
patriarchy, some men hold more power (and privilege) by virtue of the
position of authority, and this hierarchy of power (and privilege) is https://nigerianscholars.com/tutorials/introduction-to-
considered acceptable. government/origins-of-government/
The term comes from pater or father. Father or father-figures hold the
authority in a patriarchy. Traditional patriarchal societies are, usually, also
patrilineal — titles and property are inherited through male lines. (For an
example of this, the Salic Law as applied to property and titles followed
male lines strictly.)

https://www.thoughtco.com/patriarchal-society-feminism-
definition-3528978