Withstanding Covid 19 and Its Effects by Street Vendors: A Study On Their Livelihoods During Post Lockdown Phase in Guwahati City

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS
ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 13, 2020
“WITHSTANDING COVID 19 AND ITS EFFECTS BY

STREET VENDORS: A STUDY ON THEIR
LIVELIHOODS DURING POST LOCKDOWN PHASE
IN GUWAHATI CITY”
Bhaskar Acharjya Deka
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Commerce, NEF College, Guwahati, Assam, India,
ABSTRACT:
Petty Entrepreneurs forms an integralpart of an economy to stabilize and bring a balance in the development of a
nation's economy. A nation's per capita income is also affected by these entrepreneurs which includes the street
vendors, who although have low investment in their activities but tends to serve some of the basic necessities to
the people residing in an economy. Importance of the street vending is not only limited to the importance of
raising the per capita income of a country but it also serves to bring a source of livelihood with limited
investment to the unemployed section of the society. These street vendors, acting as a sole bread earner, serve to
be independent on their own cause for supporting their families. An impact on their line of business from any
manner severely hampers their daily income making them helpless in their stand. Very little support is availed
by them from Government Institutions or from any Intermediaries be it NGO's or other association. It is always
predicted that they are able to have their own source of livelihood and hence would not face any difficulties in
relation to earnings but the same is counteracted by the street vendors when asked to them about the difficulties
they encounter on daily basis. The recent situation of COVID 19 pandemic have altered as well as halted most
of the street vendors’ trade activities. In this research paper, the researcher aims to focus on impact of nation-
wide lockdown on street vendors and adverse effect on the livelihoods of this section of people. The study
emphasis the need to understand their problems and the ways to tackle such disruptions which shall led to the
better cause of the economy.
Key points: Petty Entrepreneurs, COVID 19 pandemic, street vendors, nation-wide lockdown
I INTRODUCTION:
COVID 19, a pandemic in the present 21st century can be regarded as one of the challenging situation which the
world have faced in an era where modern science have achieved the Zenith level be it in the field of medical
science, innovations in technology, modern amenities to life, standard recreation outlets,etc. Amidst these new
eye goggling developments and luxuries, a section of the inhabitants of the economy is engulfed in a situation
where they were struggling for earning their livelihoods. The study which is taken into consideration lays prime
focus on the livelihoods of the street vendors who have always remained as an integral part of a nation's
economy. To develop an economy, all round development from the nook and corners of the society is
significant. Prior to the COVID 19 situation the street vendors created an augmented market environment
whereby different necessities were availed at affordable and convenient manner. Livelihoods of these street
vendors were stabilized to a great extent and a regular source of income was being availed in a proper manner.
The sudden outbreak of the pandemic situation which took the whole world into its grasp also had a negative
impact on the lives of the street vendors and so most of them who used to have a regular source of income faced
a discontinuation from earning their livelihood. At the very beginning the nationwide Lock down which was
declared from 22nd March to 31st August was dealt on by these street vendors in a nocturnal manner but what
seemed it to be for a short period of time tends to surpasses days gradually bringing into halt all the economic
activities. The severely affected section of people during this series of lockdown was the petty income earners,
mostly the street vendors. Though it seemed to be a state of economy revival during the post lockdown phase
but it depicted a state where the nation witnessed chaos for performing business activities in a deliberate
manner. The street vendors had to face many hardships for earning their livelihoods efficiently and hence they
have to grapple any opportunity which came in hand to make a better situation out of it.
II OBJECTIVES OF THESTUDY:
1. To study the effects of Covid 19 on the livelihoods of street vendors
2. To study the street vendors’views on street vending business activity post lockdown
3. To study how Covid 19 pandemic have been dealt by the street vendors to resume their
livelihoods during lockdown and post lockdown
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III RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY:
The study conducted to understand the effects of Covid 19 lockdown on the street vendors and their
livelihoodsis basically explorative and descriptive in nature. Information’s were collected through schedules
from street vendors from the designated areas of Guwahati city whereby the relevant information is primary in
nature. The survey was conducted in the month of September, 2020 when unlock phases were undertaken by the
Government in order to collect the relevant information from the street vendors for the study.
Populationof the study:
The population of the study basically comprises of all the street vendors residing and having a place of business
in Guwahati city.
Mode of sampling:
The researcher has applied non-probability (Convenient sampling) technique to select the sample size from the
undefined population size. Convenient sampling technique was adopted to collect the requisite information from
50 respondents from 4 different places of the Guwahati city.
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE SIZE OF STREET VENDORS

Name of the place Number of Vendors
Jalukbari 13
Chandmari 09
Lokhra 12
Ganeshguri 16
Total sample size 50
Various e- books, thesis, journals, and articles were also utilized in the framing of the research study as a
secondary source of data apart from the primary data.
IV LIMITATION OF THESTUDY:
The study sorted to cover the response of the street vendors in relation to their ways of tackling Covid 19 and
the subsequent lockdown phase annexed with it in a deliberate manner. The sample size was selected based
upon the major street vending sites of Guwahati City. In spite of the study so conducted to be error free there
were some shortcomings in the study.
i. The places selected for conduction of the survey was limited to only four specific areas of Guwahati city.
ii. The study does not reveal the state of street vendors who have already left the profession as a result of Covid
19 Lock down situation
iii. The study does not state the exact amount of loss suffered, debt incurred, differences in income as a result of
lockdown in monetary figures.
iv. The study is limited to street vendors who specifically sell goods meant for consumption purpose. It does not
encompass street vendors who were engaged in different product line apart from consumption related goods.
v. The study does not take into account the people who became jobless due to Covid 19 situation and had to
take up street vending activity for earning livelihood.
V FURTHER SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

This study emphasized on the street vendors of Guwahati city taking into account the prime market areas of
Lokhra, Chandmari, Jalukbari and Ganeshguri. It focuses on the responses of the street vendors in relation to
their adaptability for earning livelihoodsduring lockdown and post lockdown phases. The study can be further
extended to other areas of economy in order to obtain relevant information through market classification and
also encompass vendors which have been failed to be included in the categorization.
VI INTERPRETATION OFDATA:
Street vending is one of the most difficult aspects in terms of its effective performance. Various hardships are
faced at the vending site be it in relation to sale or tackling customers’ needs or working with the set of rules
provided by the vending regulating authorities. In spite of the various difficulties the study reveals that apart
from the male vendors (74%), female vendors (26%) were also engaged in the street vending activities.
TABLE-1: PROFILE OF STREET VENDORS
Number of Percentage of
Respondents Respondents
GENDER-
MALE 37 74%
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FEMALE 13 26%
MARITAL STATUS-
MARRIED 31 62%
UNMARRIED 18 36%
WIDOWED 1 2%
DIVORCED -- --
TYPE OF INCOME FROM STREET VENDING-
PART TIME INCOME 13 26%
FULL TIME INCOME 37 74%
Source: Field Survey
The investigation also revealed that majority of the respondents (62%) were married and 36% of the respondents
were unmarried. For earning livelihood and maintaining a basic standard of living, 74% of the street vendors
took street vending activity as a full time profession while the rest, 24% took the street vending activity as a part
time profession to earn extra money.
TABLE- 2: TYPE OF STREET VENDORS
PARTICULARS Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondents
HAWKERS 15 30%
SIDE WALK TRADERS 9 18%
FOOTPATH SELLERS 26 52%
Chart of Table-2
Street vending is a source of livelihood for individuals having different line of business such as hawkers who
walks from lane to lane for selling goods, sidewalk traders who sells goods through carts, footpath sellers who
performtheir business activity in any corner of a street or footpath. The Chart shows that most of the respondents
i.e. 52% were footpath sellers who were selected by the researcher for conduction of the study. The study also
takes into account sidewalk traders (18%) and hawkers (30%) as a segment of street vendors for the study.
TABLE-3: TYPE OF PRODUCTS THEY WERE VENDING

FRUITS 15 30%
VEGETABLES 18 36%
POULTRY PRODUCTS 10 20%
FAST FOODS 7 14%
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Chart of Table-3
Street vendors have different product line to commence their activities while some were engaged as vegetable
vendors during the period of Lockdown, a sample of the vendors sold poultry products, and fruits. Vendors
selling fast food products were also regarded for the survey. The above chart shows the categorisation of the
street vendors’ product line they were engaged in where 30% sold fruits, 36% sold vegetables, 20% sold poultry
products and 14% set up fast food joints.
DURING LOCKDOWN
TABLE-4: IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN IN THE LIVELIHOOD OF STREET VENDORS
NO IMPACT -- --
ADVERSE IMPACT 50 100%
MODERATE IMPACT -- --
Chart of Table-4
The outbreak of Covid 19 pandemic has created a mass disruption in the economic activities. The series of
lockdown to control the pandemic situation had adverse impact on the livelihood of the street vendors as stated
by cent percent of the respondents who were considered for the study.
TABLE-5: EFFECTS DURING LOCKDOWN
PARTICULARS Number of respondents Percentage of Respondents
Yes 50 100%
Loss of Income
No -- --
Yes 50 100%
Complete shutdown of business Activities
No -- --
Yes 35 70%
Increase in debt
No 15 30%
Yes 50 100%
Scarcity of Food stocks
No -- --
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Chart of Table-5
The adverse impact on the street vendors is reflected in the above table where 100% of the respondents stated
that there was loss of Income which was resulted from the complete shutdown of Business there by increasing
their level of debt to avail the basic necessities of life and there was scarcity of food stocks which was resulted
from the nation-wide Lockdown of economic activities.
TABLE- 6: EFFORTS TAKEN TO TACKLE AND COPE UP WITH THE LOCK DOWN PHASE
RESPONSES Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

YES 43 86%
NO 07 14%
Chart of Table - 6
TABLE-7: WAYS TO TACKLE AND COPE UP WITH THE LOCKDOWN SITUATION

PARTICULARS Number of respondents Percentage of Respondents
Yes 43 86%
Finding other source of Income
No 7 14%
Relying on aids from different sources Yes 50 100%

for basic necessities No -- --
Depending on their personal or Yes 15 30%

household savings to sustain No 35 70%
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Chart of Table-7
Though the series of lockdown phases enacted by the Government created a complete disruption of economic
activities yet 86% of the street vendors (reflected in Chart 6) responded that they had taken efforts to cope up
with the situation of lockdown by finding ways to earn income from other sources which is reflected in Table 7.
The study also revealed that cent of the respondents reliedon aids from the Government organisations or from
Non-Government Donation organisations, Individuals providing food and other basic necessities. Since the
street vendors daily expenses are based on daily earnings so majority of the respondents’ i.e. 70% stated that
their savings were not enough to sustain the situation of Lockdown.
POST LOCKDOWN
TABLE- 8.1: RECOMMENCEMENT OF THE PREVIOUS BUSINESS ACTIVITIES WITH THE SAME
PRODUCT LINE AT THE TIME OF UNLOCK PHASE
RESPONSES Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondents
YES 29 58%
NO 21 42%
Chart of Table-8.1
The post lockdown period whereby phase wise relaxation norms were implemented, gradually brought into
motion the Nation's economic activities. The relaxation norms included rules and regulations which are to
becomplied by the street vendors to resume their business activities. In regard to the recommencement of
business activities with the previous Product Line, 58% of the respondents responded that they had resumed
their business activities with the old product line whereas 42% of the respondents responded that they were
engaged in the street vending business activity with a new product line.
TABLE-8.2: BUSINESS ACTIVITIES WITH ALTERED PRODUCT LINE, COMMENCED AFTER
UNLOCK PHASE
PARTICULARS Number of respondents Percentage of respondents
Fruits vending 2 10%
Vegetables vending 2 10%
Poultry products vending 3 14%
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Vending of home cooked foods ( 11 52%

sweets, biryani)
Vending of dairy products 3 14%
TOTAL 21 100%
In regard to the number of respondents (21 street vendors) who have taken the street vending business with a
new product line as reflected in table 8.1, table 8.2 reflects the classification of the business activities with
altered product line where most of the respondents (52%) have taken sale of home cooked foods in portable
carts to be a popular street vending business activity. Apart from the stated product line some had also taken up
fruits, vegetables, poultry products, dairy products to be one of such product line in street vending business
activity.
TABLE-9:DIFFICULTIES FACED TO REVIVE THE LIVELIHOODS AFTER LOCKDOWN
RELAXATION NORMS
PARTICULARS Number of Respondents
Lack of capital to resume work in proper manner 40
Inflationary prices of goods 50
Problem of increase in transportation cost 44
Strict hygiene & sanitary rules &regulations 26
Fear of exposure to health vulnerabilities 50
Municipal harassment 26
Chart of Table-9
The post lockdown period has embedded the market for street vendors with difficulties in a numerous ways.
Table 9 reflects the various segments of the sorted difficulties and the respondents’ responses where cent
percent of the respondents have stated that fear of exposure to health vulnerabilities and increase in prices of
goods, be it in relation for consumption or for sale,are the primary problems in the conduct of their business.
Accordingly 26 footpath sellers taken for the study have stated that municipal harassment and strict hygiene and
sanitary rules and regulations have also created difficulties in performing their business activities. Difficulties
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created in relation to increase in transportation cost and lack of sufficient capital are overall faced by the street
vendors.
TABLE-10:ABILITY TO MITIGATE THE LOSS SUFFERED DURING LOCKDOWN BY THE
STREET VENDORS WITH THE PRESENT LINE OF WORK
YES 10 20%
NO 15 30%
CAN’T SAY 25 50%
Chart of Table-10
The loss suffered by the street vendors during lockdown witnessed to be immense hence the street vendors’
responses in regard to their ability to mitigate the loss suffered is considered to be significant. It has been
observed in Table-10 that 50% of the sample respondents do not have any clear idea in regard to their capability
to mitigate the loss while 30% of them stated that they won’t be able to mitigate the loss and the remaining 20%
stays positive to their ability to mitigate the loss in due course of time.
TABLE-11:WAYS TO RECOVER THE LOSSES SUFFERED AS OPINED BY THE STREET
VENDORS
Percentage of
PARTICULARS
Number of Respondents Respondents
By receiving financial help from Government 22 44%
Relaxation in code of conduct of street vending
11 22%
activities
Support to sell the end products 9 18%
Venturing into other business activities
8 16%
simultaneously
Chart of Table-11
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Although the loss suffered by the street vendors cannot be exactly determined in financial terms still it can be
assumed that as petty entrepreneurs, the Lockdown had a severe ill bearing on their financial aspect hence they
foresee different ways through which they can recoup the situation. As depicted in the table 11, it is reflected
that 44% of the respondents are very much inclined towards financial help to be provided by the government,
22% of the respondents stated relaxation of code of conduct of street vending activities to be a way to efficiently
perform their business activities and recover their losses. While the other 18% and 16 % of the respondents
opined that support for selling the end products and venturing into other business activities respectively were the
ways to recover the losses suffered.
TABLE-12:RESPONSES OF STREET VENDORS IN REGARD TO CONTINUATION OF BUSINESS
ACTIVITY WITH PRESENT PRODUCT LINE
YES 10 20%
NO 15 30%
CAN’T SAY 25 50%
Table 12 presents the responses of the respondents as regard to the continuity with the business activity where
most of the respondents (50%)have responded that they have unclear decision in regard to the question. 30% of
the respondents were not willing to continue with the current line of street vending business whereas only 20%
has stated a positive response.
TABLE-13:ACTIVITIES PLANNED BY THE STREET VENDORS TO START EARNING

LIVELIHOOD IN A NEW MANNER
Leave the profession as a street
8 53%
vendor and start a new profession
Continue as a street vendor with
7 47%
different product line
Total 15 100%
Chart of Table-13
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Although the unlock phases have been undertaken to resume the economic activities in the country yetthe
aftermath of Lockdown phase have imparted a tremendous effect on the business of street vendors which have
left them with the thoughts to either continue with the business or leave the business and venture into a new
profession. Table 13 states that out of 15 respondents who viewed that they do not want to continue with the
present line of business (Table 12), 8 of them stated that they want to leave the profession as a street vendor and
start a new profession whereas 7 of them stated that they want to continue but with different product line.
TABLE-14:POST LOCKDOWN MARKET SCENARIO IN THE EYES OF STREET VENDORS

HIGHLY COMPETITIVE 22 44%
SUPPORTIVE MARKET -- --
DYNAMIC MARKET 28 56%
NEUTRAL MARKET -- --
Chart of Table-14
The market scenario for street vendors is one which is engulfed with lots of challenges that makes the market to
be highly competitive and dynamic. This is reflected in Table 14 where 56% of the respondents have provided
with a response that the street vending market scenario post lockdown is dynamic and 44% of the respondents
stated the market to be highlycompetitive.
VII FINDINGS OF THE STUDY:

The findings of the study as per the objectives of the study have been summarized below.
1. Street vendors are the class of entrepreneurs who have minimal investment in their business and earn very
low income to cover the expenses of the family hence the primitive concept of a male dominant society has
been replaced and both male and female were involved in this form of business activity to help in the
financial matters of the family.
2. The Covid 19 situation has taken into grasp every single aspect of an economy. The outcome of the
lockdown imposed due to the pandemic situation is worse than it can be interpreted. Many street vendors had
to shut down their business for which their financial stability was severely hampered and they faced losses in
income which subsequently increases their debts so as to meet the basic necessities of life.Scarcity of foods
stocks was one of the immediate effects of lockdown on the entire section of street vendors considered for
study. The greater section of the street vendors who faced extreme hardship during the time of lockdown
were the one who took street vending as a full time profession since they were in a situation where their only
source of earning livelihood was greatly hampered.
3. Though the series of lockdown phases enacted by the Government created a complete disruption of
economic activities yet most of the street vendors had taken efforts to cope up with the situation of lockdown
by finding ways to earn income from other sources. The study also revealed that the street vendors had to
rely on aids from the Government organisations or from Non-Government Donation organisations,
Individuals providing food and other basic necessities. Since the street vendors daily expenses are based on
daily earnings so it created a troublesome situationfor them to sustain the stateof lockdown.
4. Although the unlock phases have been undertaken to resume the economic activities in the country yet the
aftermath of Lockdown phase have imparted a tremendous effect on the business of street vendors which
have left them with the thoughts to either continue with the business or leave the business and venture into a
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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 13, 2020
new profession because of various difficulties faced by the vendors during post lockdown phase.Lack of
capital to resume work in propermanner,concerns in regard to self-health and maintenance of hygiene
condition in the business, complying with rules and regulations as provided by the authorities, purchasing
goods at inflated price for self-consumption and business are some stated problems which created a
hindrance in the revival of street vendors’ livelihoods.
5. The Covid 19 situation has created a depressed state among the street vendors so in order to overcome the
state the street vendors provided with the opinion that financial help from the government is of great
significance in order to revive their livelihoods. Also some of the respondents have provided responses to
equally lay importance on other factors to tackle the situation such as relaxing the code of conduct for
performing business activity and providing adequate support in the business to sell the end products.
6. The market scenario for street vendors is one which is engulfed with lots of challenges that makes the market
to be highly competitive and dynamic. Most of the street vendors found the present market to be a dynamic
one because of various factors that tends to affect the purchasing behavior of the customers. This imparts an
effect on the street vendors’ businesses as they have to suit the proper product to the target customers in
order to retain their business. Also the market is also visualized as competitive by the street vendors due to
increase in competition by entry of new street vendors in the market.
7. The street vendors have responded that their line of business activity has been adversely affected due to the
series of lockdown phases so enacted. There is a situation of unplanned restrictions prevalent in the market
place hence the street vendors urge to bring back the normalcy within the market place.
VIII RECOMMENDATIONS:
The Covid 19 Pandemic has almost hampered all the sections of the economy. The sudden outbreak of the
situation which took the whole world into its grasp also had a negative effect on the street vendors and so most
of them who use to have a regular source of income were cut off from their livelihood. There had been times
during the lockdown period where the street vendors were deprived from the basic necessities of life. Although
the service industry has resumed in the economy, in the post lockdown phase, still some restrictions are imposed
by the Government hence it is most important for the Government to lay concerns over the matter and impose
restrictions in a deliberate and conscious manner. Also financial support is most important by the Government
Institutions to such street vendors as they had to bear a huge amount of losses resulting in increased debts.
Social security in relation to these street vendors is also a matter of concern to be looked after in order to help
the street vendors to effectively perform their vending activities. Restrictions by the Municipal Organisations
should also be minimised to help the street vendors in their cause and normalcy should be brought in the market
with caution in a full-fledged manner.
IX CONCLUSION:
Street vendors are the entrepreneurs who start their business with minimal capital investment but their
importance in an economy is very immense in nature. These street vendors (informal workers) serve as a hub to
make available goods of every nature thereby setting a linkage with the formal economy. Many a times these
street vendors face difficulties in their business activities be it at the vending site by the municipal authorities or
unforeseen events which occurs on a daily basis creating a hindrance on their business activities. The survey has
given an outlook to the street vendors’ life thathasfaced immense hardships and trouble to tackle the situation of
an unplanned nationwide on-going Pandemic "Covid 19"situation. The state of business activity for street
vendors to suitably adjust has undergone a vast change be it in relation to the decision to continue with their
street vending activity and if the decision is to continue then their adjustments to the vending protocols to
effectively run the business. In spite of the various problems persistent with the street vending activity and the
new challenges that have been brought forward, most of the street vendors have shown their positive outlook to
continue as a street vendor offering their services to the masses and successfully run their livelihood with an
expectation that authorities which regulate the street vending activity would provide financial support and
extend their contribution towards building the capabilities of the street vendors.
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JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 13, 2020

“WITHSTANDING COVID 19 AND ITS EFFECTS BY

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Commerce, NEF College, Guwahati, Assam, India,

DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE SIZE OF STREET VENDORS

V FURTHER SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

TABLE-3: TYPE OF PRODUCTS THEY WERE VENDING

PARTICULARS Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

Source: Field Survey

RESPONSES Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

TABLE-7: WAYS TO TACKLE AND COPE UP WITH THE LOCKDOWN SITUATION

Relying on aids from different sources Yes 50 100%

Depending on their personal or Yes 15 30%

Vending of home cooked foods ( 11 52%

TABLE-13:ACTIVITIES PLANNED BY THE STREET VENDORS TO START EARNING

TABLE-14:POST LOCKDOWN MARKET SCENARIO IN THE EYES OF STREET VENDORS

VII FINDINGS OF THE STUDY:

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