CHAPTER 9

THESIS PROPOSAL WRITING

Writing Requirements

A thesis proponent should possess the following qualities in order to fulfill the 15
requirements of writing a thesis proposal:

1. Enthusiastic. A thesis proponent is interested to write a thesis proposal

even in the midst of hardships, conflicts, and trials he encounters in the
process of preparing it. An interested thesis proponent makes his work easy
and comfortably wherein he completes his thesis on time.

2. Intelligent. A thesis proponent should be intelligent and broad-minded

because writing a thesis proposal is very taxing, challenging, difficult, and
strenuous.

3. Industrious. A thesis proponent is industrious in writing and does not feel

tired to complete his work even late in the evening.

4. Energetic. A thesis proponent should have the stamina and physical

endurance to be able to meet the demands of thesis writing.

5. Dedicated. A thesis proponent is devoted to the task of writing a thesis

proposal and does not wait for tomorrow what he can do for today. Manana
habit is avoided.

6. Good in research. A thesis proponent is good in both descriptive research

and experimental research. His aim is to make his research outputs
contribute to the socioeconomic development of the country. Invest-harvest
principle is applied in preparing a thesis proposal. If he invests or spends
money in research, he has to gain or profit money in order to have a return
on investment.

7. Good in statistics using computer. A thesis proponent is good in computing

statistical data using computer and knows to apply the appropriate statistical
tool to a specific research problem. He knows where and where not to apply
the different statistical tools. He does not use t-Test and F-test or analysis
of variance (ANOVA) for descriptive research as most common errors
committed by statisticians.
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 It is better that thesis proponent is the statistician in processing the data using
computer of his thesis for easy computation, analysis, and interpretation of
results.

8. Versatile. A thesis proponent is versatile, multi-talented, flexible, and

resourceful in preparing a thesis proposal.

9. Good command in English. He has good command in English to be able

to express easily and comfortably his bright ideas, creative thinking, and
productive output in an organized manner.

10. Adequate resources. The proponent should have 6M's resources such as
(1) manpower, (2) money, (3) machinery, (4) materials, (5) methods, and
(6) moment of time. These resources must be adequate so that his thesis
proposal will have productive results. For manpower, the researcher must
need other people to help in preparing the proposal and conducting the
study. For money, the proponent should have enough money to finance
the thesis proposal as well as in conducting the study. For machinery, he
must have adequate equipment like computer and printer for encoding of
the manuscripts. For materials, the proponent can write effectively and
excellently, if he has a supply of materials like pen, papers, computer inks,
USB, internet connection, and many others. For method, if the proponent
uses the experimental research, he has to choose the most appropriate
method from the nine types of experimental design. If he prefers descriptive
research, he has to choose one from the nine types of descriptive research.
For moment of time, the proponent has to allot a considerable amount of
time everyday to write his proposal.

11. Religious. A proponent must be religious. He has to implement the acronym

UNLAD, meaning, Unahin Natin Lagi Ang Diyos. If a proponent wants to
augment his quality of life and successful to write his thesis proposal and
conduct his, he has to serve God first for He is the only one who gives divine
wisdom, divine knowledge and divine understanding.

12. Patient. A proponent should be patient. Often, a proposal has to be revised

several times before he arrives at the perfection of his study. If he wants
good quality of his thesis, a proponent "No surrender, no retreat."

13. Healthy. A proponent is healthy in mind, body, and spirit so that he can write
his thesis proposal and conduct the study efficiently and effectively. "Health
is wealth."

14. Willing to sacrifice. A proponent is willing to perform sacrifices that writing

the thesis proposal and conducting the study entails. There is a saying,
"Success is sweet if spiced with sacrifice."
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 15. Convenient room for thinking and writing. A proponent should provide
a convenient room to write and think so that he can collect creative ideas
intelligently and effectively. A well-ventilated and quiet room makes him think
and write spontaneously and bright ideas keep on coming since it is easier
for him to think comfortably.

Parts of a Thesis Proposal

There are three parts of thesis proposal. These are (1) The Problem: Rationale
and Background, (2) Related Literature Review, and (3) Methodology or Materials and
Methods.

1. The Problem: Rationale and Background

This part includes (1) The Statement of the Problem, (2) Hypotheses, (3)
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework, (4) Significance of the Study, (5) Scope
and Limitations of the Study, and (6) Definition of Terms.

2. Related Literature Review

This part consists of (1) Related Legal Basis, (2) Related Literature, (3)
Related Studies (Local and Foreign), and (4) Justification of the Proposed
Study.

3. Methodology or Materials and Methods

Methodology is applicable in descriptive research. This part includes (1)

Research Design, (2) Determination of Sample Size (if sample survey), (3)
The Subjects, (4) The Research Instrument, (5) Data Gathering Procedure,
(6) Data Processing Method, and (7) Statistical Treatment.

Materials and Methods used for experimental research contain (1) Research
Method, (2) Materials, (3) Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils, (4) Procedure, ·
(5) Evaluation of the Products, and (6) Statistical Treatment.

Aside from the foregoing three major parts of thesis proposal, the four minor
parts are included. These are as follows: (1) Schedule of Activities, (2)
Bibliography/References, (3) Appendix, and (4) Curriculum Vitae.

Schedule of Activities

Schedule of activities involve the time frame for every activity of the thesis proposal
and study for completion.

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 Bibliography/References

Bibliography is used in descriptive research and References is used in experimental

research. Bibliography and references include the list of source materials like books
journals, published and unpublished research paper, thesis and dissertation, and
many others.

Appendix

Appendix contains the proposed research instrument prepared by the proponent

for descriptive research. For experimental research, the sensory evaluation sheet is to
test the quality attributes of the products.

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum vitae includes the personal data/information of the proponent: his

name, birth date, birthplace, civil status, spouse (if married), if single (name of parents,)
educational qualification, PRC eligibility, experience, honors/awards received,
scholarship grant, researches conducted, published books, researches, articles,
patent, membership in professional and scientific organizations, and seminars/training
attended.
However, thesis proposal is not divided into chapters. The following are samples
of thesis proposal outlines in descriptive and experimental designs.

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

I. Title

II. The Problem: Rationale and Background

2.1. Statement of the Problem/Objectives

2.2. Null Hypotheses

2.3. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

2.4. Significance of the Study

2.5. Scope and Limitations of the Study

2.6. Definition of Terms

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III. Related Literature Review

3.1. Related Legal Basis

3.2. Related Literature (local and foreign)

3.3. Related Studies (local and foreign)

3.4. Justification of the Proposed Study

IV. Methodology

4.1. Research Design

4.2. Determination of Sample Size (if sample survey)

4.3. Sampling Design and Technique (if sample survey)

4.4. The Subjects

4.5. The Research Instrument

4.6. Validation of the Research Instrument

4.7. Data Gathering Procedure

4.8. Data Processing Method

4.9. Statistical Treatment

V. Schedule of Activities

VI. Bibliography

VII. Appendix

VIII. Curriculum Vitae

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 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

I. Title

11. The Problem: Rationale and Background

2.1. . Statement of the Problem/Objectives

2.2. Null Hypotheses

2.3. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

2.4. Significance of the Study

2.5. Scope and Limitations of the Study

2.6. Definition of terms

Ill. Related Literature Review

3.1. Related Legal Basis

3.2. Related Literature (local and foreign)

3.3. Related Studies (local and foreign)

3.4. Justification of the Proposed Study

IV. Materials and Methods

4.1. Research Method

4.2. Materials

4.3. Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils

4.4. Procedure

4.5. Evaluation of the Products

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 4.6. Statistical Treatment

V. Schedule of Activities

VI. References

VII. Appendix

VIII. Curriculum Vitae

TITLE

The title of a research or thesis proposal must be brief and concise, researchable,
novel, indicates possibilities for further research, and time for completing the study is
possible. ·

Certain forms of title phrasing such as "Study of . . .", "Ari Analysis of . . .", "A
Scientific Study of . . .", and "A Preliminary Study of . . ." are to be avoided. They are
vague, not pleasing, and not acceptable for inclusion in a research/thesis title.

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

PROBLEMS MET BY TEACHERS FOR LOW ACHIEVEMENTS OF STUDENTS IN

NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST (NAT) IN DIVISION OF ILOILO

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

UTILIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSUS)

LEAVES WITH AND WITHOUT BANANA (MUSA SAPIENTUM) PEELINGS
INTO PAPER BAGS THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND

The most common practice of many research· papers, theses, and

dissertation in Chapter 1 is to use the title "INTRODUCTION". This is a vague
term because the meaning of Introduction is .foreword or beginning {Thesaurus
English US Dictionary)°.
The most appropriate title in Chapter 1 of a research paper, thesis, and
dissertation is "The Problem and Its Background" or “The Problem: Rationale and
Background." The meaning of rationale in Thesaurus English Dictionary is
reasoning, underlying principle, basis, foundation, and justification; and background
means setting, backdrop, environment, surroundings, and conditions.
Likewise, in Chapter 1 (The Problem: Rationale and Background), the
proponent has to cite the rationale of the problem by quoting some statements
from published materials relevant to the proposed study to give the reader a
panoramic view of the study.

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 The PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND is placed at the MIDDLE
HEADING title (five single spaces above and three single spaces below it) of Chapter
1 in all capital letters of a research paper, thesis, and dissertation. This includesthe
Stat e men t of the Problem, Hypotheses, Theoretical/Conceptual Framework,
Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study, and Definition of Terms.

Statement of the Problem

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

Using the same title as the thesis proposal in Descriptive Design, "PROBLEMS
MET BY TEACHERS FOR LOW ACHIEVEMENTS OF STUDENTS IN NATIONAL
ACHIEVEMENT TEST (NAT) IN DIVISION OF ILOILO", the statement of the problem
is as follows:
The main problem of the proposed study will be to determine the 'problems met
by teachers for low achievements of students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in
Division of Iloilo. Specifically
, it will attempt to answer the following research questions:

1. How serious will be the problems met by teachers concerning low

achievements of students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division
of Iloilo in relation to top management, m i d d l e management, lower
management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and student factor as a
whole and when classified as to sex, age, civil status, teaching experience,
job performance, and students' achievements?

2. Will there be significant difference on the seriousness of problems met by

teachers for low achievements of students in National Achievement Test
(NAT) in Division of Iloilo in relation to top management middle management
lower management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and student
factor when classified as to sex, age, civil status, teaching experience, job
performance, and students' achievements?

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

Using the sample of experimental design on the "UTILIZATION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION OF PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSUS) LEAVES WITH AND
WITHOUT BANANA (MUSA SAPIENTUM) PEELINGS INTO PAPER BAGS", the
statement of the problem is as follows
The main purpose of the proposed study will be to utilize and commercialize
pineapple leaves (A. comosus) with and without banana peelings (M. sapientum) into
paper bags. Specifically, it will attempt to answer the following research questions:

1. What will be the acceptability of paper bags made from pineapple (A.
comosus) leaves with and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings?

234
 2. What will be the gross sales of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus)
leave s with and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings utilized into paper
bags?

3. What will be the profit of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus)
. leaves with and without banana (M. sapientum) peeling s utilized into paper
. bags?

4. Will there be return on investment (ROI) of paper bags made from pineapple
(A. comosus) leaves with and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings
utilized into paper bags?

5. Will there be significant differences in the acceptability, gross sales, and

gross profit of paper bags made from pineapple (A comosus) leaves with
and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings?

Hypotheses
·'
The null hypothesis is commonly used by proponent in research paper, thesis,
and dissertation proposal because it is a denial of existence of the difference of the
effect which is easy to reject and accept.

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

Based on the foregoing research problems, the researcher will formulate the
following null hypotheses:

1. The problems met by teachers for low achievements of students in National

Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of Iloilo in relation to top management,
middle management, lower management, instructional facilities, teacher
factor, and student factor as a whole and when classified as to sex, age, civil
status, teaching experience, job performance, and students' achievements
will not be serious.

2. There will be no significant difference on the seriousness of problems met

by teachers for low achievements of students in National Achievement Test
(NAT) in Division of Iloilo in relation to top management, middle management,
lower management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and student factor
when classified as to sex, age, civil status, teaching experience, job
performance, and students' achievements.

235
' Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

Using the sample of experimental design on the "UTILIZATAION

AND COMMERCIA LIZATION OF PINEAPPLE ( ANANAS COMOSUS) LEAVES WITH
AND WITHOUT BANANA (MUSA SAPIENTUM) PEELINGS INTO PAPER BAGS, " the
researcher will formulate the following null hypotheses:

1. Paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and without
banana (M. sapientum) peelings will not be acceptable.

2. Paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and without
banana (M. sapientum ) peelings utilized into paper bags will have no sales.

3. Paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and without
banana (M. sapentum) peelings bags will have no profit.

4. There will be no return on investment (ROI) of paper bags made from

pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and without banana (M. sapientum)
peelings.

5. There will be no significant differences in the acceptability, gross sales, and

gross profit of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with
and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Theoretical and conceptual frameworks both provide clear explanations regarding

the relationships among variables. Though theoretical framework is commonly used
by researchers because it shapes the justification of the research problem that uses
abstract concepts, factors, or laws, variables and their relations, and explain and
predict how observed phenomena exist and operate. A researcher is required to
formulate existing theories which link to t e study because theories are useful devices
for interpreting, criticizing, and unifying established specific laws or facts that guide in
discovering new generalizations. It is advisable that proponent uses either theoretical
framework or conceptual framework.
In theoretical/conceptual framework, the paradigm of variables such as independent
variables, intervening variables, and dependent variables in the proposed study must
be presented. Figure 9.1 presents the paradigm of the independent, intervening, and
dependent variables on the problems met by teachers for low performance of students
in National Achievement Test (NAT) in the Division of Iloilo.

236
Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

Independent Intervening Dependent

Variables Variables Variables

NAT Sex . Problems

Top management Age Job Performance
Middle management Civil Status Student's
Lower management Teaching . Achievements

Instructional Facilities Experience

Teacher Factor
Student Factor

Figure 9.1. Paradigm of the Independent, Intervening, and Dependent Variables

on the Problems Met by Teachers for Low Performance of Students in
the National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of Iloilo
Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

Figure 9.2. shows the independent and dependent variables on the acceptability,
gross sales, gross profit, and ROI of pineapple paper bags with and without banana
peelings.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Acceptability
Pineapple Paper Bags
With Banana Peelings Gross Sales
..
Pineapple Paper Bags Gross Profit
Without Banana Peelings
ROI

Figure 9.2. Independent and Dependent Variables on Acceptability, Gross Sales,

Gross Profit, and ROI of Pineapple Paper Bags with and without Banana
Peelings
Significance of the Study

As mentioned in previous Chapter, significance of the study is an important

section in research paper, thesis, and dissertation. The investigator has to explain the
importance of the study in relation to (1) solving a problem, (2) bridging a knowledge gap,
(3) improving social, economic, and health conditions of the people, (4) government's
thrusts, (5) socioeconomic impact that alleviates poverty, (6) providing food security,
and (7) contributing the economy and austerity measures of the country.

237
 The investigator must present the significance of the study either from the
deductive or inductive perspective. When presenting from a deductive perspective
importance of the study which starts from general to particular, the researcher presents
from national level, then to the regional, provincial, municipal, local, to the researcher,
and to the target beneficiaries. If presented from an inductive viewpoint, presentation
of the importance of the study begins from the target beneficiaries, the researcher,
local, municipal, provincial, regional level, and to the national level.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the research instrument,
the research issues and concerns, the duration of the study, and the constraints that
have direct bearing on the results of the study.

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

The study will be limited only to the problems met by teachers concerning low
achievements of students in the National Achievement Test (NAT) in the division of
Iloilo for Academic Year 2014-2015. All DepEd (Department of Education) secondary
school teachers in the Division of Iloilo with one year or more teaching experience will be
included as subjects of the study if the population is less than 100. If population is
large, 1000, for instance, a sample survey is applied. Unrestricted random sampling
will be used to get samples from the population (secondary school teachers) wherein
each teacher in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample.
Table of random numbers will be used in getting the sample. To draw a sample
each teacher must be assigned an identifying number ranging from 001 to 1000. The
identifying number may correspond to the total number of the population of teachers
001, 002, 003, 004 and so on till 1000.
To draw a sample of 221 from 1000 population, the Table of Random Numbers
is taken by pinpointing a pen either left, right, vertical, or horizontal direction or in any
other way until 221 samples are reached. The researcher will choose either the first
3-digit or the last 3-digit of the Table of Random Numbers. For example, he chooses
the last 3 digits of the Table of Random Numbers. If the pen points to 0142, 4051,
2023, 2094, 4105, 1157, and so on, they are included .as samples because the last 3
digits are within 221. If the pen points to 8287, 1246, 2540, 0990, and 9362, they are
· not included as sample because the last 3 digits are more than 221.
Data gathering will employ a researcher-made questionnaire which the proponent
admits has the limitation of bias. Hence, the questionnaire will be supplemented by
observations, interviews, analyses of DepEd circulars, memoranda, journals, articles,
books, research papers_ , theses, and dissertations a s bases for formulating the
questionnaire.
Descriptive-survey method with the use of questionnaire will be used in the
study to determine the problems met by the teachers concerning low performance of
students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of Iloilo.
 The results of the study will be interpreted with the use of weighted mean, z-test,
and Friedman Two-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). The 1% level of significance
will be used because of a highest degree of accuracy with 99 percent reliability.
Based on the foregoing conditions, the findings of the study will be descriptive
of the secondary school teachers in the Division of Iloilo involved during the period
of time which the investigation will cover which is in Academic Year 2014-2015 . The
results and conclusions drawn will, therefore, be true for this group of subjects and for
that period of time.
However, the results will be used as basis for similar studies that may be conducted
at other times and in other DepEd Division. Pattern of similarities may be observed
and made use of in any future plan regarding problems met by teachers concerning
low performance of students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in the country.

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

The study will be limited only to the utilization and commercialization of pineapple
(Ananas comosus) leaves with and without banana (Musa sapientum) peelings in
making paper bags.
Pineapple (A. comosus) leaves as waste products of pineapples pickers and
banana (M. sapientum) peelings as offal of banana cue vendors will be utilized in
making paper bags.

The study will be conducted in the residence of the researcher at the JMF
Subdivision, Guzman Street, Mandurriao, Iloilo City in August 2013 to October 2013.

Sensory evaluation of the products is employed by the panelists with the use
of 9-point Hedonic Scale where 9, stands for extremely acceptable; 8, very much
acceptable; 7, moderately acceptable; 6, slightly acceptable; and so on to determine the
acceptability of pineapple paper bags with and without banana peelings.
The results of the study is interpreted with the use of weighted mean to determine
the acceptability of the products and t-Test: Paired Two-Sample for Means was used to
determine if there is significant mean difference acceptability, gross sales, and gross
profit of the products. The 5 percent level of significance is used due to its higher
degree of accuracy with 95 percent reliability.
The products will be sold at the dry goods sections and vicinities of Iloilo City
Central Public Market, La Paz Public Market, Jaro Public Market, and Mandurriao
Public Market.
The results and conclusions drawn are, therefore, true to these products and
formulations. However, the results will be used as basis for similar studies that may
be conducted in the future using different materials like cogon leaves with banana
peelings.
Definition of Terms

There are two ways of defining key terms. These are conceptual and operational.
Conceptual definition. This refers to defining key terms usually taken from the
dictionary, encyclopedia, published books, journals, and articles.
Operational definition. This refers to defining key terms based on the observed
characteristic and how they are used in the study.
It is advisable for a researcher to use two ways of defining key terms for clearer
understanding of the meaning by the readers. If conceptual definition is not available
in the dictionary particularly the technical terms, operational definition is acceptable.
Moreover, there are two ways of arranging the key terms. First, the key terms
are arranged as they appear in the text. Second, they are alphabetically arranged.
The first arrangement is commonly used by writers of research papers, theses, and
dissertations.
Likewise: a maximum of 15 key terms are presented in Part 1 of a thesis proposal.
If there are more than 15 key terms, they are placed in the Glossary.

Illustration1 (Descriptive Design)

For purposes of clarification, the following key terms are hereby defined:
Problems. This term refers to dilemma, predicament and quandary situation
{Thesaurus US Dictionary 2012). As used in the study, this refers to unpleasant or
disagreeable situation encountered by teachers in relation to low students' achievement
of students in the National Achievement Test.
Teachers. This refers to secondary school teachers in National High School or
Barangay High School of the Department of Education (DepEd) in the Division of Iloilo.
Job performance. This refers to executor of doing one’s work (Webster, 2010).
As used in the study, this refers to teacher's efficiency-outstanding, very satisfactory,
satisfactory, fairly satisfactory, or unsatisfactory.
Student's achievement. This refers to the accomplishment of student {Thesaurus,
2010). As used in the study, this refers to the students National Achievement Test
scores if they fall within the national mean, above the national mean, or below the
national mean.
Top management. This refers to the upper level of the organization which usually
include the chief executive officer (Fleet, 1993). As used in the study, this refers to the
Division Superintendent of Schools.
Middle management. This refers to the division management that implements
the strategies and policies set up by the top management (Fleet, 1993). As used in the
study, this refers to the district supervisors and principals in the Division of1Ioilo.
Lower management. This refers to the overseeing of the work of operating
employees (Fleet, 1993). As used in the study, this refers to head teachers of the
secondary schools in the Division of Iloilo.

240
 Instructional facilities. As used in the study, this refers to the adequacy of school
facilities like ventilated classrooms, electricity, lighting, chairs, books, computers,
multimedia projectors , restrooms, drinking water, and many others.

Teacher factor. As used in the study, this refers to the qualities of the teach er
if they possess the acronym MODERN TEACHER wherein M stands for Model; 0 ,
Obedient; D, Dedicated; E, Efficient; R, Research-oriented; N, Noble; T, Talented; E,

.
'Effective; A, Active; C, Creative; H, Honest; E, Excellent; and R, Religious.
Student factor. As used in the study, this refers to the quality of students whether
with good study habits with good grades or poor study habits with poor grades who are
studying at the secondary schools in the Division of lloilo.

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

For purposes of clarification, the following key terms are hereby defined:

Pineapple leaves. These refer to the elongated outer sheet of pineapple plant
which contain 3% strong silky fibers (Padreshi, 2012). As used in th e study, pineapple
leaves are wastes of pineapple fruit pickers but can be utilized in making paper bags.
Banana peelings. These refer to the outermost layer of a banana which are
stripped off of the interior flesh of the fruit and slippery if stepped on (Padreshi, 2012).
As used in the study, the banana peelings are wastes by banana cue vendors that are
only thrown away but can be utilized in making paper bags.
Acceptability. This term refers to the suitability or satisfactoriness (Thesaurus,
2010). As used in the study, this refers to the likeness of pineapple paper bags with
and without banana peelings.
Gross sales. This is obtained by multiplying the selling price by the quantity
(Calmorin, 2006). As used in the study, this refers to the total sales of the pineapple
paper bags with and without banana peelings.
Gross profit. This refers to the difference between the gross sales and the net
purchase cost (Calmorin et al, 2012). As used in the study, this refers to the difference
between the gross sales and the production cost.
Return on Investment (ROI). This is determined by dividing the net profit by
production cost times 100 and is expressed in percentage (Calmorin et al., 2012). As
used in the study, this refers to the ratio of net profit and total expenses times 100 and
is expressed in percentage.

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 RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW

Related literature review is presented and used as middle heading title all in capital
letters with five single spaces above and three single spaces below it of Chapter 2 of
a thesis and dissertation. A proponent needs to review the literature and studies of the
proposed study to determine the similarities and differences of the previous studies
and to gain insights into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial.
Related literature review is divided into four parts. These are (1) related legal
basis, (2) related literature, (3) related studies, and (4) justification of the proposed
study. ·
In presenting the related legal basis, related literature, and related studies, the
proponent has to arrange them from latest to past.

Related Legal Basis

The sources of legal basis are the constitution, laws, department directives
like circulars, orders, memoranda, and many others that have direct bearing on the
proposed study.
If a study has related legal basis, it shows the investigation is relevant and
important and responsive to the government's thrust.
Likewise, the bearing of the legal basis cited on the proposed study is-explained.
It is unscientific if the bearing of the legal basis is not explained.

Illustration (Experimental Design)

For instance, the proposed study is on the "UTILIZATION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION OF PINEAPPLE LEAVES (ANONAS COMOSUS) WITH
AND WITHOUT BANANA (MUSA SAPIENTUM) PEELINGS INTO PAPER BAGS."
The related legal basis of the foregoing proposed study is Waste management.
This is a priority government's thrust pursuant to Republic Act No. 9003 known as
National Solid Waste Management Act of 1999. To fight against waste, all waste
materials must be reduced, reused, and recycled into useful items.
The foregoing related legal basis has a significant bearing on the proposed study
because pineapple leaves are left behind or burned in the farm by pineapple fruit
pickers while banana peelings are only thrown away by banana cue vendors. The
researcher proposes to recycle them into useful products li e paper bags which can
even be commercialized into useful products. Hence, no more wastes of pineapple
leaves and banana peelings and "Trash Turns to Cash." ·

Related Literature

The related literatures are published articles, books, journals, magazines, novels,
poetry, and many others which have direct bearing to the proposed study.

242
 The related literature can be local or foreign, provided however, every related
literature has explanation to the bearing of the proposed study. A related literature
presented without explanation on the relationship of the proposed study is
unscientific.

Related Studies

The related studies published and unpublished that have a direct bearing on the
proposed study are included in this section. They are segregated into local and foreign
studies (if any).
The related studies are presented in chronological order from present to past.
Each related study should have an explanation as to its bearing on the proposed
study. A related study presented without explanation on its relationship to the proposed
study is unscientific.

Justification of the Proposed Study

The proponent has to justify the direct bearing of the related legal basis, related
literature, and related studies on the proposed study. Likewise, he has to justify the
differences of the proposed study from the previous related studies.

METHODOLOGY

Methodology is used as middle heading title of descriptive design with five single
spaces above and three single spaces below it of a page. This is presented in Chapter
3 of a thesis and dissertation. There are nine parts of Methodology. These are (1)
research design, (2) determination of sample size (if sample survey), (3) sampling
design and techniques (if sample survey), (4) the subjects, (5) the research instrument,
(6) validation of the research instrument, (7) data gathering procedure, (8) data
processing method, and (9) statistical treatment.

Research Design

The proponent has to choose the most appropriate research design for his
proposed study. In descriptive research, there are 9 types of design. These are (1)
descriptive-survey, (2) descriptive-normative, (3) descriptive-status, (4) descriptive­
analysis, (5) descriptive-classification, (6) descriptive-evaluative, (7) descriptive­
comparative, (8) correlation-survey, and (9) longitudinal survey.

Determination of Sample Size (if sample survey)

If sample survey is used because the population is too large, 100 or more, the
researcher has to determine the sample size by using the formula as follows:

(9.1)

243
Where:
Ss = Sample size
N = Total number of population
V = Standard value (2.58) at 1 percent level of probability with 99 percent
reliability
Se = Sampling error (0.01)
P = Larger possible proportion (0.50)

Illustration

Suppose the total population of secondary teachers in Division of lloilo is 1000. To

substitute formula (9.1), consider the computation below.

NV + {(Se) 2
x (1 -p)}
ss = NSe + {(V)2 x p (1 - p)}

1000(2.58) + (0.01)2 X ( - 0.50)

= 1000(0.01) + (2.58) 2
X 0.50 (1 - 0.50)

2580 + 0.0001 X 0.50

= 10 + 0.6564 X 0.50 (0.50)

2580 + 0.00005
= 10 + 1.6641

2580.00005
= 11.6641

Ss = 221.191524 or 221

Thus, the sample size (Ss) is 221 from total population of 1000.
Sampling Design and Technique
There are two kinds of sampling designs. These are (1) scientific sampling and
(2) nonscientific sampling. The former is preferable because every member of the
population is given equal chance of being included in the sample.
As mentioned earlier, scientific sampling has 6 types. These are (1) restricted
random sampling, (2) unrestricted random sampling, (3) stratified sampling, (4)
systematic sampling, (5) multistage sampling, and (6) cluster sampling
244
 The proponent has to choose one sampling type which is most appropriate to
his proposed study (i.e., unrestricted random sampling).

The technique for unrestricted random sampling is Table of Random Numbers.

As explained earlier, each individual is assigned coded number ranging from 0001 to
1000. The table of random numbers technique consists of digits so selected that no
systematic relation exists between any sequence of digits in the table, regardless of
whether the table is read horizontally, vertically, left, right, or any other way. To draw a
sample by using the table of random numbers, a technique must be used for assigning
a number to each individual in a p9pulation. For instance, the population is 1000. Each
member must be assigned an identifying number ranging from 0001 to 1000. The
identifying number corresponds to the total number of the population, 1000. The
sample size of 1000 is 221. To get a sample of 221 from 1000 population, a series of
four-digit numbers are randomly drawn either horizontally, vertically, right or left, until
221 individua ls are identified as sample.

The Subjects

The proponent has to explain how and where the subjects will be taken from. It
can be either total population if population is small, less than 100, or sample survey if
population is large, 100 or more. The agency where the subjects will be taken from
frequency and percentage will be presented. For instance, in the Division of Iloilo, there
are 15 secondary schools supervised by the Department of Education (DepEd), 221
teachers will be taken from these schools. Table 9.1 presents the distribution of
subjects.
Table 9.1. Distribution of Subjects
The Research Instrument

The research instrument can be a questionnaire, a test, an interview, an

observation schedule, or a rating scale. Each part of the instrument must be clearly
stated described by the proponent.

Illustration

The researcher will use the researcher-made instrument- questionnaire he

made in gathering data to determine problems met by the teachers that caused low
achievements of students in the National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of Iloilo.
The questionnaire will include items culled from books, DepEd directives, PRC
directives, published and unpublished theses, informal interviews, and observations.
The questionnaire will consist of three parts. Part I will aim to gather
information on the teacher's personal data: his/her name, school where he/she is
employed, sex, age, civil status, and number of years teaching experience. Part II
will deal on gathering the job performance rating of teachers for the last two years.
Part 111 will gather data regarding the problems met by teachers in relation to top
management, middle management, lower management, instructional facilities,
teacher factor, andstudent factor.

Validation of the Research Instrument

Suggestions, corrections, and refinement of the draft of the questionnaire must

be explained thoroughly. The different individuals involved in the corrections and
refinement of the questionnaire must be mentioned. After it is refined, testing the
validity and reliability of the researcher-made instrument, questionnaire, must be done.
For validity, five experts in the field of study must be requested to go over the
research instrument to test the validity. Each item in the instrument has a column on
3 (retain), 2 (revise), and 1 (delete). The expect is requested to check the appropriate
option column for each item. The researcher will compute for the weighted mean per
item. Items with mean values of 2.5-3.0 will be retained; items with mean values of
2.4-1.5 will be revised; and items with mean values of 1.4- 1.0 will be deleted.
For reliability, the proponent will use either test-retest, split-half, parallel-forms
or internal consistency. If he uses test-retest method, the questionnaire will be
administered twice to teachers of a different DepEd Division as pilot sample, for
instance, the Division of Manila. It is very much unscientific if he uses teachers of
the same DepEd Division in Iloilo as pilot sample. The interval of the first and second
administration of the questionnairewill be at least one week and not a month. Spearman
rho or Spearman rank correlation coefficient is used to determine the reliability of the
responses. If the reliability value is high, 0.71 to 0.90 to very high, 0.91 to 0.99, this
means the research instrument is reliable.
If the research instrument is both valid and reliable, it is now ready to be
administered to the subjects of the study.

246
Illustration

The first draft of the questionnaire will be submitted to the researcher's adviser for
corrections and suggestions. Several changes will be made. Some items irrelevant to
the proposed study will be discarded. The revised form will be validated by the Dean
of the College of Education Graduate School, Philippine Normal University; Manila
City Superintendent of Schools; Quezon City Superintendent of Schools; Makati City
Superintendent of Schools; and Taguig City Superintendent of Schools. Each option
in the questionnaire will have options: 3, retain; 2, revise; and 1, delete. Based on the
responses of the foregoing managers, weighted mean of 2.5 to 3.0 will be retained; 1.5
to 2.4, revise; and 1.0 to 1.4, delete. If all their responses have mean values of 2.5 to
3.0, it means the questionnaire is valid.
For reliability, test-retest method will be used. The questionnaire will be
administered twice to teachers of the Division of Manila. The coefficient correlation
between the first and second administration of the questionnaire will be computed with
the use of Spearman rank difference coefficient correlation. The formula is as follows:

=
1 - N3 - N (9.2)

where r 5 stands for Spearman rank coefficient correlation; LD2 , sum of squared
difference between ranks; and N, total number of cases (Calmorin, 2010). If the
obtained correlation value is high, it means the questionnaire is reliable.

Data Gathering Procedure

Having found the research instrument valid and reliable, the researcher proceeds to
ask permission and approval from the head of the agency where the subjects are
employed. Once permitted, the researcher administers the research instrument to the
subjects of the study. The date of the administration of the questionnaire, retrieval date,
and percentage retrieval of the research instrument must be stated. For instance, there are
221 questionnaires administered to 221 teachers as subjects of the study, but only 217
or 98 percent are retrieved. Hence, this must pe stated that only 217 questionnaires or
98 percent were retrieved.

Illustration

Having found the questionnaire valid and reliable, the researcher will secure
written permit from the Division Superintendent of Schools of Iloilo to allow the
researcher to conduct the study on the respective teachers in the Division of Iloilo. The
questionnaire will be administered in March 2015. The retrieval of the questionnaire
will be done by the third week of April 2015. It will be expected that the retrieval of
questionnaire is not less than 90 percent.

247
Data Processing Method

After the retrieval of the questionnaire, the researcher tabulates and processes the
data either manually or by machine. Quantitative and qualitative data processing must
be determined to arrive at precise analysis and interpretation of results. Categorization
of the subjects must be mentioned. Data matrix based on dummy tables must be used
to organize, summarize, and analyze the data on how the variables differ from each
other.

Illustration

After the retrieval of the questionnaire, the researcher will tabulate and analyze
the data. The data gathered will be organized. The researcher will make an evaluation
of the problems met by teachers in relation to top management, middle management,
lower management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and student factor as a
whole and when classified as to sex, age, civil status, and number of years teaching
experience.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical tools used to answer the specific research questions of the study
must be described and the formula must be explained. The level of significance either
1% or 5% must be stated to determine the significance of the findings.

Illustration

The statistical tools to be used in the interpretation of data and testing the null
hypotheses of the proposed study will include the frequency counts, weighted mean, z-
test, and Friedman two-way analysis of variance.
Weighted mean will be used to determine the seriousness the problems met by
teachers. It will also be determined how these problems resulted in low achievements
of students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of lloilo in relation to top
management, middle management, lower management, instructional facilities, teacher
factor, and student factor as a whole and when classified as to sex, age, civil status,
teaching experience, job. performance, and student's achievements. The formula is as
follows (Calmorin, 2010):

Where:
= Weighted mean
= Sum of all the products off and x where f is the frequency of each
weight and x, weight (i.e., 4, 3, 2, 1)
= Sum of all the subject /respondents

248
 The z-test will be used to find out if there is a significant difference in the
seriousness of the problems met by teachers causing low achievements of
students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of Iloilo when teachers are
classified according to sex.
Friedman two-way analysis of variance will be used to determine if there is a
significant difference in the seriousness of the problems met by teachers based on
age, civil status, teaching experience, job performance, and students' achievements.

Schedule of Activities

The schedule of activities is an itemized plan of activities to be undertaken by

the researcher within a time frame. It serves as guide for the researcher to
accomplish each activity.

Illustration

Time Frame
Activities (Weeks)

1. Planning Stage

1.1. Plan either standardized or researcher-made questionnaire 1

1.2. Suit the questionnaire to the problem/objectives of the study 1

1.3. Determine the 6M's of resources: (Manpower, Money, Machinery,

Materials, Methods, and Moment of time) 1

1.4. Consider the variables 1

Total 4

2. Preparing Stage

2.1. Construction of questionnaire 2

2.2. Revision of questionnaire 2

2.3. Validation of questionnaire 1

2.4. Dry-run the questionnaire to pilot sample 1

2.5. Computation of validity and reliability of questionnaire 1

249
 2.6. Reproduction of questionnaire 1

2.7. Determination of sample size 1

2.8. Administration of questionnaire to the subjects 2

2.9. Retrieval of questionnaire 1

Total 12

3. Data Processing Stage

3.1. Tabulation of data 1

3.2. Computation of results 2

3.3. Analysis and interpretation of data 1

Total 4

4. Writing Stage

4.1. Chapter 1 (The Problem: Rationale and Background) 1

4.2. Chapter 2 (Related Literature Review) 2

4.3. Chapter 3 (Methodology) 1

4.4. Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion) 2

4.5. Chapter'5 (Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations) 1

4.6. Bibliography, Appendix, and Curriculum Vitae 1

4.7. Encoding the Manuscripts 2

Total 10

250
5. Oral Examination Stage

5.1. Preparation for the Oral Examination 1

5.2. Oral Examination and Revision of the Thesis 3

5.3
. Submission and Retrieval of the Thesis 2

5.4. Final Encoding of the Thesis 2

5.5. Binding the Thesis 1

5.6. Submission of the Bound Thesis to the Panel of Examiners 1

Total 10

Grand Total 40

Bibliography

Bibliography is defined as the concluding section of a research paper, thesis, and

dissertation wherein the listing of source materials are arranged in alphabetical order. ·
Bibliography includes the acknowledged source materials cited in the text and other
source materials read by the researcher.

Functions of Bibliography

There are 5 functions of the Bibliography. These are as follows:

1. To give the reader the scope of the research behind the paper.

2. To determine if a particular work has been used.

3. To provide the reader a foundation for further research.

4. To allow the reader to find out easily the full bibliographic information for
materials referred to in parenthetical notes where only the name of the
author and year are given, for instance, (Calmorin, 2011).

5. To give necessary descriptive details for the source materials as a whole in

order that original statements can be located and consulted by the reader.

251
 Bibliography (One Author, Book)

In presenting a book with one author bibliography source, the format is as follows:
Surname of author, comma, first name full or initial, middle· name initial, period;
year published, period; title of the book (bold and italic), period; name of publisher
period; place of publisher, period; and inclusive pages, period. The second line and
succeeding lines are four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration

Calmorin, Laurentina P. 2010. Research and Statistics with Computer. National

Book Store. Manila. 610 pp.

The author of this book has read unscientific BIBLIOGRAPHY format of several
research journals, research papers, theses, and dissertations here and abroad. See
illustration below.

Unscientific Bibliography Format

Calmorin, Laurentina P. (2010). Research and Statistics with Computer. Manila:

National Book Store. 610 pp.

Unscientific because the year of publication is enclosed in parenthesis (2010). It

means 2010 is NOT the original year of publication.
Unscientific because the place of the publisher is ahead of the name of publisher.
Manila: National Book Store.
The place of publisher must be after the name of publisher or agency. Just like in
a letter address. See correct letter address below.
Dr. Laurentina P. Calmorin
National Book Store
Manila
Incorrect Letter Address
Dr. Laurentina P. Calmorin
Manila
National Book Store
The incorrect letter address is similar with incorrect BIBLIOGRAPHY format that
the place of publisher is placed ahead of the name of publisher, for instance, Manila:
National Book Store.

See illustrations below for correct bibliography format of books and journals/
articles with one author, two authors, three authors, four authors, or more.

252
Illustrations

Bibliography (One Author, Book)

Calmorin, Laurentina P. 2011. Modern Mathematics for Elementary Pupils 6

(Textbook). National Book Store. Manila. 358 pp.

Bibliography (One Author, Journal)

In presenting bibliography in a journal source of, material with one author, the
sequence is as follows:
Surname of author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial, period;
year published, period; title of research/article, period and enclosed in quotation marks;
name of journal (bold and italic), period; volume, number enclosed in parenthesis,
colon, inclusive pages, period; and month and year published enclosed in parenthesis,
period. The second and succeeding lines are four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration 1

Calmorin, Laurentina P. 2012. "Seaweed Ice Cream With and Without Moringa: Its
Acceptability, Salability, and Profitability." Business Azimuths . 1(1):2-13.
(January-June 2012).

Illustration 2

Malubay, Helen A. 2012. "Seaweed Kappaphycus Butterscotch With and Without

Moringa: How Acceptable and J>rofitable" Business Asimuths. 1(1):14- 27.
(January-June 2012).

Illustration 3 (Article).

Calmorin, Laurentina P. 2000. "My Idea of a Good Teacher." The Modern Teacher.
I
59(7):281- 282. (December 2000). .

Bibliography (Two Authors, Book)

For two authors book source material bibliography, the sequence is as follows:
Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial,
period, conjunction and, first name of the co-author full or initial, middle name initial,
surname, period; year published, period; title of the book (bold and italic), period; name
and place of publisher, period; and inclusive pages, period. Second and succeeding
lines are four spaces hanging indention.

253
Illustration 1

Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Ma. Lauremelch Calmorin-Piedad. 2009. Statistics with

· Computer. Rex Book Store. Manila. 394 pp.

Illustration 2

Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Ma. Lauremelch Calmorin-Piedad. 2008. Nursing

Research. National Book Store. Manila. 395 pp.

Illustration 3

Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Ma. Lauremelch Calmorin-Piedad. 2008. Nursing

Biostatistics with Computer. Rex Book Store. Manila. 396 pp.

Bibliography (Two Authors, Journal)

In presenting bibliography journal source material with two authors, the sequence
is as follows:
Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial,
conjunction and, first name of co-author 111iddle name initial, period, surname, period;
year published, period; title of research/article, period and enclosed in quotation marks;
name of the journal (bold and italic), period; volume, number enclosed in parenthesis,
colon, inclusive pages, period; and month and year of publication enclosed in
parenthesis, period. Second and succeeding lines are four hanging indention.

Illustration 1

Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Hana Mika H. Hsia. 2012. "Milkfish Bones Polvoron
With and Without Moringa: Its Utilization and Commercialization." Business
Azimuths. 1(1):54- 65. (January-June 2012).

Illustration 2

Calmorin, Melchor A. and Errol C. Guatche. 2007. "Solar Salt Making Using
Polyethylene Material Its Economic Impact." NIPSC Fisheries Research
Journal. 7(1):21-32. (January-June 2007).

Illustration 3

Calmorin, Melchor A. and Ronnie V. Amene. 2004. ''Biodiversity of Fishes Caught in

Multiple Handline Using Shrimp as Bait in Estancia Bay Protected Area." NIPSC
Fisheries Research Journal. 4(1):12-22. (January-June 2004).

254
Bibliography (Three Authors, Book)

In presenting book bibliography source with three authors, the sequence is as

follows:
Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial,
period, comma, first name of second author full or initial, middle name initial, period,
surname, conjunction and, first name of third author full or initial, middle initial, period,
surname, period; year of publication, period; title of the book (bold and italic), period;
name of publisher, period, place of publisher, period; and inclusive pages, period.
Second and succeeding lines are four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration

Calmorin, Laurentina P., Helen A. Malubay and Marylilibeth P. Deloso. 2012.

Mathematics of Investment with Computer Application. Rex Book Store.
Manila. 301 pp.

Bibliography (Three Authors, Journal)

For a bibliography journal source with three authors, the sequence is as follows:
Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle initial, period,
comma, first n me of second author, middle initial, period, conjunction and, first name
of third author, middle initial, period, surname, period; year of publication, period; title
of research/article, period and enclosed in quotation marks; name of the journal (bold
and italic), volume, number enclosed in parenthesis, colon, inclusive pages, period;
and month and year of publication enclosed in parenthesis. Second and succeeding
lines four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration 1

Seville, Sonia V., M a. Elena M. Elizaga and Gesalie S. Navarro. 2012. "Acceptability,
Salability, and Profitability of Pork Siopao and Milkfish Bone Siopao With and
Without Moringa." Business Azimuths. 1(1): 42-53. (January-June 2012).

Illustration 2

Garrido, Aurea Alyssa C., Ma. Liane Gayomali and Gercelie Vagilidad. 2012.
"Acceptability, Salability and Profitability of Coconut-Mango Macaroons and Pure
Coconut Macaroons." Business Azimuths. 1(1):28-41. (January- June 2012).

255
 Bibliography (Four or More Authors, Book)

In presenting bibliography book source with four or more authors, the sequence is
as follows:
Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial,
period and et al.; year of publication, period; title of the book, (bold and italic) period;
name of publisher, period; place of publisher, period; and inclusive pages.

Illustration

Formacion, Minda J. et al. 2011. Fundamentals of Biology. Rex Book Store. Manila.
292 pp.

Bibliography (Four or More Authors, Journal)

In presenting bibliography journal source with four or more authors, the sequence
is similar for three or more authors journal source of materials, but only the principal
author's name is mentioned and followed by a period and et al. that is similar with book
bibliography of four or more authors.

Illustration

Calmorin, Melchor A. et al. 2003. "Hydro-Biological and Fisheries Resource of the

Protected Area in Bulobadyang Island and Its Approaches." NIPSC Fisheries
Research Journal. 3(2):8- 25. (July-December 2003).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

By and large, BIBLIOGRAPHY is written in all capital letters and is placed at the
middle heading five single spaces above and three single spaces below it of a page.
There is only one listing of all source materials like books, journals, articles, published
and unpublished research papers, theses, dissertations and many others, provided
however, surnames of principal authors are arranged in alphabetical order.

Obsolete Bibliography Format

The author of this book has read several research papers, theses, and dissertation
wherein listings of books, journals, articles, published and unpublished theses and
dissertations are still listed separately. This kind of format has been obsolete for more·
than 50 years ago.

256
 APPENDIX

An APPENDIX is the second to the last section of a thesis proposal. For

descriptive design, the APPENDIX consists only of the research instrument, that is, the
questionnaire.

If there are three or more appendices, they are subdivided by letter.

Illustration

APPENDIX A

A QUESTIONNAIRE ON PROBLEMS MET BY TEACHERS THAT CAUSED LOW

STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENTS IN NATIONAL ACHIEVMENT TEST
IN THE DIVISION OF ILOILO

INFORMATION DATA
(Please fill out the following information.)

I. Personal Data

1.1. Name _______________________________________________________

1.2. School employed _________________________________________________

1.3. Sex _ 1.4 Age _ 1.5 Civil Status _

1.6. No. of years teaching experience _

II. Job Performance Rating

Numerical Descriptive Rating

(10, 8, 6, 4, 2) (Outstanding, Very Satisfactory,
Satisfactory, etc.)

2014 _

2015 _

257
III. Problems

Direction: Below is a list of problems that you have possibly met as a teacher
and have caused low students' achievements in the National Achievement Test
(NAT) in the Division of lloilo. Please indicate the seriousness of each problem by
encircling the options on the right side of each item. The options 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1
represent the seriousness of each problem, thus:

5 very very serious problem 2 - less serious problem

4 very serious problem 1 - not a problem at all

3 serious problem

3.1. Top Management (Division Superintendent of School)

1. Poor implementation of the division's

philosophy, mission, vision, goals 5 4 3 2 1
objectives

2. Incompetence to manage the division 5 4 3 2 1

and schools

3. Poor implementation of teachers' 5 4 3 2 1

fringe benefits

4. Lack of knowledge, skills, and executive

5 4 3 2 1
abilities

5. Lack of support to provide instructional

materials to schools in the Division 5 4 3 2 1

6. Lack of support to let teachers grow

professionally. 5 4 3 2 1

7. Lack of support to provide classroom

chairs and teacher's tables 5 4 3 2 1

8. Promotion of teachers is based on politics,

palakasan or favoritism. 5 4 3 2 1

9. Not approachable with teachers 5 4 3 2 1

10. Unfriendly to teachers 5 4 3 2 1

258
 11. Lack of support for teachers' career
development opportunities like
seminars, workshops, and trainings 5 4 3 2 1

12. Not understanding the problems and

needs of teachers 5 4 3 2 1

13. Autocratic top manager 5 4 3 2 1 •

14 . Lack of support to give teachers' salary

differentials 5 4 3 2 1

15. Others (please specify)

5 4 3 2 1

3.2. Middle Management (District Supervisor/Principal)

1. Lack of support to implement district/

school's philosophy, mission, vision,
goals, and objectives 5 4 3 2 1

2. Incompetence to perform official duties 5 4 3 2 1

3. Lack of support for teachers' professional

growth 5 4 3 2 1

4. Lack of support for teachers' career

development opportunities like
seminars, workshops, and training 5 4 3 2 1

5. Lack of support in recommending

teachers for promotion 5 4 3 2 1

6. Lack of support in giving awards to

deserving teachers 5 4 3 2 1

7. Unapproachable 5 4 3 2 1

9. Not understanding the problems and

needs of teachers
5 4 3 2 1
10. Biased in evaluating the job performance
of teachers
5 4 3 2 1
11. Not concerned about the welfare of
teachers
5 4 3 2 1

259
 12. Not friendly with teachers 5 4 3 2 1

13. Unfair in giving schedule of classes

to teachers 5 4 3 2 1

14. Favoritism in dealing with teachers 5 4 3 2 1

15. Others (please specify)

5 4 3 2 1

3.3. Lower Management (Head Teacher)

1. Lack of support to implement school's

philosophy, mission, vision, goals,
and objectives 5 4 3 2 1

2. Incompetence to perform official duties 5 4 3 2 1

3. Fault finder 5 4 3 2 1

4. Frequent tardiness in reporting for

official duties 5 4 3 2 1

5. Not approachable
5 4 3 2 1

6. Not friendly
5 4 3 2 1

7. Biased in evaluating performance of

teachers
5 4 3 2 1
8. Poor leadership
5 4 3 2 1
9. Unfair in giving schedule of classes to
teachers
5 4 3 2 1
10. Not understanding the problems and
needs of teachers
5 4 3 2 1
11. Favoritism in dealing with teachers
5 4 3 2 1
12. Lack of support for teachers'
professional growth
5 4 3 2 1
13. Lack of support for teachers' career
development opportunities like
4 3 2
seminars, workshops, and trainings 5 1

260
 14. Lack of support in recommending deserving
teachers to be given awards 5 4 3 2 1

15. Others (please specify)

5 3 2 1

3.4. Instructional Materials

1. Lack of textbooks 5 4 3 2 1

Lack of reference books 5 4 3 2 1

2.

3. Lack of chairs 5 4 3 2 1

4. Lack of classrooms 5 4 3 2 1

5. Lack of teachers' tables 5 4 3 2 1

6. Not ventilated classrooms 5 4 3 2 1

7. Lack of computers 5 4 3 2 1

8. Lack of multimedia projectors 5 4 3 2 1

Poor classroom lighting 5 4
9.
l
3 2 1

10. Lack of laboratory rooms 5 4 3 2 1

11. Lack of drinking fountains 5 4 3 2 1

12 . Lack of restrooms for girls 5 4 3 2 1

13. Lack of restrooms for boys 5 . 4 3 2 1

14. Inadequate library 5 4 3 2 1

1 . Others (please specify)

5 4 3 2 1

3.5. Teacher Factor

1. Overloaded teachers 5 4 3 2 1

2. Lack of teachers 5 4 3 2 1

261
 3. Teachers teaching subjects neither major
nor minor 5 4 3 2 1

4. Incompetent teachers 5 4 3 2 1

5. Traditional teachers 5 4 3 2 1

6. Inefficient teachers 5 4 3 2 1

7. Frequent tardiness in reporting for

official duties 5 4 3 2 1

8. Unfriendly to students 5 4 3 2 1

9. Lack of knowledge, skills, and abilities

by teachers to teach the subject/s 5 4 3 2 1

10. Lack of teacher's lesson preparation 5 4 3 2 1

11. Frequent absenteeism 5 4 3 2 1

12. Lack of interest to teach 5 4 3 2 1

13. Nagger to students 5 4 3 2 1

14. Scolds, embarrasses, or berates students 5 4 3 2 1

15. Mismatch between teachers, educational

background and subjects taught 5 4 3 2 1
16. Others (please specify)
5 4 3 2 1

3.6. Student Factor

1. Lack of interest to go to school 5 4 3 2 1

2. Poor study habit 5 4 3 2 1

3. Poor family background 5 4 3 2 1

4. Unresponsive to teachers' motivation 5 4 3 2 1

5. Unhealthy physically 5 4 3 2 1

6. Unhealthy mentally 5 4 3 2 1

262
 7. Financial problems 5 4 3 2 1

8. Lack of parents' guidance 5 4 3 2 1

9. Aloof and unfriendly with peers 5 4 3 2 1

10. Lack of books and other study materials 5 4 3 2 1

11. Lack of physical nourishment 5 4 3 2 1

12. Lack of daily allowance 5 4 3 2 1

13. Working student 5 4 3 2 1

14. Parents are indifferent to children's

needs and problems 5 4 3 2 1

15. Others (please specify)

5 4 3 2 1

CURRICULUM VITAE

The curriculum vitae of a researcher or proponent is required to find out his

competency in conducting a study. The researcher or proponent must be honest
about the information he states in his curriculum vitae especially if he is applying for a
thesisor dissertation grant.
Curriculum Vitae in all capital letters is placed as middle heading with five single
spaces above and three single spaces below it of a page.
The curriculum vitae should contain the following information:

1. Personal Data

1.1. Name

1.2. Address

1.3. Birthdate

1.4. Birthplace

1.5. Civil Status

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 1.6. Spouse

1.7. Children

1.8. Telephone Number

1.9. Mobile Number

1.10. Email Address

2. Educational Qualifications

2.1. Course

2.2. School

2.3. Year Completed

3. PRC and CSC Eligibilities

4. Work Experiences

4.1. Agency

4.2. Position

4.3. Year Employed

5. Honors/Awards Received

5.1. Honors

5.2. International Awards

5.3. National Awards

5.4. Regional Awards

5.5. Local Awards

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6. Scholarship/Grant Received

7. Researches Conducted

8. Registered Patents

9. Publications

9.1. Books

9.2. Published Researches

9.3. Published Articles

9.4. Published Scripts

10. Membership in Professional/Scientific Organizations

10.1. International

10.2. National

10.3. Regional

10.4. Local

Experimental Design

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials and methods is the middle heading title in an experimental design. This
is presented in all capital letters with five single spaces above and three single spaces
below it in Chapter 3 of a thesis and dissertation.
There are six parts in Materials and Methods. These are: (1) research method; (2)
materials; (3) equipment and utensils; (4) procedure; (5) evaluation of the products;
and (6) statistical treatment.

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