PROFESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHARTERED ACCOUTANT IN

THE ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION DOMAIN

By

CA. (Dr.) Rajkumar S. Adukia

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This article focuses upon certain practices and scheme of ADR in india in the form of
question and answer format realted to ADR, its nature of conduct whether ad hoc or
administered; available platforms or forums for the better understanding to the ADR
practitioners as one of the professional opportunities for Chartered Accoutants.
Introduction:

Conflict among humans are common rather it is an inevitable part of our life which
generally causes due to disagreement with one’s opinion that may be cultural,
personal or professional or other, that further give birth to Dispute.

We may be having disputes concerning family matters or in work life or may be while
mere passing the street but thanks to our sense of logic and justice we can resolve
them amicably and certainly avoid such possible conflicts.

Naturally in the event of conflict we are suggested to have court assistance but with
the development of Alternative Disputes Resolution (hereafter “ADR”) there evolved
certain dispute resolution technique /modes that results in much simpler, faster and
peaceful solution than the court remedy.

The ADR Professioanl is one such area to be think upon by the Chartered Accoutants
as one of the professional opportunity as a dispute resolution provider especially in the
commercial disputes.

The foremost techniques of ADR is Negotiation. It is the most advantageous

technique/mode that certainly provide high level privacy of disputes. As there are only
disputing parties are involve and no third person can have a access to interefere in this
method, it gives a lot scope to sit and make up the differences. The best part of
negotiation is that even if it is not successful the parties may always take recourse of
other modes such as Mediation which is nothing but an assisted negotiation,
conciliation and Arbitration. While as of yet the arbitration and conciliation derives
legal force from the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, mediation from section 89
of CPC 1908 although it lack full fledged legislation. Despite the legislative scheme
the practice of ADR in india is voluntary.

A. Is there statutory framework for ADR in india?

Yes, ADR was first time introduced via insertion of section 89 into the Civil
Procedure code 1908 brought into effect by the CPC Amendment Act 1999 that
became effective since 1st July 2002. The section provides for the reference of case

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pending before courts to the ADR such as (a) arbitration; (b) conciliation; (c) judicial
settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat; or (d) mediation etc. The method
of Arbitration and Conciliation are addtionally governed by the Arbitration and
Conciliation Act, 1996. In addtion to these the supreme court in Salem Advocate Bar
Association V Union of India, (2005) 6 SCC 344 approved for Model Civil Procedure
Mediation Rules and directed 25 high courts in the country to framed their Mediation
& Arbitration Rules.

Although these legislation are the basis of ADR there are certain other statutes that
advocate for compulsory recourse of either mediation, conciliation or arbitration.
These are:

1. The Indian Contract Act, 1872

2. The Negotiable Instrument Act, 1882
3. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
4. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
5. The Family Courts Act 1984
6. The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988
7. The Legal Service Authority Act 1987
8. The Companies Act, 2013
9. The Companies (Mediation and Conciliation) Rules, 2016
10. The Commercial Courts Act, 2015
11. The Commercial Courts (Pre-Institution Mediation and Settlement) Rules,
2018
12. The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
13. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019
14. The Consumer Protection (Mediation) Rules, 2020
15. The Consumer Protection (Mediation) Regulations, 2020

B. What is the eligibility dispute resolution providers?

Naturally anyone possessing sound mind may faciliate the resolution to the concerned
dispute therefore there are no are no rigid formalties prescribed for imparting role as a

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dispute resolution providers. Since India follows either court referred ADR or Private
ADR, the accreditation is necessary for empanelment with court and tribunal
mediation panels. The person can be a certified accredited dispute resolution provider
either in the category of Mediator, Conciliator or Arbitrator after successful
completion of training course.

C. Is there a chronoligical order of choosing alternative method? What is

desirous mode of ADR?

No, ideally there is no chronological order for adoption of ADR method however at
the intial level the parties must insist of upon negotiation that is the parties must
resolve disputes themeselves as it eliminates the risk of access of crucial information
to third person. Since there are no hard and fast rules for negotiation and this is
something which we do on a daily basis for instance every day are negotiating with
family members, supervisors or employees, or store salesclerks it is certainly
advatageous to go for negotiation before faciliating or inviting third person to resolve
the same. In the event when negotiation not succeded mediation may be a preferred
choice certainly the person will be having choice of going for concliation or
arbitration.

As already mention in india the process ADR is divided into two one is court referred
and other is private, although both advocate for prior consent of disputing parties, the
later that private is certainly more flexible to opt for.

It truly depict the voluntary nature of ADR as the party themeselve to decide where to
go for recourse of their dispute. There are numerous ADR platforms and facilitors
which are further classfied into two that is Ad hoc and Institutional meaning
adminstered and not administered. For instance Ad hoc Arbitration means which is
not administered by any forum or platform and the parties are generally required to
terms of procedure, appointment etc. whereas on the other hand insitutional arbitration
means the process of which is governed by the respective guidelines, rules prescribed
by such institution/forum or platforms. You are just one goggle search away from the
Mediation, conciliation & Arbitration institution.

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With the development of ADR in country there is certainly increase in the platforms
faciliating dispute resolution and therefore in the arbitration insitutions or forum that
increases their competition. For this reason the 2019 amendment introduced in the
Arbitration and Concliation Act 1996 led for the establishement of Arbitration
Counicil of India who shall provide grading of arbitral institution based on criteria
such as infrastructure, quality and calibre of arbitrators, performance and compliance
of time limits for disposal of domestic or international commercial arbitrations.
Although it does it mean that the arbitral institution be governed by such council and
are certainly operate on voluntary basis.

Well this is certainly a positive step taken for streghthing the ADR and improving the
quality of dispute resolution.

D. What are different types of disputes to be handled through ADR?

The question as to what matters can and cannot be settled through ADR process is
well discussed by apex court in pronoucing decision in Alcons Infrastructure Ltd. v.
Cherian Varkey Construction Co. (P) Ltd., (2010) 8 SCC 24. These are listed as
below:

1. All cases relating to Business, trade, commerce and contracts, including—

 disagreements arising out of provisions of contracts (including all money

claims);
 disputes between customers and supplier of goods;
 disputes arising between the bank and customers
 disputes relating developers/builders and customers
 disputes between landlords and tenants/ licensor and licensee
 disputes between insurer and insured

2. All cases arising from soured relationships, including—

 disputes relating to matrimonial causes, maintenance, custody of children;

 Disputes as to partition of property among the family, coparceners, co-owners
etc.

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  disputes relating to partnership among partners
3. Cases where there is a need for a resolution without altering the previous relation.

 Disputes between neighbors (relating to easementary rights, encroachment,

parking, nuisance, noise complaint etc.)
 clashes between employers and employees
 Disputes among members of societies/association of apartment
owners/associations etc.

4. All disputes relating to tortuous liability, including—

 Claims for compensation in motor accidents /other accidents
5. All consumer disputes including
 Disputes where trader/supplier/manufacturer/service provider is keen to
maintain his business /professional reputation and credibility or product
popularity

While matters involving prosecution for criminal offences are certainly kept out of the
regime of ADR but the Law commission of India in its 142nd report stated that it is
desirable to infuse life into reformative provisions embodied in section 360 of Cr.P.C
and the Probation of Offenders Act 1958. Today the CRPC allows compromise and
settlement in criminal case by use of plea bargaining, Lok Adalat and
Mediation.Section 320 CRPC recongnises certain offences under IPC 1860 which can
be compromised between victim and the offender. This process of reaching of
compromise without wasting court’s time is called compounding. Presently there are
56 suchcompoundable offences out of which 43 are without the permission of the
court and 13 are with the permission of the court. Certainly only the victim has the
right to compound the offences. Further the new chapter XXIA introduced in 2006
namely “plea bargaining”refers to a pre-trial negotiations between the defendant
usually conducted by the counsel and prosecution during which the accused agrees to
plead guilty in exchange for certain concession by prosecutors. However the benefit of
plea bargaining is certainly not available to the habitual offenders.

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To have an understanding of the core of matters eligible to be decided via ADR few
are listed below in light of the category of dispute they fall and legislation by which
they govern.

Sr. no. Category List of disputes Governing legislation

1 Commercial disputes Breach of contract The Indian Contract

Act, 1872; The
commercial Courts
Act, 2015

Non-performance of Ditto
contract

Payment of Ditto
consideration delivery
of goods & services

2 Labour disputes Payment of wages The Payment of

Wages Act, 1936

Layoff The Industrial

Disputes Act, 1947

Retrenchment The Industrial

Disputes Act, 1947

Working conditions The Disaster

Management Act,
2005

Leave disputes The Factories Act,

1948

3 Family disputes Maintenance The CRPC 1973, the

Family Courts Act,
1984 & the Hindu

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 Marriage Act, 1955,
the Hindu Adoption
and Maintenance Act,
1956, the Special
Marriage Act, 1954,
and other personal
laws such as the
Muslim women
(protection of rights of
divorce) Act, 1986,
the Parsi marriage and
divorce Act, 1936, the
Divorce Act, 1869

Child custody The Family courts act

1984 and other
personal laws as
above

Divorce The Family courts act

1984 and other
personal laws as
above

Domestice violence The Indian Penal

Code, 1860

4 Consumer disputes e-commerce disputes The Indian Contract

act 1872 and the
Consumer protection
act, 2019 &
rules/regulations made
thereunder

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 Airline passengers Ditto
disputes

Hospital – patient Ditto

disputes

Insurance disputes Ditto

Prebooking of travel Ditto

agency, hotel,
entertainments
platforms

5 Tenancy disputes Property possession The Transfer of

Property Act, 1882

Rent disputes Ditto

Eviction Ditto

6 Cases of negligence Dispute in delivery of

service

Dispute with hospitals

Disputes with
restaurants/hotel

7 Criminal offence Violence against IPC 1860

medical professional

Breach of lockdown The Disaster

guidelines Management Act,
2005

Spreading fake news The Disaster

Management Act,
2005 & IPC 1860

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Source: Vidhi centre for legal policy report on ODR the future of dispute resolution in
India

E. Suggest some general guidelines for conduct of Online dispute resolution.

The outbreak of covide 19 that resulted in mandatory maitenance of social
distancing age have necessisated the need of virtual professional, adopting to the
new normal every professional forums worldwide have started virtual life of their
respective profession/buisness. Well this have very much applicable to the
litigation platforms of country and almost every dispute resolutionary mechanism
have adopted virtual proceedings maintaining social distancing. At this juncture
the ADR mechanism have certainly become the ODR – online dispute resolution.
As of now you must have understand that there are no statutory process governing
the process neverthless the ADR forums/platforms/institution have to follow
certain protocol for online conduct of process. Such in nutshell have provided as
below:

1. The facilitator may first contact both parties, and brief over the process of
downloading/use of digital platform
2. Subsequently he must explain over the flow of session and discuss the issue
arisen in matter very briefly
3. He may make available the concern parties of consenting letters stating the
permission of conduct of online hearing and terms & conditions of the same
4. The facilitator may make available credentials of hearing such as meeting
ID and password, and provide them to the parties or their authorized
representatives
5. A reminder must be send day before the conduct of process
6. As a precautionary measure the mediator/conciliator/arbitrator may join the
virtual meet in advance and facilitate assistance if any technical difficulties
arise or cause to the parties

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 7. Before starting the process he must remind the parties of agreed terms and
condition, flow of session and their rights in between the process
8. He must available or provide breakout session whenever time needed to
think upon or general break in the virtual meet.
9. A virtual white board may be created to brainstorm ideas when the phase of
decision making is reached
10. Once the process is concluded he may provide the parties the mutual
agreement to sign through E-signature in case a final decision is reached

Since the disputing parties are permitted to appoint more than one
mediator/arbitrator/conciliator so far the number is odd in cases of co-
mediators/arbitrators/conciliators the responsibilities of them in virtual proceedings
are certainly many. They must organize in a manner to establish a successful system
of communication with each other and with the parties. It is recommended that co-
mediators/Arbitrators/conciliators:

1. Should familiar with each other, or have previously worked with each other
2. They should have an understanding of strategy, vision in resolving the
concerned disputes so that the collaboration would be easier and it would be
easier to arrive at conclusion.
3. It is requires that they must understand case in brief manner before
proceeding to the session in respect of platform, by mail, telephone or video
conference they are going to use
4. Facilitate the division of task between themselves and set strategy prior to
session, harmony and cooperation is certainly very important in the process
5. They must restrain the amount of confusion to the parties take steps in the
manner
6. The absence of physical presence may create problem in flow of discussion
as two person might try to speak at the same time, the collaborators must
ensure that every person in the dispute may get their fair chance and must
maintain discipline throughout the process

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F. How to understand the dispute?

Well this is the most crucial question so far from the perspective of dispute
resolution providers. As in order to arrived at peaceful conclusion/remedy it
necessary to have clarity over subject matter concerning the disputes. This may
certainly be achieved by asking further question.

1. What is that misunderstanding that resulted in dispute?

2. As far as you can tell, what did you specifically misunderstand about the
other person? The situation? The interaction between you?
3. What is that exact thing/or act said/done by the other person that have
caused you upset?
4. What words might you use besides upset?
5. Do you believe the said situation may be avoided? How?
6. What would you prefer the other person had said or did instead, in this
circumstance?
7. The thing that you said/done causing hardship to other person was it
necessitated? Was there any other alternative?
8. What seemed to be causing that person upset – such as, how might they
have interpreted what you said or did?
9. What is that thing you want to be done by other person so that you will able
to move on?
10. What might the other want or need from you to move on?
11. What insights do you have?
G. What is Justice in ADR and how does it has expansion of access to justice?

The idea of Jusitce immediately stir up our mind to related with the court of
justice. With the emergence and development of other various modes than that of
court providing for peaceful recourse to our dispute have certainly press of Justice
through such methods. The idea of justice certainly grow with civilization and the
what was used to consider justice in the past for instance An eye for an eye may
not be relevant in present time especially in the context of social justice. Therefore

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 the principles of fairness and equality have played great role and the solution
provider is more focused upon the problem solving appraoch. This idea of justice
is emobided in the process of ADR by the solution provider who generally focuses
upon the interest rather than the position the disputing parties may hold. This may
be better understood with illustartion.

Two person “A” and “B” disputing in liabrary where A wanted the open to be
open while B wanted it closed. When Liabrarian enters and asked the reason from
both A declared that he wanted window to be open to have fresh air on the other
hand B wanted it to be close to avoid draft

Solution: The librarian opens window of next room to have fresh air without draft.
Here the liabrarian could have come up with the brilliant solution which she did if
she would have focus upon position, instead she focus at interest that is fresh air
and no draft.

Hence although the dispenstion of justice requires the fairness, equality, the
modern theory certainly focuses upon reconcliation of interest and Inventing
options for Mutual Gain.

Further the idea of justice is merely on paper if means of access to justice are not
provide and ADR is one such process that have certainly provided the expansion
of access to justice thereby entailing completion notion of justice. The fact that
development of ADR in the country have resulted in availablity of platforms just
one click away, existence of mechansim making availble means available adequate
representation of underprivileged section of society have put the ADR certainly at
the special place in the context of access to justice.

H. Mediation and the right of children. How it can protect child right in the
matter of family disputes/child custody/property disputes?

Family dispute is one such common area of ADR, since most of the family dispute
relates to matrimonial matter such as divorce, separation, maintenace one factor that is
going to get affected either of decision is the concerned children. When the dispute
revolve around the custody of child, it certainly puts the solution provider under

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immense pressure as he must bring or faciliate such solution that will protect the
interest of child as well. To arrive at conclusion in such respect the solution provider
must considered further things:

1. What is best for child

2. Child’s age must be considered
3. Protection from abusive langauge and treatement

To conclude the whole process requires lot of patience, time and right atmospehre

I. How Peaceful settlement can be arrivedd at?

Consent plays a great role in arriving at any settlement, as only desire to settle may
make the conclusion peaceful. Willingness of disputing parties to explore the means
of settlement is all that is needed, when the parties are represented their
cousels/authorised representatives it certainly becomes their duty also to take adequate
participation in arriving at settlement, they may properly suggest and encourage the
respective party about the pros and cons of agreeing to respective offer.

J. What are the essentials of good contract/agreement to avoid the possibility

of dispute?

Although we may disputes are inevitable part of our life, it can certainly be avoided to
some extent. Since most of the disputes occur out of contract/agreement (written,
verbal) where sometime the other party may have breach the terms of it, or perhaps
there is lack of clarity over terms, this can certainly avoided by drafting good and full
fledge agreement/contract. It is advisable to go for written contract/agreement, such
written document must includes all the terms and conditions concerning the
agreement/contract. Both parties must be aware of their respective legal obligation and
that should certainly reflected in the such document and read before signing the same.
The parties can be little organised so the problem of misplacing loosing contract
document may not occur, additional copies should be kept along.

WEBSITES

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1. ODRways (Online Mediation) - http://odrways.com
2. Mediate India - www.mediation.com
3. Indian Institute of Arbitration and Mediation - www.arbitrationindia.com
4. Camp Mediation - www.campmediation.in
5. ASSOCHAM International Council of Alternate Dispute Resolution (AICDR) -
www.assocham.org
6. Bangalore International Mediation, Arbitration and Conciliation Centre
(BIMACC) - www.bimacc.org
7. Centre for Advanced Mediation Practice - www.ciac.in
8. Delhi Dispute Resolution Society (DDRS) Department Law Justice & LA
Government of Delhi -
http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_ddrs/DELHI+DISPUTES+RESOLU
TION+SOCIETY/Home
9. International centre for Alternate Dispute Resolution (ICADR) -
http://icadr.nic.in
10. ODRways (Online Mediation) - http://odrways.com
11. Online Consumer Mediation Centre - http://onlinemediationcenter.ac.in
12. Algeria Centre de conciliation et d’arbitrage de la Chambre algerienne de
commerce et d’industrie Contact: cabinetharoun@yahoo.f
13. Australia Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (ACICA),
Website: www.acica.org.au
14. Australian Commercial Disputes Centre (ACDC) Website:
www.acdcltd.com.au
15. Institute of Arbitrators & Mediators Australia (IAMA) Website:
www.iama.org.au
16. LEADR Association of Dispute Resolvers Website: www.leadr.com.au
17. Austria Anwaltliche Vereingung fur Mediation und cooperatives Verhandeln
(AVM) Website: www.avm.co.at
18. Argentina Comision de Arbitraje, Camara Argentina de Comercio,
www.cac.com.ar

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19. Bahrain Bahrain Chamber for Dispute Resolution (BCDR) Website:
www.bcdr-aaa.org
20. Belgium Brussels Business Mediation Center (BBMC) Website: www.bbmc-
mediation.be
21. Cepani Belgian Centre for Mediation and Arbitration Website: www.cepani.be
22. Chambre d’arbitrage et de Mediation, Website: www.arbitrage-mediation.be
23. Benin Centre d’Arbitrage de Mediation et de Conciliation du Benin
24. Brazil Camera de Arbitragem Empressarial, Website: www.camarb.com.br
25. IBRAMAC, Recife, Website: www.ibramac.org
26. Burkina Faso Centre d’Arbitrage, de Mediation et de Conciliation de
Ouagadougou de la Chambre de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Artisanat,
Website: djibobintou@yahoo.fr
27. Canada ADR Chambers, Website: www.adrchambers.com
28. ADR Institute of Canada, Website: www.adrcanada.ca
29. Canadian Commercial Arbitration Centre (CCAC), Website: www.ccac-adr.org
30. Cameroon Association pour la promotion de l’arbitrage en Afrique (APAA),
www.apa-afrique.org
31. Chile Arbitration and Mediation Center of the Chilean-American Chamber of
Commerce, Website: www.amchamchile.cl
32. 34. Santiago Chamber of Commerce, Website: www.camsantiago.com
33. 35. China Beijing Arbitration Commission, Website: www.bjac.org.cn
34. 36. China Council for Promotion of International Commerce (CCPIT)
35. China International Economic and Trade Commission (CIETAC), Website:
www.cietac.org
36. Shanghai Commercial Mediation Centre, Website: www.scmc.org.cn
37. Colombia Centro de Arbitraje y Conciliacion Camara de Comercio de
38. Bogata, Website: www.ccb.org.co
39. Congo Centre national d’arbitrage, de conciliation et de mediation
(CENACOM), Website: cenacomdrc@yahoo.fr
40. Croatia Croatian Chamber of Trade and Crafts, Suzana.Kolesar@hok.hr

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41. Croatian Mediation Association and Mediation Centre, Website:
humanrights.uconn.edu
42. Cyprus Cyprus Mediation Association, Website: www.cymedas.com
43. Cyprus Arbitration & Mediation Centre, Website:
www.cyprusarbitration.com.cy
44. Czech Republic Association of Mediators of the Czech Republic, Website:
www.amcr.cz
45. Denmark Danish Centre for Conflict Resolution, Website:
www.konfliktloesning.dk
46. Danish Institute of Arbitration, www.denarbitra.dk
47. Egypt Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration
(CRCICA), www.crcica.org
48. England Academy of Experts, www.academy-experts.org
49. ADR Chambers, www.adrchambers.co.uk
50. ADR Group, Website: www.adrgroup.co.uk
51. ADR Services, Website: www.adrs.co.uk
52. Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, Website: www.ciarb.org
53. Civil Mediation Council, Website: www.civilmediation.org
54. Dispute Mediation, Website: www.disputemediation.co.uk
55. In Place of Strife, www.mediate.co.uk
56. Finland Finnish Bar Association Mediation Board, Website: www.asianajajat.fi
57. France Arbitration Chamber of Paris, Website: www.arbitrage.org
58. Centre de Médiation et d’Arbitrage de Paris (CMAP), Website:
www.mediationetarbitrage.com
59. European Centre for Financial Dispute Resolution, Website: www.euroarb.org
60. Germany Centrums fur Verhandlungen und Mediation (CVM), www.c-v-m.org
61. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Mediation (DGM), www.dgm-web.de
62. German Association of Business Mediation (DGMW), www.dgmw.de
63. Mediation fur Juristen, www.wegweiser-mediation.de
64. Greece ADR Center, www.adrcenter.gr/mediation
65. ADR Point, www.adrpoint.gr/en/businesses/adr-point

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66. Hellenic Mediation & Arbitration Centre, Website: www.hellenic-mediation.gr
67. Hong Kong Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC), Website:
www.hkiac.org
68. Hong Kong Mediation Centre, Website: www.mediationcentre.org.hk
69. Hungary Budapest Attorney Mediators’ Society, www.mediacio.net
70. India Delhi Mediation Centre (DMC), Website:
www.delhimediationcentre.gov.in
71. Bangalore International Mediation, Arbitration & Conciliation Centre,
Website: www.bimacc.org
72. Indian Institute of Arbitration & Mediation, Website:
www.arbitrationindia.com
73. Indonesia Pusat Mediasi Nasional (PMN), Website: www.pmn.or.id
74. Indonesian National Board of Arbitration, Website: www.bani-arb.org
75. Ireland Mediators’ Institute of Ireland (MII), Website: www.themii.ie
76. Mediate Ireland, Website: www.mediateireland.com
77. Italy Concilia LLC, www.concilia.it
78. Milan Chamber of Commerce, www.mi.camcom.it
79. Resolutia, www.resolutia.it
80. Israel Israeli Institute of Commercial Arbitration, Website: www.borerut.com
81. Mediate in Israel, mediationinisrael.com
82. Japan Niben Arbitration and Mediation Center, Website:
www.niben.jp/english/arbitration.html
83. Japan Commercial Arbitration Association (JCAA), Website:
www.jcaa.or.jp/e/
84. Japan International Mediation Centre, Website: www.jimc-kyoto.jp
85. Japan Intellectual Property Arbitration Centre, Website: www.ip-adr.gr.jp
86. Kenya Dispute Resolution Centre, Website: www.disputeresolutionkenya.org
87. Suluhu Mediation Centre, Website: www.suluhumediation.org
88. Luxembourg Centre de Mediation du Barreau de Luxembourg, Website:
www.centre-mediation.lu

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89. Malaysia Kuala Lampur Regional Centre for Arbitration (KLRCA), Website:
www.rcakl.org.my
90. Malaysian Mediation Centre (MMC), www.malaysianbar.org.my
91. Mexico Arbitration and Mediation Commission of the Mexico City Chamber of
Commerce (CANACO), Website: www.arbitrajecanaco.com.mx
92. Centro de Arbitraje de Mexico (CAM), Website: www.camex.com.mx
93. Morocco Chambre de Commerce et d’industrie d’Agadir, Website: www.ccis-
agadir.com
94. Mongolia Mongolian National Arbitration Center, Website:
www.mongolchamber.mn
95. Netherlands Netherlands Arbitration Institute, Website: www.nai-nl.or
96. Amsterdam ADR Instituut, www.adrinstituut.nl
97. Netherlands Mediation Institute, Website: www.nmi-mediation.nl
98. New Zealand The Arbitrators’ and Mediators’ Association of New Zealand
(AMINZ), Website: www.aminz.org.nz
99. Nigeria Lagos Court of Arbitration, Website: www.lagosarbitration.org
100. Negotiation and Conflict Management Group
101. Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration, Website:
www.rcicalagos.org
102. Northern Ireland Mediation Northern Ireland, Website:
www.mediationnorthernireland.org
103. Norway Arbitration and Dispute Resolution Institute of the Oslo
Chamber of Commerce, Website: www.chamber.no
104. Panama Arbitration Centre of the Pamama Chamber of Commerce,
Website: www.panacamara.com/cecap/
105. Philippines Philippine Mediation Center (PMC), Website:
www.pmc.org.ph
106. Poland Business Mediation Centre (BMC), Website: www.mediacja.org
107. Court of Arbitration of the Polish Chamber of Commerce, Website:
www.sakig.pl

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108. Portugal Arbitration Centre of the Portuguese Chamber of Commerce
and Industry, Website: www.centrodearbitragem.pt
109. Romania Centrul Regional de Facilitare si Negociere, Website:
www.rfnc.ro
110. Russia League of Mediators, www.arbimed.ru
111. Scotland Core Solutions, Website: www.core-mediation.com
112. Scottish Mediation Network, Website: www.scottishmediation.org.uk
113. Singapore Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC), Website:
www.siac.org.sg
114. Singapore Mediation Centre (SMC), www.mediation.com.sg
115. Slovenia Zavod Rakmo: Center for Mediation and Conflict
Management, Website: www.mediacija.com, www.rakmo.si
116. European Centre for Dispute Resolution, Website: www.ecdr.si
117. South Africa Arbitration Foundation of Southern Africa (AFSA),
Website: www.arbitration.co.za
118. Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA),
Website: www.ccma.org.za
119. South African Association of Mediators (SAAM). Website:
www.saam.org.za
120. Centre for Mediation in Africa, www.up.ac.za
121. South Korea Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB), Website:
www.kcab.or.kr
122. Spain Arbitraje y Mediacion (ARyME), Website: www.aryme.com
123. Consolat de Mar, Website: www.consolatdemar.org/ENG/consolat.htm
124. Corte de Arbitraje de Madrid, Website: www.camaramadrid.es
125. Tribunal Arbitrajo del ICAV, Website: www.tav.icav.es
126. Sweden SCC Mediation Institute, Website: www.sccinstitute.com
127. Stockholm Arbitration and Litigation Center, www.salc.se/en
128. Switzerland Mediale, www.medialegeneve.ch
129. Swiss Chambers Arbitration Institution, Website:
www.swissarbitration.org

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130. Tunisia Centre de conciliation et d’arbitrage de Tunis, Website:
ccat@gnet.tn
131. Thailand Thailand Arbitration Centre, www.thac.or.th
132. United Arab Emirates Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC),
Website: www.dubaichamber.com
133. Abu Dhabi Global Markets Arbitration Centre, Website:
www.adgmac.com
134. Uruguay Conciliation and Arbitration Centre of the Chamber of
Commerce of Uruguay, Website: www.intracen.or
135. Venezuela Centro de Arbitraje de la Camara de Caracas, Website:
www.arbitrajeccc.org
136. Vietnam International Arbitration Centre
137. Zimbabwe Commercial Arbitration Centre, email
arbitrationcentre@zol.co.zw

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