Nma App L

APPENDIX L
EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION

OF CODE FORMULAS AND RULES
VESSELS UNDER INTERNAL L-1.4 Flow Charts

PRESSURE Figures L-1.4-1 and L-1.4-2 provide step-by-step
L-1 APPLICATION OF RULES FOR guidelines for determining required joint efficiencies
JOINT EFFICIENCY IN SHELLS for various components. Alternatively, Figs. L-1.4-3
AND HEADS OF VESSELS WITH and L-1.4-4 provide guidelines for determining joint
WELDED JOINTS efficiencies for weld categories. Generally, the designer
should consider the following points.
L-1.1 Introduction
L-1.4.1 Is radiography mandatory due to service or
This Appendix provides guidelines for establishing
material thickness?
the appropriate joint efficiency for vessels of welded
construction. The joint efficiencies are applied in various L-1.4.2 Are weld types mandated? For example,
design formulas which determine either the minimum UW-2 restricts weld types to Types 1 or 2 for weld
required design thicknesses of vessel parts or the maxi- Categories A and B. If not, select types appropriate.
mum allowable working pressure for a given thickness.
L-1.4.3 If radiography is not mandatory, the amount
of radiography performed is optional. The user or
his designated agent shall determine the extent of
L-1.2 Requirements for Radiography radiography to be performed, or at his option, may
Radiography is mandatory for certain vessel services permit the vessel manufacturer to select the extent of
and material thicknesses (UW-11). When radiography radiography.
is not mandatory, the degree of radiography is optional,
L-1.4.4 Does the degree of radiography performed
and the amount of radiography must be determined by
on the Category B weld joints in a cylindrical or
the user or his designated agent (U-2).
conical shell affect the joint efficiency used on the
Whether radiography is mandatory or optional, the
Category A weld joints? Remember, the minimum
amount of radiography performed on each butt weld
required thickness for a cylindrical or conical shell
together with the type of weld (UW-12) will determine
is calculated separately for the circumferential and
the joint efficiency to be applied in the various design
longitudinal directions and the larger of these two
formulas.
thicknesses calculated selected.
L-1.3 Application of Joint Efficiency Factors L-1.5 Examples

The longitudinal and circumferential directions of In the following examples, all vessels are cylindrical
stress are investigated separately to determine the most 24 in. O.D. with a 2:1 ellipsoidal head on one end
restrictive condition governing stresses in the vessel. and a hemispherical head on the other. The ellipsoidal
[See UG-23(c).] In terms of the application of joint head is attached with a Type No. 2 butt weld, and
efficiencies, each weld joint is considered separately, the hemispherical head is attached with a Type No. 1
and the joint efficiency for that weld joint is then butt joint. The vessel has a 123⁄4 in. (324 mm) O.D.
applied in the appropriate design formula for the compo- seamless pipe sump with a torispherical head attached
nent under consideration. with a Type No. 2 butt joint. In each case, the internal
512
COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Licensed by Information Handling Services
APPENDIX L — NONMANDATORY Fig. L-1.4-1
FIG. L-1.4-1 JOINT EFFICIENCY AND WELD JOINT TYPE — CYLINDERS AND CONES
513

L-1.5 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 L-1.5
FIG. L-1.4-2 JOINT EFFICIENCY AND WELD JOINT TYPE — HEADS
design pressure is 500 psi with 0.125 in. corrosion thickness minimum (smls) 1 p 0.688
allowance. Design temperature is 450°F. × 0.875 − 0.125 p 0.477
All materials are carbon steel with a maximum inside radius p 12 − 0.563 p 11.437
allowable stress of 15.0 ksi as given in Table 1A of hemi head thickness p 0.375 − 0.125 p 0.25
Section II, Part D. All heads and the sump are seamless inside radius p 12 − 0.25 p 11.75
in all examples. The shell is seamless in Examples ellipsoidal head thickness p 0.625 − 0.125 p 0.500
(1), (2), and (3). In Examples (4), (5), and (6), the inside diameter p 24 − 2(0.5) p 23.0
shell has a Type No. 1 butt welded longitudinal joint. sump thickness nominal p 0.500 − 0.125 p 0.375
See Fig. L-1.5-1 for vessel configuration and Table L- thickness minimum p 0.500 × 0.875
1.5-1 for a summary. − 0.125 p 0.313
Proposed thicknesses (uncorroded) for all examples: inside radius p 6.375 − 0.375 p 6.0
shell p 0.688 (nominal for seamless examples) torispherical head thickness p 0.563
hemi head p 0.375 − 0.125 p 0.438
2:1 head p 0.625 dish radius p 12.0 + 0.125 p 12.125
sump p 0.500 (nominal) corner radius p 1.5 + 0.125 p 1.625
F and D head p 0.428 (min.)
In the corroded condition: 1
See UG-16(d); manufacturing under tolerance specified in the mate-
shell thickness nominal p 0.688 − 0.125 p 0.563 rial specification is 121⁄2%.
514

APPENDIX L — NONMANDATORY Fig. L-1.4-3
FIG. L-1.4-3 JOINT EFFICIENCIES FOR CATEGORIES A AND D WELDED JOINTS IN SHELLS, HEADS,
OR CONES
515

Fig. L-1.4-4 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1
FIG. L-1.4-4 JOINT EFFICIENCIES FOR CATEGORIES B AND C WELDED JOINTS IN SHELLS OR CONES
516

L-1.5.1 APPENDIX L — NONMANDATORY L-1.5.1
FIG. L-1.5-1 CONFIGURATION OF EXAMPLE VESSELS
L-1.5.1 Given. This vessel for lethal service with full L-1.5.1(c) Ellipsoidal Head, UG-32(d), Seamless
radiography required [UW-11(a)(1)] all joints including
sump to head [UW-11(a)(4)].
L-1.5.1(a) Shell, Circumferential Stress, UG-27(c)(1) E p 1.00
PD 500(23.0)
tp p
E p 1.00 2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
p 0.385 in.
PR 500(11.437)
tp p L-1.5.1(d) Hemispherical Head, UG-32(f ), Attached
SE − 0.6P 15,000(1.0) − 0.6(500)
With Fully Radiographed Type No. 1 Butt Joint
p 0.389 in.
E p 1.0
L-1.5.1(b) Shell, Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2), PR 500(11.75)

on a Type No. 2 Joint tp p p 0.196
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
L-1.5.1(e) Sump (Seamless Pipe) Circumferential

E p 0.90 Stress, UG-27(c)(1)
E p 1.0
PR 500(11.437)
tp p
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.90) + 0.4(500)
PR 500(6.0)
tp p p 0.204
p 0.210 in. SE − 0.6P 15,000(1.0) − 0.6(500)
517

Table L-1.5-1
TABLE L-1.5-1
SUMMARY OF REQUIRED THICKNESSES AND JOINT EFFICIENCIES
Examples of L-1.5

Example Example Example Example Example Example
L-1.5.1 L-1.5.2 L-1.5.3 L-1.5.4 L-1.5.5 L-1.5.6
Type service Lethal General service General service Unfired steam General service General service

Shell seam Seamless Seamless Seamless Type No. 1 Type No. 1 Type No. 1
Radiography Full Category A full None Full Category A full Category A SRT
Category B SRT Category B SRT Category B SRT
Thickness Required / Joint Efficiency
Vessel Part Tr/E Tr/E Tr/E Tr/E Tr/E Tr/E
518
Shell Circumferential 0.389/1.0 0.389/1.0 0.459/0.85 0.389/1.0 0.389/1.0 0.459/0.85
Longitudinal 0.210/0.9 0.236/0.80 0.290/0.65 0.210/0.90 0.236/0.80 0.236/0.80
Elliptical head 0.385/1.0 0.385/1.0 0.453/0.85 0.385/1.0 0.385/1.0 0.385.1.0

2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1
Hemispherical head 0.196/1.0 0.196/1.0 0.281/0.7 0.196/1.0 0.196/1.0 0.231/0.85

0.231/0.85
Sump shell Circumferential 0.204/1.0 0.241/0.85 0.241/0.85 0.204/1.0 0.204/1.0 0.204/1.0

Longitudinal 0.110/0.90 0.153/0.65 0.153/0.65 0.110/0.90 0.153/0.65 0.124/0.80
Sump torispherical head 0.290/1.0 0.341/0.85 0.341/0.85 0.290/1.0 0.290/1.0 0.290/1.0

L-1.5.1(f) Sump (Seamless Pipe) Longitudinal Stress, L-1.5.2(c) Ellipsoidal Head, UG-32(d), Seamless
UG-27(c)(2); Full Radiography Required [UW-
11(a)(4)] on a Type No. 2 Joint
E p 1.00
E p 0.9
PD 500(23.0)
tp p
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
PR 500(6.0)
tp p p 0.110 p 0.385 in.
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.90) + 0.4(500)
L-1.5.1(g) Sump Torispherical Head, 1-4(d), Seam- L-1.5.2(d) Hemispherical Head, UG-32(f ), on a Type
less No. 1 Fully Radiographed Joint
E p 1.0
E p 1.0
PR 500(11.75)
L 12.125 tp p p 0.196
p p 7.46; M p 1.44 (from Table 1-4.2) 2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
r 1.625
PLM 500(12.125)(1.44) L-1.5.2(e) Sump Seamless Pipe Circumferential

tp p p 0.292
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500) Stress, UG-27(c)(1)
E p 0.85 [UW-12(d)]
L-1.5.2 Given. Vessel for general service with the
following radiography selected:
Category A, head to shell: full PR 500(6.0)
tp p p 0.241 in.
Category B, head to shell: spot, meets UW-11(a)(5)(b) SE − 0.6P 15,000(0.85) − 0.6(500)
Category B, sump to head: none
L-1.5.2(a) Shell, Circumferential Stress, UG-27(c)(1),
Seamless Pipe L-1.5.2(f) Sump Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2), on
a Type No. 2 Joint
E p 1.00
E p 0.65
PR 500(11.437)
tp p PR 500(6.0)
SE − 0.6P 15,000(1.0) − 0.6(500) tp p p 0.152
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.65) + 0.4(500)
p 0.389 in.
L-1.5.2(g) Sump Torispherical head, 1-4(d), Seamless
L-1.5.2(b) Shell, Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2),

on a Type No. 2 Joint With Spot E p 0.85 [UW-12(d)]
E p 0.80 L 12.125
p p 7.46; M p 1.44 (from Table 1-4.2)
r 1.625
PR 500(11.437) PLM 500(12.125)(1.44)

tp p tp p
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.80) + 0.4(500) 2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(0.85) − 0.2(500)
p 0.236 in. p 0.344 in.
519

L-1.5.3 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 L-1.5.4
L-1.5.3 Given. Vessel for general service with visual E p 0.85

examination only.
L-1.5.3(a) Shell, Circumferential Stress, UG-27(c)(1),
Seamless Pipe PR 500 (11.75)
tp p p 0.231
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(0.85) − 0.2(500)
E p 0.85 [UW-12(d)]
L-1.5.3(e) Sump Seamless Pipe Circumferential

PR 500(11.437) Stress, UG-27(c)(1)
tp p
SE − 0.6P 15,000(0.85) − 0.6(500)
p 0.459 in. E p 0.85 [UW-12(d)]

on a Type No. 2 Joint PR 500(6.0)
tp p p 0.241 in.
SE − 0.6P 15,000(0.85) − 0.6(500)
E p 0.65
L-1.5.3(f) Sump Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2), on
PR 500(11.437) a Type No. 2 Joint
tp p
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.65) + 0.4(500)
p 0.290 in. E p 0.65
L-1.5.3(c) Ellipsoidal Head, UG-32(d), Seamless

PR 500(6.0)
tp p p 0.152
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.65) + 0.4(500)
E p 0.85 [UW-12(d)]
L-1.5.3(g) Sump Torispherical Head, 1-4(d), Seam-

PD 500(23.0)
tp p less
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(0.85) − 0.2(500)
p 0.453 in.
E p 0.85 [UW-12(d)]
L-1.5.3(d) Hemispherical Head, UG-32(f ), on a Type

No. 1 Joint L 12.125
p p 7.46; M p 1.44 (from Table 1-4.2)
r 1.625
E p 0.7
PLM 500(12.125)(1.44)
t p p
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(0.85) − 0.2(500)
PR
not good tp
2SE − 0.2P p 0.344 in.
500(11.75)
p
2(15,000)(0.70) − 0.2(500)
L-1.5.4 Given. Vessel for use as unfired steam boiler
p 0.281 > 0.25 with full radiography required for all joints [UW-2(c)
and UW-11(a)(3)] including sump to head joint [UW-
11(a)(4)].
Head must either be thicker or attachment butt joint
must be spot radiographed. Use same head with spot NOTE: In the following examples, shell has a Type No. 1 butt
radiography. welded longitudinal joint.
520

Radiography: Full [UW-11(a)(3)] all joints including L-1.5.4(f) Sump (Seamless Pipe) Longitudinal Stress,
sump to head [UW-11(a)(4)]. UG-27(c)(2), Joint
L-1.5.4(a) Shell, Circumferential Stress, UG-27(c)(1)
E p 0.9
E p 1.00
PR 500(6.0)
tp p p 0.110
PR 500(11.437) 2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.90) + 0.4(500)
tp p
SE − 0.6P 15,000(1.0) − 0.6(500)
p 0.389 in.
L-1.5.4(g) Sump Torispherical Head, 1-4(d), Seam-
less

on a Type No. 2 Joint E p 1.0
E p 0.9 L 12.125
p p 7.46; M p 1.44 (from Table 1-4.2)
r 1.625
PR 500(11.437)
tp p PLM 500(12.125)(1.44)
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.90) + 0.4(500) tp p p 0.292
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
p 0.210 in.
L-1.5.5 Given. Vessel for general service with the

L-1.5.4(c) Ellipsoidal Head, UG-32(d), Seamless following radiography selected:
Category A, long joint: full
Category A, head to shell: full
E p 1.00
Category B, head to shell: spot, meets UW-11(a)(5)(b)
Category B, sump to head: spot, meets UW-
PD 500(23.0) 11(a)(5)(b)
tp p
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500) L-1.5.5(a) Shell, Circumferential Stress, UG-27(c)(1),
Type No. 1 Fully Radiographed
p 0.385 in.
E p 1.00
L-1.5.4(d) Hemispherical Head, UG-32(f), Type No.
1 Fully Radiographed Joint
PR 500(11.437)
tp p
SE − 0.6P 15,000(1.0) − 0.6(500)
E p 1.0
p 0.389 in.
PR 500(11.75)
tp p p 0.196
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500) L-1.5.5(b) Shell, Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2),
on a Type No. 2 Joint With Spot
L-1.5.4(e) Sump (Seamless Pipe) Circumferential
Stress, UG-27(c)(1) E p 0.80
E p 1.0 PR 500(11.437)
tp p
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.80) + 0.4(500)
PR 500(6.0)
tp p p 0.204
SE − 0.6P 15,000(1.0) − 0.6(500) p 0.236 in.
521

L-1.5.5(c) Ellipsoidal Head, UG-32(d), Seamless

500(12.125)(1.44)
p p 0.292 in.
2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
E p 1.00
PD 500(23.0) L-1.5.6 Given. Vessel for general service with spot

tp p radiography selected for all joints. The requirements
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
of UW-11(a)(5)(b) have been met.
L-1.5.6(a) Shell, Circumferential Stress, UG-27(c)(1)
p 0.385 in.
E p 0.85
L-1.5.5(d) Hemispherical Head, UG-32(f ), on a Type
No. 1 Fully Radiographed Joint
PR 500(11.437)
tp p
E p 1.0 SE − 0.6P 15,000(0.85) − 0.6(500)
p 0.459 in.
PR 500(11.75)
tp p p 0.196
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
on a Type No. 2 Joint
L-1.5.5(e) Sump Seamless Pipe Circumferential
Stress, UG-27(c)(1)
E p 0.80
E p 1.00 [UW-12(d)]
PR 500(11.437)
tp p
PR 500(6.0) 2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.8) + 0.4(500)
tp p p 0.204 in.
SE − 0.6P 15,000(1.0) − 0.6(500)
p 0.236 in.

a Type No. 2 Joint L-1.5.6(c) Ellipsoidal Head, UG-32(d), Seamless
E p 0.65
E p 1.00
PR 500(6.0)
tp p p 0.152 PD 500(23.0)
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.65) + 0.4(500) tp p
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
L-1.5.5(g) Sump Torispherical Head, 1-4(d), Seam- p 0.385 in.

less
L-1.5.6(d) Hemispherical Head, UG-32(f), on a Type

E p 1.00 [UW-12(d)]
No. 1 Joint
L 12.125
p p 7.46; M p 1.44 (from Table 1-4.2) E p 0.85
r 1.625
PLM PR 500(11.75)
tp tp p p 0.231
2SE − 0.2P 2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(0.85) − 0.2(500)
522

L-1.5.6(e) Sump Seamless Pipe Circumferential internal design pressure, P p 200 psi
Stress, UG-27(c)(1) design temperature p 200°F
stress value S p 13,800 psi
weight of vessel p 3200 lb
E p 1.0
density of contents g p 70 lb / ft3
weight of contents Wc p 9500 lb
PR 500(6.0) joint efficiency E (circumferential stress) p 0.85
tp p p 0.204
SE − 0.6P 15,000(1.0) − 0.6(500) joint efficiency E (longitudinal stress) p 0.65
bending moment due to wind load p 665,000 in.-lb
material chart for compressive stress p Fig. CS-2
in Section II, Part D
a Type No. 2 Joint
L-2.1.2 Solution. Three cases must be investigated
E p 0.8 to determine the minimum shell thickness:
(1) Tensile Stress
PR 500(6.0) (a) circumferential [UG-27(c)(1)];
tp p p 0.124 (b) longitudinal [UG-27(c)(2)].
2SE + 0.4P 2(15,000)(0.8) + 0.4(500)
(2) Compressive Stress [UG-23(b)]
L-1.5.6(g) Sump Torispherical Head, 1-4(d), Seam- Case (1)(a) Circumferential Tensile Stress. The fol-
less lowing equation accounts for the stress due to internal
pressure plus stress imposed due to the static head of
the contents of the vessel:
E p 1.0
Hg
L 12.125 R
p p 7.46; M p 1.44 (from Table 1-4.2) PR 144
r 1.625 tp +
SE − 0.6P
冢144冣
Hg
SE − 0.6
PLM 500(12.125)(1.44)
tp p p 0.292
2SE − 0.2P 2(15,000)(1.0) − 0.2(500)
43(70)
(12)
(200)(12) 144
p +
13,800(0.85) − 120 (43)(70)
L-2 THICKNESS CALCULATION FOR 13,800(0.85) − 0.6
144
SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL
PRESSURE WITH SUPPLEMENTAL p 0.207 + 0.021
LOADINGS
p 0.228 in.
L-2.1 Example of the Use of UG-27(c) for
Vertical Vessels
Case (1)(b) Longitudinal Tensile Stress. The general
L-2.1.1 Given. A process column is to be fabricated form of the equation for thickness due to longitudinal
with several shell sections. The vessel is supported at the stress is
bottom head to shell joint. The longitudinal (Category A)
welds in each shell section are Type No. 1. The
circumferential welds (Category B) between the shell PR M W + Wc
courses are Type No. 2. The longitudinal welds are tp ± −
2SE + 0.4P ␲ R 2 SE ␲ DSE
spot radiographed in accordance with UW-52. The
circumferential welds are not radiographed. Given the
following parameters, determine the required shell thick-
In the case underinvestigation, the most severe condi-
ness at the bottom of the shell:
tion at the bottom of the shell occurs under full pressure
vessel I. D. p 24 in.
with the vessel full of contents. Consequently, the
vessel height H p 43 ft
general equation reduces to
523

PR M W + Wc L-2.2 Example of the Use of UG-27(c) for

tp + −
2SE + 0.4P ␲ R 2SE ␲DSE Horizontal Vessels
冢W c p 0 above
support line 冣 L-2.2.1 Given. A horizontal vessel 60 ft long fabri-
cated using 6 rings 10 ft long. The vessel is supported
by 120 deg. saddles located 2 ft 6 in. from each head
Use 13,800 × 1.2 p 16,560 (footnote 2). joint. The heads are ellipsoidal attached using Type
No. 2 butt joints. The shell courses have Type No.
200(12) 665,000 1 longitudinal joints which are spot radiographed in
tp +
2(16,560)(0.65) + 0.4(200) ␲ 12 2 (16,560)(0.65) accordance with UW-52. The circumferential welds
joining the courses are Type No. 2 with no radiography.
3200 Given the following parameters, determine the required
−
␲ (24)(16,560)(0.65) shell thickness.
vessel O.D. p 120 in.
p 0.111 + 0.137 − 0.004 internal design pressure P including static head p
60 psi
p 0.244 in. design temperature p 100°F
shell thickness t p 0.3125 in.
NOTE: Joint efficiency of circumferential weld applies to all three
terms of the above equation when the total resultant stress is tensile. shell length L p 720 in.
joint efficiency (long seams) p 0.85
Case (2) Compressive Stress. The general equation joint efficiency (circumferential seams) p 0.65
is the same as for longitudinal tensile stress; however, weight of vessel W p 30,000 lb
for the case under investigation, the most severe condi- weight of contents W c p 320,000 lb
tion occurs with no pressure and the vessel full of total weight p 350,000 lb
contents. reaction at each saddle Q p 175,000 lb
head depth H p 30 in.
Check allowable compressive stress per UG-23(b). saddle to tangent line A p 30 in.
material to chart for compressive stress p Fig. CS-
2 in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D
0.125 0.125
Ap p p 0.00248
Ro / t 12.294 / 0.244
L-2.2.2 Solution. Here again three cases must be
B p 15,500 > 13,800 investigated:
(1) Circumferential stress due to internal pressure.
Use 13,800 × 1.2 p 16,560 (footnote 2).
(2) Longitudinal tensile stress due to bending must
M W be added to the longitudinal stress due to internal
tp ±
␲ R SE (footnote 3)
2 ␲ DSE (footnote 3) pressure.
(3) Longitudinal compressive stress due to
665,000 3200 bending.
p ±
␲ (12 2 )(16,560)(1.0) ␲ (24)(16,560)(1.0) Case 1 Circumferential Tensile Stress. In this hori-
zontal vessel, the equation in UG-27(c)(1) is used.
p 0.089 ± 0.003
p 0.092 in.
PR 60(59.6875)
Required design thickness (exclusive of corrosion allow- tp p p 0.306 in.
SE − 0.6P 13,800(0.85) − 0.6(60)
ance) p 0.244 in. governed by longitudinal tensile
stress.
2
See UG-23(d).
3
E p 1.0 for all butt welds when investigating longitudinal compres- Case 2 Longitudinal Tensile Stress. The following
sion [UG-23(b)]. equation combines the longitudinal tensile stress due
524

to pressure with the longitudinal tensile stress due to Action. Change circumferential seam to Type No. 1
bending at the midpoint between the saddles.4 fully radiographed.
PR QL
tp ± 60(59.6875)
2SE + 0.4P 4 ␲ R 2 SE tp
2(13,800)(1.0) + 0.4(60)
冤冥
2(R 2 − H 2 )
1+ 175,000(720)
L2 4A + (0.79043)
× − 4 ␲ (59.6875) 2 (13,800)(1.0)
4H L
1+
3L
p 0.130 + 0.204 (0.79043)
60(59.6875)
p p 0.130 + 0.161 p 0.291 in. Good
2(13,800)(0.65) + 0.4(60)
175,000(720)
± Conclusion. Circumferential joint at center of vessel
4 ␲ (59.6875) 2(13,800)(0.65)
must be Type No. 1 fully radiographed. This is at the
point of maximum positive moment. Maximum negative
冤冥
2(59.6875 2 − 30 2 )
1+ moment is at supports but there is no joint there. Other
720 2 4(30) circumferential joint must be investigated using moment
× −
4(30) 720 at the joint in calculating the combined stresses. It
1+
3(720) should be noted that many other areas of stress due
to saddle loadings exist and should be investigated (see
p 0.199 ± 0.31376 (0.79043) Appendix G).
Case 3 Longitudinal Compressive Stress. First deter-
p 0.199 ± 0.248 p 0.447 in. mine the allowable compressive stress [see UG-23(b)]
This is greater than actual thickness so we must

either thicken the shell or increase the efficiency of
the welded joint by changing the weld type or the 0.125 0.125
Ap p p 0.000651
Ro / t 60 / 0.3125
amount of radiography.
Action. Spot radiograph the circumferential joint.
NOTE: The quantity in brackets will remain the same. Joint efficiency
will change to 0.8. B p AE / 2
60(59.6875) where
tp
2(13,800)(0.8) + 0.4(60) Ep modulus of elasticity
Bp 9446 psi (from Fig. CS-2)
175,000(720) The general equation for thickness is the same as
+ (0.79043)
4 ␲ (59.6875) 2 (13,800)(0.8) for longitudinal tensile stress except the pressure portion
drops out since the most severe condition occurs when
p 0.162 + 0.255 (0.79043) there is no pressure in the vessel.
p 0.162 + 0.202 p 0.364 in.
冤冥
2(R 2 − H 2)
1+
Still not good and by inspection it can be seen that QL L2 4A
tp −
the joint efficiency will need to be greater than 0.9. 4 ␲ R 2 SE 4H L
1+
3L
4
See “Stresses in Large Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle
Supports,” p. 959, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, 175,000(720)
p
A Decade of Progress, Volume Two, ASME, New York. 4 ␲ (59.6875) 2(9446)(1.0)(footnote 3)
525

y p Ss Es p 17,500 × 30 × 106
冤冥
2 2
2(59.6875 − 30 )
1+
720 2 4(30)
× − k p y /Sr Er p 17,500 × 30 × 106 /14,500 × 30 × 106
4(30) 720
1+
3(720)
p 1.21
p 0.29795 (0.79043) p 0.236 in.

QL p PRL /2 + f1 p 50 × 100 /2 + 250 p 2750 lb /in.
Area required in reinforcement ring from Eq. (1):

L-2.3 Examples of the Use of 1-5 for Cone-
to-Cylinder Juncture
冢冣
k QL RL ⌬
ArL p 1− tan ␣
L-2.3.1 Example 1. Determine the required thickness Ss E1 ␣
of a conical reducer for the following conditions:
冢冣
P p 50 psi; T p 650°F; RL p 100 in.; Rs p 50 1.21 × 2750 × 100 17.58
p 1− (0.577)
in.; ␣ p 30 deg. (tan ␣ p 0.577, cos ␣ p 0.866); 17,500 × 1.0 30
Sc p 17,500 psi; E2 p 0.85; Ec p 30 × 106 psi.
Substitute in Eq. (5), 1-4(e) with S p Sc , E p E2 , p 4.54 in.2
and D p 2RL for the large end:
Effective area of reinforcement in the cone and
50 × 2 × 100 cylinder is:
tr p p 0.389 in.
2 × 0.866 (17,500 × 0.85 − 0.6 × 50)
AeL p (ts − t) 冪 RL ts + (tc − tr ) 冪 RL tc /cos ␣
For the small end:
p (0.313 − 0.286) 冪 100 × 0.313
50 × 2 × 50
tr p
2 × 0.866(17,500 × 0.85 − 0.6 × 50) + (0.438 − 0.389) 冪 100 × 0.438 /0.866
p 0.195 in. p 0.500 in.2
Use tc p 0.438 in. Thus, additional area of reinforcement shall be 4.54

− 0.500 p 4.04 in.2
L-2.3.2 Example 2. The conical reducer in Example L-2.3.2(b) At Small Cylinder-to-Cone Juncture
1 is to be attached to cylindrical shells at each end
for the following conditions: P /Ss E1 p 0.00286
Ss p 17,500 psi; E1 p 1.0; Es p 30 × 106 psi;
Sr p 14,500 psi; Er p 30 × 106 psi; cylinder at large
Entering Table 1-5.2, determine ⌬ p 4.57. Since ␣
end: ts p 0.313 in., t p 0.286 in.; cylinder at small
> ⌬, reinforcement at the juncture is required. A
end: ts p 0.188 in., t p 0.143 in. The resulting axial
reinforcement ring is to be installed on the shell.
load due to wind and dead load is in tension as follows:
f1 p 250 lb /in., f2 p 62.5 lb /in.
Determine the required reinforcement at the cylinder- k p 1.21
to-cone juncture.
L-2.3.2(a) At Large Cylinder-to-Cone Juncture
Qs p PRs /2 + f2 p 50 × 50 /2 + 62.5 p 1312.5 lb /in.
P /Ss E1 p 50 /17,500 × 1.0 p 0.00286
Area required in reinforcement ring from Eq. (3):
Entering Table 1-5.1, determine ⌬ p 17.58. Since
␣ > ⌬, reinforcement is required at the juncture. A
冢冣
kQs Rs ⌬
Ars p 1− tan ␣
reinforcement ring is to be installed on the shell. Ss E1 ␣
526

Using Formula (5) in 1-4(e):
冢冣
1.21 × 1312.5 × 50 4.57
p 1− (0.577)
17,500 × 1.0 30 PD
tp
2 cos ␣ (SE − 0.6P)
p 2.22 in.2
50 × 194.64
p
Effective area of reinforcement in the cone and 2 × 0.866 (13,800 × 0.80 − 0.6 × 50)
cylinder is
p 0.510 in.
Aes p 0.78冪 Rs ts[(ts − t) + (tc − tr ) /cos ␣]
p 0.78冪 50 × 0.188
VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL
PRESSURE
× [(0.188 − 0.143) + (0.438 − 0.195) /cos 30] NOTE: In Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D, the lines on Fig. Gexpress
a geometrical relationship between L / Do and Do / t for cylindrical
shells and tubes which is common for all materials. This chart is
p 0.78 in.2 used only for determining the factor A when factor A is not obtained
by formula in the special case when Do / t < 10.
The remaining charts in Subpart 3 are for specific material or
Thus, additional area of reinforcement shall be 2.22 classes of materials and represent pseudo stress–strain diagrams
− 0.78 p 1.44 in.2 containing suitable factors of safety relative both to plastic flow and
elastic collapse.
L-2.3.3 Example 3. A conical head is to be attached
to the shell with a knuckle for the following conditions:
D p 200 in.; r p 20 in.; ␣ p 30 deg.; P p 50
psi; Sc p 13,800 psi; E2 p 0.80. L-3
Find the thickness of the knuckle and the cone. [See L-3.1 Cylindrical Shell Under External
UG-32(g).] Pressure
Required thickness of the knuckle:
The inside diameter of the cone at the point tangent [An example of the use of the rules in UG-28(c)]
to the knuckle is L-3.1.1 Given. Fractionating tower 14 ft I.D. by 21
ft long, bend line to bend line, fitted with fractionating
trays, and designed for an external design pressure of
Di p 200 − 2 × 20(1 − 0.866) p 194.64 in.
15 psi at 700°F. The tower to be constructed of SA-
285 Gr. C Carbon Steel. Design length is 39 in.
Di 194.64 L-3.1.2 Required. Shell thickness t
Lp p p 112 in.
2 cos ␣ 2 × 0.866
L-3.1.3 Solution
L 112 Step 1. Assume a thickness t p 0.3125 in. Assumed
p p 5.60
r 20 outside diameter Do p 168.625 in.
and from Table 1-4.2, M p 1.34. Using Formula (3) L 39

p p 0.231
in 1-4(d), Do 168.625
PLM
tp Do 168.625
2SE − 0.2P p p 540
t 0.3125
50 × 112 × 1.34
p p 0.340 in.
2 × 13,800 × 0.80 − 0.2 × 50 Steps 2, 3. Enter Fig. G at the value ofL / Do p
0.231; move horizontally to the Do / t line of 540 and
Required thickness of cone: read the value A of 0.0005.
Step 4, 5. Enter Fig. CS-2 at the value of A p
D p Di p 194.64 in.; cos ␣ p 0.866 0.0005 and move vertically to the material line for
527

700°F. Move horizontally and read B value of 6100 of a stiffening ring at the juncture such that the juncture
on ordinate. can be considered as a line of support.
Step 6. The maximum allowable external working
pressure for the assumed shell thickness of 0.3125 in. L-3.3.1 Design Data
is External design pressure P p 50 psi, design temperature
T p 650°F, Ss p 17.5 ksi, E1 p 0.85, Es p 25.3
4B 4(6100) × 106 psi.
Pa p p p 15.1 psi
3 (Do / t) 3 (540) Cylinder at large end of cone
inside diameter D p 200 in.
Since Pa is greater than the external designpressure P minimum required thickness t p 1.22 in.
of 15 psi, the assumed thickness is satisfactory. nominal thickness ts p 1.25 in.
Cylinder at small end of cone
inside diameter D p 50 in.
L-3.2 Spherical Shell Under External
minimum required thickness t p 0.330 in.
Pressure
nominal thickness ts p 0.375 in.
[An example of the use of the rules in UG-28(d)] Cone section
minimum required thickness:
L-3.2.1 Given. A spherical vessel having an inside
tr p 1.22 in. at the large end
diameter of 72 in., made of an aluminum alloy conform-
tr p 0.55 in. at the small end
ing to SB-209 Alloy 3003-0 to withstand an external
nominal thickness tc p 1.25 in.
design pressure of 20 psi at 100°F.
axial length L p 130 in.
L-3.2.2 Required. Shell thickness t cone half-angle ␣ p 30 deg.
Sc p 15.0 ksi, E2 p 0.85, Ec p 25.3 × 106 psi
L-3.2.3 Solution Stiffening ring
Step 1. Assume a shell thickness t p 0.50 in. Then
Sr p 14.5 ksi, Er p 25.3 × 106 psi
72
Ro p + 0.5 p 36.5 L-3.3.2 Solution
2
0.125 0.125 DL p D + 2ts p 200 + 2(1.25) p 202.5 in.

Ap p p 0.00171
Ro / t 36.5 / 0.50
Ds p D + 2ts p 50 + 2(0.375) p 50.75 in.

Steps 2, 3. Enter Fig. NFA-1 at A p 0.00171 and
move vertically to the material line of 100°F; move
horizontally and read B value of 1780.
Lc p 冪 (130)2 + (101.25 − 25.375)2 p 150.5in.
pressure for the assumed shell thickness of 0.50 in. is:
LL p 250.0 in., LS p 75.0 in.
B 1780
Pa p p p 24.4 psi
Ro / t 36.5 / 0.5
f1 p 250 lb /in. and f2 p 62.5 lb /in. are in compression
Since Pa is greater than the external design pressure
P of 20 psi, the assumed shell thickness of 0.50 in.
is satisfactory. y p Ss Es p 17,500 × 25.3 ×106
L-3.3 Cone-to-Cylinder Juncture Under

k p y /Sr Er
External Pressure
(An Example of the Use of the Rules in 1-8) p 17,500 × 25.3 × 106 /14,500 × 25.3 × 106
Determine the required reinforcement of a cone-to-
cylinder juncture under external pressure and the design p 1.21
528

L-3.3.2(a) At Large Cylinder-to-Cone Juncture. As- AeL p 0.55冪 DL ts (ts + tc /cos ␣)

sume As p 0.
p 0.55冪 202.5 × 1.25
ATL p LL ts /2 + Lc tc /2 + As
× (1.25 + 1.25 /cos 30°)
p 250 (1.25) /2 + 150.5(1.25) /2 + 0
p 23.57 in.2
2
p 250 in.
Total area available p AeL + area of stiffening ring

M p −(RL tan ␣) /2
p 23.57 + 5.28
+ LL /2 + (RL2 − RS2 ) /(3RL tan ␣)
p 28.9 in.2
p −101.25 × 0.577 /2 + 250 /2
+ (101.252 − 25.3752 ) /(3 × 101.25 × 0.577) QL p PRL /2 + f1 p 2781 lb /in.
p −29.25 + 125.0 + 54.82

P /Ss E1 p 50 /(17,500 × 0.85) p 0.0034
p 150.6
From Table 1-8.1, ⌬ p 5.93.

FL p PM + f1 tan ␣
冢冣冥
kQL RL tan ␣ PRL − QL ⌬
p 50(150.6) + 250 × 0.577 ArL p
Ss E1 冤
1 − 1⁄4
QL ␣
p 7530 + 144.3
1.21 × 2781 × 101.25 × 0.577
p
p 7670 17,500 × 0.85
冤冢冣冥
50 × 101.25 − 2781 5.93
B p 3⁄4 FL DL /ATL p 3⁄4 (7670) (202.5) /250 p 4660 × 1 − 1⁄4
2781 30
A p 0.00037 from Fig. CS-2 p 12.7 in.2
Total area > ArL

I′s p ADL2 ATL /10.9 p 0.00037(202.5)2 × (250) /10.9
28.9 > 12.7 in.2

p 348 in.4
Try a WT8 × 18 standard tee with the stem welded Since reinforcement area and moment of inertia
to the shell-to-cone juncture on the shell as shown in requirements have been met, use WT8 × 18 as the
Fig. L-3.3.2 sketch (a). stiffening ring at the large cylinder-to-cone juncture.
The calculated I′ for the combined ring-shell-cone L-3.3.2(b) At Small Cylinder-to-Cone Juncture. As-
cross section is sume As p 0, calculate
I′ p 375 in.4
ATS p Ls ts /2 + Lc tc /2 + As
Consequently, I′ > I′s. p 75 × 0.375 /2 + 150.5 × 1.25 /2 + 0

Effective area of reinforcement in the cone and
cylinder is: p 108 in.2
529

FIG. L-3.3.2
N p Rs tan ␣/2 + Ls /2 + (RL2 − Rs2 ) /(6Rs tan ␣) Utilizing the combined ring-shell-cone cross section
requires I′ ≥ I′s .
25.375 × 0.577 75 (101.25)2 − (25.375)2
p + +
2 2 6 × 25.375 × 0.577 I′s p ADs2 ATS /10.9
p 154.2 p 0.00022 × (50.752 ) × 108 /10.9
p 5.61 in.4
Try a 3⁄4 in. × 3.5 in. bar welded to the shell-to-

Fs p PN + f2 tan ␣
cone juncture on the shell side as shown in Fig L-
3.3.2 sketch (b).
p 50 × 154.2 + 62.5 × 0.577
The calculated I′ for the combined ring-shell-cone
cross section is
p 7745
I′ p 7.10 in.4
Consequently, I′ > I′s .

B p 3⁄4 Fs Ds /ATS
p 3⁄4 × 7745 × 50.75 /108 Aes p 0.55冪 Ds ts[(ts − t) + (tc − tr ) /cos ␣]
p 2730 p 0.55冪 50.75 × 0.375
× [(0.375 − 0.330) + (1.25 − 0.55) /cos 30°]
A p 0.00022 from Fig. CS-2 p 2.05 in.2
530

L-3.3.2 APPENDIX L — NONMANDATORY L-5.3
Total area available p Aes + area of stiffening ring By the requirement in UG-80(b)(2) the maximum
deviation from a circular form of Do / t p 540 and
p 2.05 + 2.63 L / Do p 0.231, as determined from Fig. UG-80.1 is
p 4.68 in.2 e p 0.87t p 0.87 × 0.3125 p 0.272 in.
Qs p PRs /2 + f2 From Fig. UG-29.2, for the same values of Do / t

and L / Do the arc length is found to be 0.053 Do . The
p 50 × 25.375 /2 + 62.5 reference chord then becomes
p 696.9 lb /in. 2 × 0.053 × 168.625 p 17.87 in.
Thus, in a chord length of 17.87 in., the maximum

Ars p kQs Rs tan ␣/Ss E1
plus-or-minus deviation from the true circular form
shall not exceed 0.272 in.
p 1.21 × 696.9
× 25.375 × 0.577 /(17,500 × 1.0)

L-5 DESIGN OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL
p 0.71 in. 2 STIFFENING RING FOR A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
Total area > Ars
[An example of the rules in UG-29(a)]
4.68 > 0.71 in. 2
L-5.1 Given
Since reinforcement area and moment of inertia
requirement have been met, use a 3⁄4 in. × 3.5 in. bar outside diameter Do p 169 in.
as the stiffening ring at the small cylinder-to-cone shell thickness t p 0.3125 in.
juncture. support distance Ls p 40 in.
external design pressure P p 15 psi
design temperature p 700°F
L-4 MAXIMUM OUT-OF-ROUNDNESS material: shell, SA-285 Gr. C
PERMITTED FOR VESSELS ring, SA-36
UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
[An example of the use of the rules in UG-80(b)] L-5.2 Required
Check stiffener per UG-29(a).
L-4.1 Given
The same vessel considered in L-3.1. L-5.3 Solution
To illustrate the procedure, a channel section is
L-4.2 Required selected and attached to the shell by the channel legs.
The channel selected is an American Standard Channel
Maximum out-of-roundness permitted.
Member (C-6 + 8.2) having a value As p 2.39 sq in.
The quantity
L-4.3 Solution
By the requirement in UG-80(b)(1), the difference 1.1 冪 Do t p 1.1 冪 (169) (0.3125)
between the maximum diameter Dmax and the minimum
diameter Dmin (see Fig. UG-80.2) in any plane perpen- p 8 in.
dicular to the longitudinal axis of the vessel shall not
exceed 1% of the nominal diameter; that is, 0.01 × using this value, the combined ring-shell moment of
168 p 1.68 in. inertia is approximately 3 in.4
531

L-5.3 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 L-5.3
The factor B [UG-29(a)] is
冤t + A / L 冥
PDo
B p 3⁄4
S S
冤0.3125 + (2.39 / 40)冥 p 5107

(15) (169)
p 0.75
Enter the right-hand side of Fig. CS-2 at a value

B p 5107 and move horizontally to the left to the
material line for 700°F. Move vertically downwards
and read value A p 0.0004. Then,
DO2 LS (t + AS / LS )A
I s′ p
10.9 FIG. L-5.3
冢冣
2.39
(169)2 (40) 0.3125 + (0.0004)
40
p p 15.61 in.4
10.9
Radial shear load 0.01 PLs Do p 0.01 × 15 × 40 ×
This required value of the moment of inertia Is′ p 169 p 1014 lb
15.61 in.4 is larger than provided by the channel section There are no external design loads to be carried by
selected; therefore, a new shape must be selected, or the stiffener. Weld shear flow due to radial shear load
the method of attaching the channel to the shell can equals VQ / Is where Q is the first moment of area,
be changed. For illustration purposes, a bar of rectangu- and V is the radial shear load.
lar cross section is chosen, 2 in. × 3.75 in. This shape
provides an AS p 7.50 sq in. With the 3.75 in. Is p 16.57 in.4 As p 7.50 in.2
dimension in the radial direction, the combined ring-
shell moment of inertia is 16.57 in.4 Then,
The value of Q is obtained from Fig. L-5.3 as
0.75 (15) (169)
Bp p 3803
0.3125 + (7.5 / 40)
Q p 8.0 × 0.3125(1.68 − 0.3125 / 2) p 3.81 in.3
Enter the right-hand side of Fig. CS-2 at a value
B p 3803 and move horizontally to the left to the
material line for 700°F. Move vertically downwards VQ / Is p 1014 × 3.81 / 16.57 p 233 lb / in.
and read value A p 0.00031. Then,
1⁄
冢冣 combined weld load p (6002 + 2332)

7.5 2
2 p 644 lb /in.
(169) (40) 0.3125 + (0.00031)
40
IS′ p
10.9
The allowable weld stress p 0.55S [see UW-18(d)].
p 16.25 in.4 S p 13.3 ksi (700°F, SA-285 Grade C). The allowable
weld load p 0.55 × 13.3 p 7.32 ksi. The minimum
The required moment of inertia of 16.25 in.4 for the fillet weld leg size p 1⁄4 in. [see UG-30(f)]. The
combined ring-shell section is less than the value of minimum intermittent weld on each side of the stiffener
16.57 in.4 provided by the shell-ring section with a 2 [see UG-30(c)] is clear spacing p 8t p 8 × 0.3125 p
in. × 3.75 in. bar; therefore, this stiffening ring is 2.5 in. Check strength of 5 in. long weld segments at
satisfactory. 21⁄2 in. spacing on each side of the stiffener ring. The
Attachment welds, UG-30(e): weld allowable p 0.25 × 7320 p 1830 lb / in. which
Radial pressure load PLs p 15 × 40 p 600 lb /in. exceeds the calculated load of 644 lb / in.
532

L-6 APPENDIX L — NONMANDATORY L-6.3.3
L-6 REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR Steps 2, 3. Enter Fig. CS-2 at A value of 0.00037
FORMED HEADS WITH and move vertically to material line for 700°F. Move
PRESSURE ON THE CONVEX horizontally to the right and read B value of 4300.
SIDE Step 4. The maximum allowable external working
pressure for the assumed thickness of 0.50 in. is:
L-6.1 Ellipsoidal Head
[An example of the use of the rules in UG-33(d)] B 4300
Pa p p p 12.7 psi
(Ro / t) (169 / 0.50)
L-6.1.1 Given. The same vessel considered in L-
3.1; the head to have a major-to-minor axis ratio of 2:1.
Since Pa of 12.7 psi is less than the external design
L-6.1.2 Required. Head thickness t. pressure P of 15 psi, it is necessary to assume a greater
value for the thickness. As a second trial, investigate
L-6.1.3 Solution t p 0.5625 in. Then, Do p 169.125 in., and Ro p
equivalent spherical radius Ro p K1 Do in. Do p 169.125 in. Then:
from Table UG-37 (D / 2h p 2), K1 p 0.90
outside diameter Do ≅ 169 in. 0.125
Ap p 0.00042
(169.125 / 0.5625)
Ro p 0.90(169) p 152.1 in.
This value of A, referred to Fig. CS-2 corresponds to
Step 1. Assume a head thickness t of 0.5625 in., a B value of 4700 at 700°F. Then:
and calculate the value of factor A:
4700
0.125 0.125 Pa p p 15.6 psi
Ap p p 0.000462 (169.125 / 0.5625)
(Ro / t) (152.1 / 0.5625)
This value of Pa of 15.6 psi is greater than the external
Steps 2, 3. Enter Fig. CS-2 at A valueof 0.000462 design pressure P of 15.0 psi; therefore, a head thickness
and move vertically to material line for 700°F. Move of 0.5625 in. is satisfactory.
horizontally to the right and read B value of 5100.
pressure for the assumed thickness of 0.5625 in. is: L-6.3 Hemispherical Head
[An example of the use of the rules in UG-33(c)]
B 5100
Pa p p p 18.9 psi L-6.3.1 Given. The same vessel considered in L-
(Ro / t) (152.1 / 0.5625)
3.1. The head to have a hemispherical shape.
Since Pa of 18.9 psi is greater than the externaldesign L-6.3.2 Required. Head thickness t.
pressure of 15 psi, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
L-6.3.3 Solution
spherical radius Ro p Do / 2 p 169 / 2 p 84.5 in.
L-6.2 Torispherical Head Step 1. Assume a head thickness t of 0.3125 in. and
[An example of the use of the rules in UG-33(e)] calculate the value of factor A:
L-6.2.1 Given. The same vessel considered in L- 0.125 0.125

Ap p p 0.00046
3.1. The head to have a crown radius equal to the (Ro / t) (84.5 / 0.3125)
diameter of the vessel and a knuckle radius equal to
6% of the vessel diameter. Steps 2, 3. Enter Fig. CS-2 at A value of 0.00046
L-6.2.2 Required. Head thickness t. and move vertically to material line for 700°F. Move
horizontally to the right and read B value of 5200.
L-6.2.3 Solution. Spherical radius Ro p Do p 169 in. Step 4. The maximum allowable external working
Step 1. Assume a head thickness t of 0.50 in. and pressure for the assumed head thickness of 0.3125 in.
calculate value of factor A: is:
0.125 0.125 B 5200

Ap p p 0.00037 Pa p p p 19.23 psi
(Ro / t) (169 / 0.50) (Ro / t) (84.5 / 0.3125)
533

Since Pa of 19.23 psi is greater than the externaldesign In this case, 0.75 in. may be too uneconomical, thus
pressure P of 15.0 psi, the assumed head thickness of a thinner wall thickness can be investigated.
0.3125 in. should be satisfactory. Assume a new value t of 0.563 in. Then DL p
169.13 in. and:
L-6.4 Conical Head
84.56
[An example of the use of the rules in UG-33(f )(1)] Lp p 204.2 in.
0.4142
L-6.4.1 Given. The same vessel considered in L-
3.1. The head to be of conical shape with a 45 deg.
冢冣
204.2 0
included (apex) angle. There are to be no stiffening Le p 1+ p 102.1
2 169.13
rings in the head.
L-6.4.2 Required. Head thickness t. Le 102.1
p p 0.60
L-6.4.3 Solution DL 169.13
outside diameter DL p 169.5 in.
one-half the included angle p 22.5 deg. te p0.563 (0.92) p 0.52
DL / 2 84.75
Length L p p p 204.6 in.
tan ␣ 0.4142 DL
p
169.13
p 325
te 0.52
L
Le p (1 + Ds / DL )
2
From Fig. G for Le / DL p 0.60 and DL / te p 325,
the value of factor A is 0.00038.
204.6 0
p + p 102.3 From Fig. CS-2 for A p 0.00038 and using the
2 169.5
material line for 700°F, B p 4500 and:
Step 1. Assume a head thickness t of 0.75 in. 4 (4500)

Pa p p 18.45 psi
3(169.13 / 0.52)
te p t cos ␣ p 0.75 (0.92) p 0.69
Since Pa of 18.45 psi is greater than the external design
102.3 pressure of 15.0 psi, the assumed thickness of 0.563
L e / DL p p 0.60
169.5 in. is satisfactory.
169.5
DL / te p p 246
0.69 OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENTS
Steps 2, 3. Enter Fig. G at Le / DL p 0.60 and L-7 WELDED CONNECTIONS 01
move horizontally to the DL / te line of 246. From this NOTE: The value of F has been taken as 1.0 for all planes through
intersection move vertically downwards and read the openings in cylindrical shells although UG-37 permits smaller values
value of factor A of 0.0006. of a magnitude dependent upon the plane under consideration. The
numerical figures, except for nominal dimensions in fractions of an
Steps 4, 5. Enter Fig. CS-2 at value A of 0.0006 inch, used in the following examples are rounded off to three
and move vertically to the material line for 700°F. significant figures or, for values less than one, to three decimal places.
Move horizontally to the right and read value of B of
The use of UG-45 rules for determination of nozzle
6900. The maximum allowable external working pres-
wall thickness or calculation of shear stresses caused
sure is then:
by shear producing loads is illustrated in Examples 2,
5, and 8 (see L-7.2, L-7.5, and L-7.8).
4(6900)
Pa p p 37.5 psi
3(169.5 / 0.69)
L-7.1 Example 1
This value of Pa of 37.5 is greater than the external
design pressure P of 15 psi; therefore, the assumed L-7.1.1 Given. A 4 in. I.D., 3⁄4 in. wall, nozzle
value of the head thickness of 0.75 in. is satisfactory. conforming to a specification with an allowable stress
534

of 15,000 psi is attached by welding to a vessel that

has an inside diameter of 30 in. and a shell thickness
of 3⁄8 in. The shell material conforms to a specification
with an allowable stress of 13,700 psi. The internal
design pressure is 250 psi at a design temperature
of 150°F. There is no allowance for corrosion. The
longitudinal joint meets the spot examination require-
ments of UW-52. The opening does not pass through
a vessel Category A joint (see UW-3). There are no FIG. L-7.1.1 EXAMPLE OF REINFORCED OPENING
butt welds in the nozzle. Check the construction for
full penetration groove-weld and for the 3⁄8 in. fillet
cover-weld shown in Fig. L-7.1.1.
L-7.1.2 Wall Thicknesses Required L-7.1.3(b) Check for limits of reinforcement:

L-7.1.3(b)(1) Limit parallel to the vessel wall:
Shell tr p PR larger of
SE − 0.6P
p 250 × 15 d p 4 in.
13,700 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 250
or
p 0.277 in.
Rn + tn + t p 2 + 0.75 + 0.375
Nozzle tr n p PRn
SE − 0.6P
p 3.125 in.
p 250 × 2
15,000 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 250
Use 4 in.
p 0.034 in. L-7.1.3(b)(2) Limit normal to vessel wall:
smaller of
L-7.1.3 Size of Weld Required [UW-16(c), Fig. 2.5t p 2.5 × 0.375 p 0.938 in.
UW-16.1 Sketch (c)]
L-7.1.3(a) or
tcp not less than the smaller of 1⁄4 in. or 0.7tmin
2.5tn + te p 2.5 × 0.75 + 0
where
tmin p lesser of 3⁄4 in. or the thickness less corrosion
p 1.875 in.
allowance of the thinner part joined
p lesser of 3⁄4 in. or 3⁄8 in.
Use 0.938 in.
tc (minimum) p lesser of 1⁄4 in. or 0.7 (3⁄8),
i.e., 1⁄4 in. or 0.263 in.
L-7.1.4 Area of Reinforcement Required
tc (actual) p 0.7 (0.375) p 0.263 in.
0.263 in. > 0.25 in. A p dtr F + 2tntr F(1 − fr1)
p (4 × 0.277 × 1) + 0 p 1.11 sq in.
Cover weld is satisfactory. Strength calculations for
attachment welds are not required for this detail which L-7.1.5 Area of Reinforcement Available
conforms with Fig. UW-16.1 sketch (d) [see UW- L-7.1.5(a) Area available in shell:
15(b)].
A1 p larger of following
p d(E1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E 1 t − Ftr)(1 − fr1)
fr1 p fr2 p 15.0 / 13.7 > 1.0;
p (1 × 0.375 − 1 × 0.277) 4 − 0
therefore, use fr1 p fr2 p 1.0 p 0.392 0.392 sq in.
535

L-7.1.5 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 L-7.2.3.3
or
p 2(t + tn )(E1 t − Ftr )
− 2tn (E1 t − Ftr )(1 − fr1)
p (1 × 0.375 − 1 × 0.277)
× (0.75 + 0.375) 2 − 0
p 0.220
L-7.1.5(b) Area available in nozzle:

FIG. L-7.2.1 EXAMPLE OF REINFORCED OPENING
A2 p smaller of following
p 5(tn − tr n ) fr2 t
p (5)(0.75 − 0.034)(1)(0.375)
L-7.2.2 Wall Thicknesses Required
p 1.34 1.34 sq in.
Shell tr p PR
or SE − 0.6P
p 5(tn − tr n ) fr2 tn p 250 × 30

14,300 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 250
p (5)(0.75 − 0.034)(1.0)(0.75)
p 0.530 in.
p 2.69
Nozzle tr n p PRn
L-7.1.5(c) Area available in welds:
SE − 0.6 × P
A41 p 2 × 0.5 × (0.375)2(1.0) p 0.141 sq in.
p 250 × 5.875
Area provided by A1 + A2 + A41 p 1.87 sq in. 16,600 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 250
p 0.089 in.
This is greater than the required area so a reinforcing L-7.2.3 Minimum Nozzle Wall Thickness by UG-45 01
element is not needed. L-7.2.3.1 UG-45 requires the minimum nozzle wall
thickness to be the larger of the thickness determined
by UG-45(a) or UG-45(b). Shear stresses caused by
superimposed loads on the nozzle [see UG-22(c)] shall
01 L-7.2 Example 2
be limited to the UG-45(c) allowable.
01 L-7.2.1 Given. An 113⁄4 in. I.D., 1⁄2 in. wall, nozzle
L-7.2.3.2 UG-45(a) requires minimum nozzle wall
(NPS 12) conforming to a specification with an allow-
thickness to be not less than that computed for the
able stress of 16,600 psi is attached by welding to a
applicable loading plus corrosion allowance. From
vessel that has an inside diameter of 60 in.; shell
L-7.2.2, trn p 0.089 in. This thickness is compared
thickness 3⁄4 in.; reinforcing element thickness 3⁄8 in.;
with the minimum thickness provided which for pipe
shell plate to conform to a specification with an allow-
material would include a 12.5% undertolerance, 0.875
able stress of 14,300 psi and the reinforcing element,
× 0.500 p 0.438 in. Since 0.438 in. is larger than
if needed, to conform to a specification with an allow-
0.089 in., the rule is met.
able stress of 13,200 psi. The longitudinal joint meets
the spot examination requirements of UW-52. The L-7.2.3.3 UG-45(b) requires determining the one
opening does not pass through a vessel Category A applicable wall thickness from (b)(1), (b)(2), or (b)(3),
joint (see UW-3). The vessel’s internal design pressure comparing that with the thickness from (b)(4) and then
is 250 psi at a design temperature of 700°F. There is choosing the smaller of those two values.
to be no allowance for corrosion. Check the adequacy UG-45(b)(1) requires minimum nozzle wall thickness
of the reinforcing element, the attachment welds, and to be not less than the thickness required for internal
the minimum nozzle neck thickness required by UG- pressure of the head or shell where the nozzle is located
45 for the configuration shown in Fig. L-7.2.1. but in no case less than that thickness required by
536

L-7.2.3.3 APPENDIX L — NONMANDATORY L-7.2.5
UG-16(b). From L-7.2.2, tr p 0.530 in. and UG-16(b) Weld sizes are satisfactory.
minimum is 1⁄16 in. Therefore, the 0.530 in. thickness
L-7.2.5 Check Without Reinforcing Element
governs.
(Plate)
UG-45(b)(2) applies to vessels designed for external
pressure only and is not applicable to this example.
fr1 p fr2 p Sn / Sv p 16.6 / 14.3 > 1.0;
UG-45(b)(3) applies to vessels designed for both
therefore, use fr1 p fr2 p 1.0
external and internal pressure and is not applicable to
this example.
UG-45(b)(4) requires minimum nozzle wall thickness L-7.2.5(a) Check for limits of reinforcement:
of standard wall pipe accounting for undertolerance L-7.2.5(a)(1) Limit parallel to the vessel wall:
plus the thickness added for corrosion allowance. Under- larger of
tolerance for pipe manufactured in accordance with
ASME B36.10M is 121⁄2% and standard wall thickness d p 11.75 in.
is 0.375 in. Thus, the minimum wall thickness is
or
0.375 (1.0 − 0.125) p 0.328 in.
Rn + tn + t p 5.875 + 0.5 + 0.75
Therefore, the minimum nozzle wall thickness re-

quired by UG-45(b) is the smaller of (b)(1) or (b)(4), p 7.125 in.
or 0.328 in.
Use 11.75 in.
L-7.2.3.4 UG-45(c): This Example does not require L-7.2.5(a)(2) Limit normal to vessel wall:
a calculation for shear stresses caused by UG-22(c) smaller of
superimposed loads. See Example 5 (see L-7.5).
The minimum nozzle wall thickness required by UG- 2.5t p 2.5 × 0.75 p 1.875 in.
45 is the larger of UG-45(a) (0.089 in.) or UG-45(b)
(0.328 in.). The 0.328 in. thickness governs as deter- or
mined by UG-45(b)(4) and is less than the minimum
thickness provided of 0.875 × 0.500 p 0.438 in. The 2.5tn + te p 2.5 × 0.5 + 0.375
thickness provided meets the rules of UG-45.
L-7.2.4 Size of Weld Required [UW-16(c), Fig. p 1.625 in.
UW-16.1, Sketch (h)]
L-7.2.4(a) Inner (reinforcing element) fillet weld: Use 1.625 in.
L-7.2.5(b) Area of reinforcement required:
tw p 0.7t min A p dtr F + 2tn tr F (1 − fr1)
p 0.7 × 0.375
p 0.263 in. (minimum throat required) p (11.75)(0.530)(1) + 0 p 6.23 sq in.
tw p 0.7 × weld size L-7.2.5(c) Area available in shell:

p 0.7 × 0.375 A1 p larger of following
p 0.263 in. (actual)
p d(E1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E1 t − Ftr )(1 − fr1)
L-7.2.4(b) Outer (reinforcing element) fillet weld: p (1.0 × 0.75 − 1.0 × 0.530)11.75 − 0
Throat p 1⁄2 t min p 2.59 2.59 sq in.
p 0.5 × 0.375 or
p 2(t + tn )(E1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E1 t − Ftr )
p 0.188 (minimum throat required)
× (1 − fr1)
p 0.7 × weld size
p (1.0 × 0.75 − 1.0 × 0.530)
p 0.7 × 0.3125 × (0.5 + 0.75)2 − 0
p 0.219 (actual) p 0.550
537

L-7.2.5(d) Area available in nozzle: L-7.2.6(e) Area available in outer plate fillet weld:
A2 psmaller of following A42 p(leg)2 fr4 where fr4 p 0.923
p 5(tn − tr n ) fr2 t p (0.3125)2(0.923) p 0.090 sq in.
p 5(0.5 − 0.089)(1.0)(0.75) L-7.2.6(f) Area available in reinforcing plate:
p 1.54 A5 p(Dp − d − 2tn ) te fr4
or p (18.75 − 11.75 − 1.0)(0.375)(0.923)
p 5(tn − tr n ) fr2 tn p 2.08 sq in.
p 5(0.5 − 0.089)(1.0)(0.5) L-7.2.6(g) Area provided by A1 + A2 + A41 + A42
p 1.03 1.03 sq in. + A5 p 6.22 sq in.
L-7.2.5(e) Area available in outside fillet welds: L-7.2.6(h) This is less than area required; therefore
the opening is not adequately reinforced. The size of
A41 p (leg)2 fr2 p (0.375)2(1.0) p 0.141 sq in. the reinforcing element must be increased.
L-7.2.5(f) Area provided by A1 + A2 + A41 p A1 + A2 + A41 + A42 p 4.15 sq in.
3.76 sq in. A5 p (19.0 − 11.75 − 1.0)
Area provided less than area required; try adding plate × 0.375 × 0.923 p 2.16 sq in.
A reqd. p 6.23 sq in. > A avail. p 3.76 sq in.
Total area available by increasing
L-7.2.6 Check With Reinforcing Element (Plate) reinforcing element O.D. 1⁄4 in. p 6.31 sq in.
Added
L-7.2.6(a) Area of reinforcement required: L-7.2.7 Load to Be Carried by Welds [Fig. UG-
41.1 Sketch (a)]
L-7.2.7(a) Per UG-41(b)(2):
A p 6.23 6.23 sq in.
W p [A − A1 + 2tn fr1 (E1 t − Ftr )] Sv
L-7.2.6(b) Area available in shell: p [6.23 − 2.59 + 2 × 0.5 × 1.0(1.0 × 0.75
− 1.0 × 0.53)] × 14,300
A1 p 2.59 2.59 sq in.
p 55,200 lb
L-7.2.6(c) Area available in outer nozzle:
L-7.2.7(b) Per UG-41(b)(1):
p 5(tn − tr n ) fr2 t
W1–1 p (A2 + A5 + A41 + A42)Sv
p 1.54
p (1.34 + 2.16 + 0.13 + 0.09) × 14,300
or
p 2(tn − tr n )(2.5tn + te ) fr1 p 53,200 lb
p 2(0.5 − 0.089)(2.5 × 0.5 + 0.375)1.0

p 1.34 1.34 sq in. W2–2 p (A2 + A3 + A41 + A43
+ 2tntfr1)Sv
L-7.2.6(d) Area available in outward nozzle-to-plate
fillet weld:
p (1.34 + 0 + 0.13 + 0
A41 p (leg)2 fr3 where fr3 p Sp / Sv p 13.2 / 14.3
+ 2 × 0.50 × 0.75 × 1.0) × 14,300
p 0.923
p (0.375)2(0.923) p 0.130 sq in. p 31,800 lb
538

W3–3 p (A2 + A3 + A5 + A41 + A42
+ A43 + 2tntfr1)Sv
p (1.34 + 0 + 2.16 + 0.13 + 0.09
+ 0 + 2 × 0.50 × 0.75 × 1.0) × 14,300
p 63,900 lb
Since the weld load W calculated by UG-41(b)(2) is

smaller than weld load W3–3 calculated by UG-41(b)(1),
W may be used in place of W3–3 for comparing the
weld capacity to the weld load.
L-7.2.8 Unit Stresses [UW-15(c) and UG-45(c)] p 60,200 lb
L-7.2.8(a) Outer fillet weld shear
L-7.2.10 Check Strength Paths
p 0.49 × 13,200 p 6470 psi
1-1 112,000 + 60,200 p 172,000 lb
L-7.2.8(b) Inner fillet weld shear
2-2 48,600 + 159,000 p 208,000 lb
p 0.49 × 13,200 p 6470 psi
3-3 159,000 + 60,200 p 219,000 lb
L-7.2.8(c) Groove weld tension
p 0.74 × 14,300 p 10,600 psi All paths are stronger than the required strength of
L-7.2.8(d) Nozzle wall shear 55,200 lb [see UG-41(b)(2)].
The design strength of the outer fillet weld attaching
p 0.70 × 16,600 p 11,600 psi the reinforcing element to the shell is 60,200 lb or
L-7.2.9 Strength of Connection Elements greater than the reinforcing element strength of 2.16
L-7.2.9(a) Inner fillet weld shear × 13,200 p 28,500 lb.
p ␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × weld leg × 6470

p 1.57 × 12.75 × 0.375 × 6470
p 48,600 L-7.3 Example 3
L-7.2.9(b) Nozzle wall shear L-7.3.1 Given. An 113⁄4 in. I.D., 1⁄2 in. wall, nozzle 01
p ␲ / 2 × mean nozzle diam. × tn × 11,600 conforming to a specification with an allowable stress
of 16,600 psi is attached by welding to a vessel that
p 1.57 × 12.25 × 0.5 × 11,600 has an inside diameter of 60 in. The nozzle passes
p 112,000 lb through the longitudinal joint on which the spot exami-
nation requirements of UW-52 are to be met. The 3⁄4
L-7.2.9(c) Groove weld tension in. thick shell plate and 1⁄2 in. thick reinforcing element
p ␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × t × 10,600 to conform to a specification with an allowable stress
of 14,300 psi. The vessel’s internal design pressure is
p 1.57 × 12.75 × 0.75 × 10,600
250 psi at a design temperature of 700°F. There is to
p 159,000 lb be no allowance for corrosion. Check the adequacy of
the reinforcing element and the attachment welds shown
L-7.2.9(d) Outer fillet weld shear
in Fig. L-7.3.1.
p ␲ / 2 × reinforcing element O.D. The use of UG-45 rules for determination of nozzle
× weld leg × 6470
p 1.57 × 19.0 × 0.312 × 6470 5, and 8 (see L-7.2, L-7.5, and L-7.8).
539

L-7.3.2 Wall Thicknesses Required (From Exam- Use 11.75 in.

ple 2) L-7.3.3(c)(2) Limit normal to vessel wall:
smaller of
tr p 0.530 in. tr n p 0.089 in.
L-7.3.3 Size of Welds Required [UW-16(c); Fig. 2.5t p 2.5 × 0.75 p 1.875 in.
UW-16.1 Sketch (h)]
L-7.3.3(a) Inner (reinforcing element) fillet weld: or
tw p 0.7t min 2.5tn + te p 2.5 × 0.5 + 0.5

p 0.7 × 0.5
p 0.35 in. (minimum throat required) p 1.75 in.
tw p 0.7 × weld size

Use 1.75 in.
p 0.7 × 0.50
p 0.35 in. (actual)
A pdtr F + 2tn tr F (1 − fr1)
L-7.3.3(b) Outer (reinforcing element) fillet weld: p(11.75 × 0.530 × 1) + 0 p 6.23 sq in.
Throat p 1⁄2 t min L-7.3.5 Area of Reinforcement Available

p 0.5 × 0.5 L-7.3.5(a) Area available in shell:
p 0.25 in. (minimum throat required) A1 plarger of following
Throat p 0.7 × weld size pd(E1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E1 t − Ftr )(1 − fr1)
p0.7 × 0.4375 p(0.85 × 0.75 − 1 × 0.530)11.75 − 0
p0.306 in. (actual) p1.26 1.26 sq in.

or
The weld sizes used are satisfactory. p2(t + tn )(E1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E1 t − Ftr )
× (1 − fr1 )
fr1 p fr2 p 16.6 / 14.3 > 1.0;
p(0.85 × 0.75 − 1 × 0.530)
use fr1 p fr2 p 1.0 × (0.5 + 0.75) 2 − 0
fr3 p fr4 p 14.3 / 14.3 p 1.0
p0.269
L-7.3.3(c) Check for limits of reinforcement:
L-7.3.3(c)(1) Limit parallel to the vessel wall: A2 psmaller of following
larger of
p(tn − trn ) 5tfr2
d p 11.75 in. p(0.5 − 0.089)(5)(0.75)(1.0)

p1.54
or or
p(tn − trn )(2.5tn + te ) 2fr2
Rn + tn + t p 5.875 + 0.5 + 0.75
p(0.5 − 0.089)(2.5 × 0.5 + 0.5) 2 (1.0)
p 7.125 in. p1.44 1.44 sq in.
540


p[1.44 + 0 + 3.125 + 0.52 + 0.4382 + 0 +
A41 +
2(0.5)(0.75)(1.0)] 14,300
A42 p2 × 0.5(0.43752 + 0.52)(1.0)
p82,300 lb
p0.441 0.441 sq in.
L-7.3.5(d) Area provided by A1 + A2 + A41

+ A42 p Since W is smaller than W3–3 , W may be used in place
3.14 sq in. of W3–3 for comparing weld capacity to weld load.
L-7.3.5(e) Area provided by pad:

L-7.3.7 Unit Stresses [UW-15(b) and UG-45(c)]
A5 p(Dp − d − 2tn) te fr4
L-7.3.7(a) Fillet weld shear p 0.49 × 14,300
p(18.75 − 11.75 − 1)0.5(1.0) p 3.0 sq in.
p 7010 psi
L-7.3.5(f) Total area available 6.14 sq in.
L-7.3.7(b) Groove weld tension p 0.74 × 14,300
Opening is not adequately reinforced.
p 10,600 psi
L-7.3.5(g) Size of reinforcing element must be in-
creased. L-7.3.7(c) Nozzle wall shear p 0.70 × 16,600
A1 +A2 + A41 + A42 p 3.14 sq in.
p 11,600 psi
A5 p(19.00 − 11.75 − 1)0.5 p 3.13 sq in.
Total area available by increasing O.D. of reinforcing L-7.3.8 Strength of Connection Elements
element 1⁄4 in. p 6.27 sq in. L-7.3.8(a) Inner (reinforcing element) fillet weld shear
L-7.3.6 Load to Be Carried by Weld [Fig. UG-
41.1 Sketch (a)] p 1.57 × 12.75 × 0.5 × 7010
L-7.3.6(a) Per UG-41(b)(2):
p 70,200 lb
W p [A − A1 + 2tn fr1 (E1t − Ftr)]Sv
L-7.3.8(b) Nozzle wall shear
p [6.23 − 1.26 + 2 × 0.5 × 1.0
p ␲ / 2 × mean nozzle diam. × tn × 11,600
× (0.85 × 0.75 − 1.0 × 0.53)] × 14,300 p 1.57 × 12.25 × 0.5 × 11,600
p 72,600 lb p 112,000 lb
L-7.3.6(b) Per UG-41(b)(1):

L-7.3.8(c) Groove weld tension
W1-1 p(A2 + A5 + A41 + A42) Sv p ␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × t × 10,600
p(1.44 + 3.13 + 0.441) 14,300 p 1.57 × 12.75 × 0.75 × 10,600
p71,600 lb p 159,000 lb
W2-2 p(A2 + A3 + A41 + A43 + 2tn t fr1) S
p[1.44 + 0 + 0.52 + 0 + 2(0.5)(0.75)(1.0)] L-7.3.8(d) Outer (reinforcing element) fillet weld
× 14,300 p ␲ / 2 × reinforcing element O.D.
p34,900 lb × weld leg × 7010
W3-3 p(A2 + A3 + A5 + A41 + A42 + A43 + 2tnt p 1.57 × 19.0 × 0.437 × 7010
× fr1) Sv p 91,400 lb
541

L-7.4.2 Wall Thickness Required
Shell tr p PR
SE − 0.6P
p 425(48 + 0.0625)
11,400 × 1 − 0.6 × 425
p1.83 in.
Nozzle tr n p PRn
SE − 0.6P
p 425(8 + 0.0625)
12,000 × 1 − 0.6 × 425
p0.292 in.
L-7.4.3 Size of Weld Required [UW-16(d); Fig.

UW-16.1 Sketch (n)]
L-7.3.9 Check Strength Paths L-7.4.3(a) Inner perimeter weld:
1-1 91,400 + 112,000 p 203,000 lb tw p0.7 tmin

2-2 70,200 + 159,000 p 229,000 lb p0.7 × 0.75
3-3 91,400 + 159,000 p 250,000 lb p0.525 in. (required)
tw p0.875 − 0.0625 p 0.812 in. (actual)

(see Fig. L-7.4)
All paths are stronger than the strength of 72,600 lb
required by UG-41(b)(2). Also, all paths are stronger L-7.4.3(b) Outer perimeter weld:
than the strength required by UG-41(b)(1).
Throat p1⁄2 tmin
p0.5 × 0.75
p0.375 in. (minimum throat required)

L-7.4 Example 4
Throat p0.7 × weld size p 0.7 × 0.75
01 L-7.4.1 Given. A 16 in. I.D. seamless weld neck,
13⁄4 in. wall, conforming to a specification with an p0.525 in. (actual)
allowable stress of 12,000 psi is attached to a vessel
that has an inside diameter of 96 in. and a shell
thickness of 2 in. The shell material conforms to a The weld sizes are satisfactory.
specification with an allowable stress of 11,400 psi.
The vessel’s internal design pressure is 425 psi at a
design temperature of 800°F. An allowance of 1⁄16 in. for fr1 p fr2 p fr3 p 1.0
corrosion is included in the shell and nozzle thickness.
Category A joints are to be fully radiographed (see
UW-3). The opening does not pass through a vessel fr2 p fr3 p fr4 p 12.0 / 11.4 > 1.0;
Category A joint. Check the opening for reinforcement use fr2 p fr3 p fr4 p 1.0
and check the adequacy of the attachment welds shown
in Fig. L-7.4.1. L-7.4.3(c) Check for limits of reinforcement:
The use of UG-45 rules for determination of nozzle L-7.4.3(c)(1) Limit parallel to the vessel wall:
wall thickness or calculation of shear stresses caused larger of
5, and 8 (see L-7.2, L-7.5, and L-7.8). d p 16.125 in.
542

or Therefore, Fig. UG-40 sketch (d) applies and te p 3.5.

Rn + tn + t p 8.063 + 1.687 + 1.937
A2 psmaller of following
p 11.69 in. p(tn − tr n ) 5tfr2
p(1.687 − 0.292)(5)(1.937)(1.0)
Use 16.125 in.
L-7.4.3(c)(2) Limit normal to vessel wall: p13.5 13.5 sq in.
smaller of
or
2.5t p 2.5 × 1.937 p 4.84 in. p(tn − tr n )(2.5tn + te ) 2fr2
p(1.687 − 0.292)(2.5 × 1.687 + 3.5)2(1.0)
or
p21.5
2.5tn + te p 2.5 × 1.687 + 3.5 L-7.4.5(c) Area available in welds:
A41 p2 × 0.5 × 0.75 2 (1.0) p 0.563 sq in.
p 7.72 in.
L-7.4.5(d) Area provided by A1 + A2 + A41 p
Use 4.84 in. 15.8 sq in.
L-7.4.4 Area of Reinforcement Required L-7.4.5(e) Area available in reinforcing element:
A pdtr F + 2tn tr F (1 − Ftr) A5 p(Dp − d − 2tn ) × average thickness of reinforce-
p(16.125 × 1.83 × 1) + 0 p 29.6 sq in. ment × fr4 (see footnote 5)
p(26.0 − 16.125 − 3.375)(2.75)(1.0) p
L-7.4.5 Area of Reinforcement Available 17.9 sq in.
L-7.4.5(a) Area available in shell:
L-7.4.5(f) Total area available 33.7 sq in.
A1 plarger of following
p(E1 t − Ftr )d − 2tn (E1 t − Ftr )(1 − fr1) This is greater than area required; therefore, the opening
is adequately reinforced.
p(1.0 × 1.937 − 1 × 1.83)
L-7.4.6 Load to Be Carried by Welds [Fig. UG-
× 16.125 − 0 41.1 Sketch (b)]
p1.73 1.73 sq in. L-7.4.6(a) Per UG-41(b)(1):
or W1-1 p(A2 + A5 + A41 + A42) Sv

p(13.5 + 17.9 + 0.562 + 0) 11,400
p(E1 t − Ftr )(tn + t) 2
− 2tn (E1 t − Ftr )(1 − fr1 ) p364,000 lb
p(1.0 × 1.937 − 1 × 1.83) L-7.4.6(b) Per UG-41(b)(2):
× (1.687 + 1.937) 2 − 0 W p(A − A1) Sv
p0.776 p(29.6 − 1.73) 11,400
Check for te : p318,000 lb
tan ⌰ p(26 − 19.5) Since W is smaller than W1–1 , W may be used in place
⫼ 3.5 p 0.9286
2 of W1–1 for comparing weld capacity to weld load.
⌰ p43 deg.
43 deg. >30 deg. 5
Average thickness of reinforcing element p (3.5 + 2) / 2 p 2.75.
543

L-7.4.7 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 L-7.5.3.2
L-7.4.7 Unit Stresses [UW-15(c)]

L-7.4.7(a) Fillet weld shear p 0.49 × 11,400
p 5590 psi
L-7.4.7(b) Groove weld shear p 0.60 × 11,400
p 6840 psi
L-7.4.8 Strength of Connection Elements

L-7.4.8(a) Fillet weld shear
p 1.57 × 26.0 × 0.75 × 5590

p 171,000 lb
L-7.4.8(b) Groove weld shear
p ␲ / 2 × mean diam. of weld × weld tw the configuration shown in Fig. L-7.5.1. Also, calculate
× 6840 shear stresses and compare to the allowable shear stress
in UG-45(c).
p 1.57 × 16.9 × 0.812 × 6840
p 147,000 lb
Shell tr p PR
L-7.4.9 Check Strength Path SE − 0.6P
p 500(41.50 + 0.25)
1-1 171,000 + 147,000 p 318,000 lb 13,700 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 500
p1.56 in.
equals the strength of 318,000 lb required by UG-
41(b)(2). Nozzle tr n p PRn
SE − 0.6P
p 500(7.25 + 0.25)
13,700 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 500
01 L-7.5 Example 5
p0.280 in.
01 L-7.5.1 Given. A nozzle with an outside diameter
of 16 in. is fabricated by welding from 3⁄4 in. plate.
It is attached by welding to a vessel that has an inside
diameter of 83 in. and a shell thickness of 2 in. The
L-7.5.3 Minimum Nozzle Wall Thickness by 01
vessel’s internal design pressure is 500 psi at a design
UG-45
temperature of 400°F. The material in the shell and
the nozzle conforms to a specification with an allowable L-7.5.3.1 UG-45 requires the minimum nozzle wall
stress of 13,700 psi. An allowance of 1⁄4 in. for corrosion thickness to be the larger of the thickness determined
is included in the shell and nozzle thickness. The vessel by UG-45(a) or UG-45(b). Shear stresses caused by
and the nozzle Category A joints are to be fully superimposed loads on the nozzle [see UG-22(c)] shall
radiographed. [See UW-11(a)(3) and (a)(4).] The nozzle be limited to the UG-45(c) allowable.
does not pass through a vessel Category A joint. The L-7.5.3.2 UG-45(a) requires minimum nozzle wall
reinforcing element conforms to a specification with thickness to be not less than that computed for the
an allowable stress of 13,700 psi. A shear load of applicable loading plus corrosion allowance. From L-
25,000 lb and a torsion of 250,000 in.-lb from external 7.5.2,
forces act on the nozzle. Check the adequacy of the
reinforcing element, the attachment welds, and the t rn p 0.280 in. + 0.25 in. corrosion allowance
minimum nozzle neck thickness required by UG-45 for p 0.530 in.
544

L-7.5.3.2 APPENDIX L — NONMANDATORY L-7.5.4
Since the nozzle wall is formed from plate material, measured from the load to the point of interest on
undertolerance of 0.01 in.; it is not necessary to apply the circumference of the cross section. Therefore, the
it in determining minimum thickness available. The maximum membrane shear stress equals the shear load
0.530 in. thickness is compared with the thickness divided by ␲rtn where
provided of 0.750 in. Since 0.750 in. is larger than r p inside nozzle radius in the corroded condition
0.530 in., the rule is met. and
L-7.5.3.3 UG-45(b) requires determining the one tn p minimum thickness of nozzle wall including
applicable wall thickness from (b)(1), (b)(2) or (b)(3), pipe undertolerance
comparing that with the thickness from (b)(4) and then Shear stress due to the 25,000 lb shear load
choosing the smaller of those two values.
UG-45(b)(1) requires minimum nozzle wall thickness p 25,000 / (3.1416 × 7.5 × 0.5) p 2122 psi
to be not less than the thickness required for internal
The membrane shear stress due to a torsion load is
pressure of the head or shell where the nozzle is located
uniformly distributed around the circumference of a
but in no case less than that thickness required by
circular cross section and is determined by simple
UG-16(b). From L-7.5.2,
equilibrium analysis as equal to the torsion load divided
tr p 1.560 + 0.250 corrosion allowance by 2␲r2tn.
p 1.810 in. Shear stress due to the 250,000 in.-lb torsion load
and UG-16(b) minimum is 1⁄16 in. Therefore, the 1.810 p 250,000 / (2 × 3.1416 × 7.52 × 0.5)
in. thickness governs.
UG-45(b)(2) applies to vessels designed for external p 1415 psi
pressure only and is not applicable to this example. Total combined shear stress p 2122 + 1415 p 3537
UG-45(b)(3) applies to vessels designed for both psi which is less than the allowable of 9590 psi.
external and internal pressure and is not applicable to
this example. L-7.5.4 Size of Weld Required [UW-16(d); Fig.
UG-45(b)(4) requires minimum nozzle wall thickness UW-16.1 Sketch (q)]
of standard wall pipe accounting for undertolerance L-7.5.4(a) Inner (reinforcing element) fillet weld:
plus the thickness added for corrosion allowance. Under- tc pnot less than the smaller of 1⁄4 in. or 0.7 tmin
tolerance for pipe manufactured in accordance with
ASME B36.10M is 121⁄2% and standard wall thickness p0.7 × 0.75 or 0.7 × 0.5
is 0.375 in. Thus, the minimum wall thickness is p0.35 in.; therefore throat must be at least
0.375 (1.0 − 0.125) + corrosion allowance 0.25 in.
p 0.328 + 0.250 p 0.578 in. tc p0.7 × weld size
Therefore, the minimum nozzle wall thickness re-
p0.7 × 0.375
quired by UG-45(b) is the smaller of (b)(1) or (b)(4),
or 0.578 in. p0.263 (actual)
The minimum nozzle wall thickness required by UG-
L-7.5.4(b) Outer (reinforcing element) fillet weld:
45 is the larger of UG-45(a) (0.530 in.) or UG-45(b)
(0.578 in.). The 0.578 in. thickness governs as deter- Throat p1⁄2 tmin
mined by UG-45(b)(4) and is less than the minimum
thickness provided of 0.750 in. The 0.750 in. thickness p0.5 × 0.75
provided meets the rules of UG-45. p0.375 in. (minimum throat required)
L-7.5.3.4 UG-45(c): Calculate maximum mem- Throat p0.7 × weld size
brane shear stress due to superimposed shear and torsion
loads. Allowable shear stress is 0.70S where S is the p0.7 × 0.875
tensile allowable stress for the nozzle material. Allow- p0.612 in. (actual)
able shear stress p 0.70 × 13,700 p 9590 psi.
According to beam theory, the maximum membrane L-7.5.4(c) Upper groove weld:
shear stress due to a shear load occurs at the neutral
tw p0.7 tmin
axis of the cross section. For a circular cross section,
the shear stress varies as the cosine of the angle p0.7 × 0.5
545

p0.35 in. (required) or

tw p0.375 in. (see Fig. L-7.5.1) p2(t + tn)(E1 t − Ftr) − 2tn (E1 t − Ftr)
× (1 − fr1)
L-7.5.4(d) Lower groove weld:
p(1 × 1.75 − 1 × 1.56)(0.5 + 1.75)2 − 0
tw p0.7 tmin
p0.855
p0.7 × 0.5
p0.35 in. (required)
A2 psmaller of following
tw p0.375 in. (see Fig. L-7.5.1)
p(tn − tr n) 5tfr2
The weld sizes used are satisfactory.
p(0.5 − 0.280)(5)(1.75)(1.0)
fr1 p fr2 p fr3 p 1.0 for all parts
p1.93
L-7.5.4(e) Check for limits of reinforcement:
or
L-7.5.4(e)(1) Limit parallel to the vessel wall:
larger of p(tn − tr n )(2.5tn + te ) 2fr2
p1.21 1.21 sq in.
d p 15.00 in.
or
A41 +
A42 p 2 × 0.5(0.875 2 + 0.375 2)(1.0) p
Rn + tn + t p7.5 + 0.5 + 1.75 p 9.75 in.
0.906 sq in.
Use 15.00 in.
L-7.5.6(d) Area provided by A1 + A2 + A41
L-7.5.4(e)(2) Limit normal to vessel wall:
+ A42 p
smaller of
4.97 sq in.
2.5t p 2.5 × 1.75 p 4.375 in. L-7.5.6(e) Area available in reinforcing element:
A5 p(Dp − d − 2tn )te fr4
or
p(28.25 − 15 − 1)1.5(1.0)
2.5tn + te p 2.5 × 0.5 + 1.5
p18.4 18.4 sq in.
p 2.75 in. L-7.5.6(f) Total area available p 23.4 sq in.
Use 2.75 in. This is equal to the required area; therefore, opening
is adequately reinforced.
A pdtr F + 2tn tr F (1 − fr1)
41.1(a)]
p(15.0 × 1.56 × 1) + 0 p 23.4 sq in. L-7.5.7(a) Per UG-41(b)(1):
L-7.5.6 Area of Reinforcement Available W1-1 p(A5 + A2 + A41 + A42) Sv
p(18.4 + 1.21 + 0.906) 13,700
A1 plarger of following
p281,000 lb
pd(E1 t − Ftr) − 2tn (E1 t − Ftr)(1 − fr1)
W2-2p(A2 + A3 + A41 + A43 + 2tn t fr1) Sv
p(1 × 1.75 − 1 × 1.56) 15 − 0
p[1.21 + 0 + 0.3752 + 0
p2.85 2.85 sq in. + 2(0.5)(1.75)(1.0)] 13,700
546

p42,500 lb p1.57 × 16.0 × 0.375 × 10,100

W3-3p(A2 + A3 + A5 + A41 + A42 + A43 p95,100 lb
+ 2tn t fr1) Sv
L-7.5.9(d) Outer (reinforcing element) fillet weld
p[1.21 + 0 + 18.4 + 0.906 + 0
+ 2(0.5)(1.75)(1.0)] 13,700 p␲ / 2 × reinforcing element O.D. × weld
leg × 6710
p305,000 lb
L-7.5.7(b) Per UG-41(b)(2): p1.57 × 28.25 × 0.875 × 6710
W p[A − A1 + 2tn fr1 (E1t − Ftr)] Sv p260,000 lb
p[23.4 − 2.85 + 2 × 0.5 × 1.0(1.0 × 1.75 − 1.0 L-7.5.9(e) Upper groove weld tension
× 1.56)] 13,700
p␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × weld leg × 10,100
p284,000 lb
p1.57 × 16.0 × 0.375 × 10,100
Since W is smaller than W3–3 , W may be used in place p95,100 lb
of W3–3 for comparing weld capacity to weld load.
L-7.5.8 Unit Stresses [UW-15(c) and UG-45(c)]
L-7.5.8(a) Fillet weld shear L-7.5.10 Check Strength Paths per UG-41(b)(1)
p 0.49 × 13,700 1-1 260,000 + 117,000 p 377,000 lb

p 6710 psi > W 1-1 p 281,000 lb ∴ OK
L-7.5.8(b) Groove weld tension
2-2 63,200 + 95,100 + 95,100 p 253,000 lb
p 0.74 × 13,700
> W 2-2 p 42,500 lb ∴ OK
p 10,100 psi
L-7.5.8(c) Groove weld shear 3-3 260,000 + 95,100 p 355,000 lb
p 0.60 × 13,700 > W 3-3 p 305,000 lb ∴ OK
p 8220 psi
L-7.5.8(d) Nozzle wall shear Check strength paths by UG-41(b)(2). Paths 1-1 and
3-3 are stronger than total weld load, W p 284,000
p 0.70 × 13,700 lb and are acceptable. Path 2-2 does not have sufficient
p 9590 psi strength to resist load W but the weld is acceptable
by UG-41(b)(1).
L-7.5.9 Strength of Connection Elements The outer fillet weld strength of 260,000 lb is greater
L-7.5.9(a) Upper fillet or cover weld than the reinforcing element strength of 18.4 × 13,700 p
p␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × weld leg × 6710 252,000 lb.
p1.57 × 16.0 × 0.375 × 6710

p63,200 lb L-7.6 Example 6
L-7.5.9(b) Nozzle wall shear L-7.6.1 Given. An NPS 8 Schedule 20 nozzle is 01

attached by welding to the center of a seamless 2:1
p␲ / 2 × mean nozzle diam. × tn × 9590 ellipsoidal head that has an inside diameter of 235⁄8
in. and a thickness of 3⁄16 in. The allowable stress of
p1.57 × 15.5 × 0.5 × 9590
the nozzle material is 12,000 psi and the head material
p117,000 lb is 17,500 psi. The vessel internal design pressure is
150 psi at a design temperature of 400°F. There is no
L-7.5.9(c) Lower groove weld tension
corrosion allowance and no radiography is performed
p␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × weld leg × 10,100 on the vessel. Check the adequacy of the opening
547

L-7.6.3 Size of Weld Required [UW-16(d), Fig.

UW-16.1 Sketch (i)]
L-7.6.3(a)
t 1 or t 2 pnot less than the smaller of 1⁄4 in. or
0.7t min
p0.7 × 0.188 p 0.132 in.; therefore throat
must be at least 0.132 in.
p0.7 × weld size
p0.7 × 0.250
p0.175 in. (actual)
t 1 + t 2 ≥ 11⁄4 t min
0.175 + 0.175 ≥ 1.25 × 0.132
reinforcement and attachment welds as shown in Fig. 0.350 ≥ 0.165

L-7.6.1.
Cover weld satisfactory.
5, and 8 (see L-7.2, L-7.5, and L-7.8). fr1 p f r2 p Sn / Sv p 12,000 / 17,500 p 0.686
L-7.6.2 Determine if the opening and its reinforce- L-7.6.3(b) Check for limits of reinforcement:
ment in the ellipsoidal head are located entirely within L-7.6.3(b)(1) Limit parallel to the vessel wall:
a centrally located circle which has a diameter equal larger of
to 80% of the shell diameter [see UG-37(a)].
0.8 × 23.625 p 18.9 in. d p 8.125 in.
2d p 2 × 8.125 p 16.25 in. or

Therefore, the required head thickness for reinforce-
ment calculations are to be determined by the hemispher- Rn + tn + t p 4.063 + 0.25 + 0.188
ical head formula using a radius of K 1 D where K 1 p
0.9 for a 2:1 ellipsoidal head. p 4.5 in.
Required head thickness:
Use 8.125 in.
tr p PK 1D L-7.6.3(b)(2) Limit normal to vessel wall:
2SE − 0.2P smaller of
p 150 × 0.9 × 23.625

2.5t p 2.5 × 0.188 p 0.47 in.
2(17,500) × 1.0 − 0.2 × 150
p0.091 in.
or
Nozzle tr n p PRn
2.5tn + te p 2.5 × 0.25 + 0
SE − 0.6P
p 150 × 4.063 p 0.63 in.

12,000 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 150
p0.051 in. Use 0.47 in.
548

L-7.6.4 Area of Reinforcement Required A 3 p(0.250 − 0)2 × 0.47 × 0.686 p

0.161 sq in.
A pdtr F + 2tntr F(1 − fr1)
L-7.6.5(d) Area available in fillet welds:
p(8.125 × 0.091 × 1) + 2 × 0.25
× 0.091(1 − 0.686) A 41 +
A 43 p 4 × 0.5 × 0.25 2 × 0.686 p 0.086 sq in.
p0.754 0.754 sq in.
L-7.6.5(e) Area provided by A 1 + A 2 + A 3 + A 41
L-7.6.5 Area of Reinforcement Available
+ A 43 p 1.15 sq in.
A 1 plarger of the following This is greater than the required area so a reinforcing
element is not needed.
pd(E 1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E 1 t − Ftr )
× (1 − fr1)
41.1 Sketch (a)]
p8.125(1 × 0.188 − 1 × 0.091) L-7.6.6(a) Per UG-41(b)(2):
− 2 × 0.25(1 × 0.188 − 1 × 0.091) W 1-1 p(A 2 + A 5 + A 41 + A 42 ) Sv
× (1 − 0.686) p(0.128 + 0 + 0.043 + 0) × 17,500
p0.773 0.773 sq in. p2990 lb
or W 2-2 p(A 2 + A 3 + A 41 + A 43 + 2t nt f r1) Sv
p2(t + tn )(E 1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E 1 t − Ftr ) p[0.128 + 0.161 + 0.086 + 2(0.25 × 0.188
× 0.686)] × 17,500
× (1 − fr1)
p7690 lb
p2(0.25 + 0.188)(1 × 0.188 − 1 × 0.091)
L-7.6.6(b) Per UG-41(b)(2):
− 2 × 0.25(1 × 0.188 − 1 × 0.091)
W p[A − A1 + 2tn fr1 (E 1 t − Ft r )] Sv
× (1 − 0.686)
p[0.754 − 0.773 + 2 × 0.25 × 0.686(1 × 0.188
p0.070
− 1.0 × 0.091)] 17,500
L-7.6.5(b) Area available in outward nozzle:
p250 lb
A 2 psmaller of following with adjustment for dif-
ferences in allowable stresses of vessel nozzle Since W is smaller than W1–1 and W2–2 , W may be
[see UG-41(a)] used in place of W1–1 and W2–2 for comparing weld
capacity to weld load.
p(tn − tr n )5tfr2
L-7.6.7 Unit Stresses [UW-15(c), UG-45(c)]
p(0.25 − 0.051)(5)(0.188)(0.686)
L-7.6.7(a) Fillet weld shear
p0.128 0.128 sq in.
p 0.49 × 12,000
or
p 5880 psi
p(tn − tr n )(5tn + 2te )fr2
L-7.6.7(b) Nozzle wall shear
p(0.25 − 0.051)(5 × 0.25 + 0)(0.686)
p 0.7 × 12,000
p0.171
p 8400 psi
L-7.6.5(c) Area available in inward nozzle projection:
L-7.6.8 Strength of Connection Elements
A 3 p(tn − c)2hfr2 L-7.6.8(a) Fillet weld shear
h psmaller of 2.5t or 2.5tn p ␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × weld leg × 5880
p2.5(0.188) or 2.5(0.250) p 1.57 × 8.625 × 0.250 × 5880
h p0.47 p 19,900 lb
549


5, and 8 (see L-7.2, L-7.5, and L-7.8).
Shell tr p PR
SE − 0.6P
p 1000 × 15
13,800 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 1000
p1.14 in.
Nozzle tr n p PRn
SE − 0.6P
p 1000 × 2
15,000 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 1000
FIG. L-7.7.1 EXAMPLE OF REINFORCED OPENING p0.139 in.
L-7.7.3 Size of Weld Required [UW-16(b), Fig.

UW-16.1 Sketch (a)]
L-7.6.8(b) Nozzle wall shear Outward nozzle fillet weld:
p ␲ / 2 × mean nozzle diam. × tn × 8400 tc psmaller of 1⁄4 in. or 0.7t min
p 1.57 × 8.375 × 0.250 × 8400 t minpsmaller of 3⁄4 in. or thinner of thick-
nesses joined.
p 27,600 lb
L-7.6.9 Check Strength Paths p0.5 in.
1-1 19,900 + 27,600 p 47,500 lb 0.7 t minp0.7 × 0.5 p 0.35 in.
2-2 19,900 + 19,900 p 39,800 lb tc p0.25 in. (minimum throat required)

weld throat p0.7 × 0.5 p 0.35 in.
All paths are stronger than the required strength of
250 lb [UG-41(b)(2)]. Weld size is satisfactory.
L-7.7.4 Calculate the strength reduction factor.
L-7.7 Example 7
01 L-7.7.1 Given. A 4 in. I.D., 1⁄2 in. wall “hill-side” f r1 p 1.0
nozzle is attached by welding to a cylindrical vessel
that has an inside diameter of 30 in. and a shell fr2 p Sn / Sv p 15.0 / 13.8 > 1.0 fr2 p 1.0
thickness of 11⁄2 in. The vessel’s internal design pressure
is 1000 psi at a design temperature of 150°F. The L-7.7.5
nozzle and shell materials conform to specifications L-7.7.5(a) Calculate the opening chord length at
with allowable stresses of 15,000 psi and 13,800 psi, midsurface of the required shell thickness as follows.
respectively, at the operating temperature. There is no
allowance for corrosion. Category A joints (see UW- Rm pR + tr / 2 p 15 + 1.14 / 2 p 15.6 in.
3) are to be fully radiographed. There are no butt L p12 in.
welds in the nozzle and the nozzle does not pass
through a shell Category A joint. Check the opening for
reinforcement and check the adequacy of the attachment
welds shown in Fig. L-7.7.1.
Rm 冢
␣1 p cos−1 L + Rn
冣
550

冢
pcos−1 12 + 2
15.6 冣 L-7.7.6 Area of Reinforcement Required
A pdtr F + 2tntr F (1 − fr1)

p26.2 deg.
p6.46 × 1.14 × 0.5 + 0 p 3.68 sq in.
冢
␣2 pcos−1 L − Rn
Rm 冣 L-7.7.7 Area of Reinforcement Available
冢
pcos−1 12 − 2
15.6 冣 A 1 plarger of the following
p50.1 deg. pd(E 1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E 1 t − Ftr ) (1 − fr1)
␣ p␣2 − ␣1 p6.46(1.0 × 1.5 − 0.5 × 1.14) − 0

p50.1 − 26.2 p6.01
p23.9 deg.
or
d p2Rm 冪 1 − cos2 (␣ / 2)
p2(t + tn ) (E 1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E 1t − Ftr )
p2 (15.6) 冪 1 − cos2 (23.9 / 2) × (1 − fr1)
p6.46 in.
p2(1.5 + 0.5) (1.0 × 1.5 − 0.5
Per UG-37(b) and Fig. UG-37, F p 0.5. × 1.14) − 0
L-7.7.5(b) Check for limits of reinforcement:
L-7.7.5(b)(1) Limit parallel to the vessel wall p3.72 6.01 sq in.
(circumferentially and longitudinally): larger of
dc p 6.46 in. and dl p 4.0 in. A 2 psmaller of following
or p5(tn − tr n )fr2 t
p5(0.5 − 0.139) (1.0) (1.5)

Rnc + tn + t p 3.23 + 0.5 + 1.5
p 5.23 in. p2.71
or
Rnl + tn + t p 2.0 + 0.5 + 1.5
p5(tn − tr n )fr2tn
p 4.0 in. p5(0.5 − 0.139) (1.0) (0.5)
p0.903 0.903 sq in.

Use 6.5 in. circ.; use 4.0 in. long.
L-7.7.5(b)(2) Limit normal to vessel wall: L-7.7.7(c) Area available in outward nozzle weld:
smaller of
A 41 p(leg)2fr2
2.5t p 2.5 × 1.5 p 3.75 in.
p(0.5)2(1.0) p 0.25 sq in.
or
L-7.7.7(d) Area provided by A 1 + A 2 + A 41
2.5tn + te p 2.5 × 0.5 + 0 p6.01 + 0.903 + 0.25 p 7.16 sq in.
p 1.25 in. This is greater than the required reinforcing area of 3.68
sq in. Therefore the opening is adequately reinforced in
Use 1.25 in. the plane considered.
551

L-7.7.8 Load to Be Carried by Welds [UG-41(b)

and UW-15(b)]. Since the nozzle neck abuts the vessel
wall and the available reinforcement A 1 in the shell
is larger than the required reinforcement, the strength
of the attachment welds is adequate. Detail is also
exempted from weld strength calculation by UW-15(b).
Since the plane under consideration requires only
50% (F p 0.5) of the required reinforcement in the
plane parallel to the longitudinal shell axis, the opening
may not be adequately reinforced in the other planes.
A check for reinforcement in plane parallel to the FIG. L-7.8.1 EXAMPLE OF REINFORCED OPENING
longitudinal shell axis is needed.
d p 4 in.
F p 1.0
in that plane, a better approach is to increase the nozzle
L-7.7.8(a) Area of reinforcement required: wall thickness from 1⁄2 in. to 7⁄8 in. The available
reinforcing area becomes 5.2 sq in., which is greater than
A p dtr F + 2tntr F(1 − fr1)
the required reinforcing area of 4.54 sq in. Therefore, the
p 4 × 1.14 × 1.0 p 4.56 sq in. opening is adequately reinforced in all planes with a
7
⁄8 in. nozzle wall. Recalculating
L-7.7.8(b) Area available in shell:
A 1 p2(1.5 + 0.875)(1.0 × 1.5
A 1 p larger of following
− 1.0 × 1.14) − 0 p 1.71
p d(E 1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E 1 t − Ftr ) (1 − fr1)
A 2 p5(0.875 − 0.139)0.875
p 4(1.0 × 1.5 − 1.0 × 1.14) − 0
p3.22 in.2
p 1.44
A 1 + A 2 + A 41
or
p1.71 + 3.22 + 0.25 p 5.18 in.2
p 2(t + tn ) (E 1 t − Ftr ) − 2tn (E 1t − Ftr )
× (1 − fr1) which is greater than required.
p 2(1.5 + 0.5) (1.0 × 1.5 L-7.7.9(b) Check outside fillet weld:
− 1.0 × 1.14) − 0 t min psmaller of 3⁄4 in. or 7⁄8 in.
p 1.44 1.44 sq in. p3⁄4 in.
L-7.7.8(c) Area available in nozzle: t c psmaller of 1⁄4 in. or 0.7t min
A2 p 0.903 sq in. p1⁄4 in. (minimum throat required)
L-7.7.8(d) Area available in outward nozzle weld: Weld throat of 0.7 × 0.5 p 0.35 in. is satisfatory.
Weld strength calculations are not required. See UW-
A 41 p 0.25 sq in.
15(b).
L-7.7.8(e) Area provided by A 1 + A 2 + A 41
p1.44 + 0.903 + 0.25 p 2.59 sq in. L-7.8 Example 8
L-7.7.9 This is less than the required reinforcing L-7.8.1 Given. A nozzle fabricated from an NPS
area of 4.544 sq in.; therefore, the opening is not 10 Schedule 80 seamless pipe is attached by welding
adequately reinforced. to a vessel that has an inside diameter of 42 in. The
L-7.7.9(a) The approach of adding a separate reinforc- nozzle neck is inserted through the vessel wall as
ing plate will change the F correction factor from 0.5 shown in Fig. L-7.8.1. The design condition, vessel
to 1.0 for the plane under consideration as shown in and nozzle configurations, and material allowable
Fig. L-7.7.1. Since the opening is adequately reinforced stresses are as follows:
552

Design conditions: The minimum nozzle wall thickness required by

Internal design pressure p 300 psi UG-45 is the largest of UG-45(a) (0.250 in.),
Design temperature p 650°F UG-45(b) (0.444 in.), and UG-45(c) (0.0 in.). The 0.444
No piping load or external load in. thickness required by UG-45(b) governs which is
Shell O.D. p 43.125 in., thickness p 0.563 in., less than the minimum thickness provided of 0.594 ×
Sv p 17,500 psi, E p 0.85, C.A. p 0.125 in. 0.875 p 0.520 in.
Nozzle O.D. p 10.75 in., thickness p 0.594 in., Other examples of rules in UG-45 are shown in
Sn p 12,000 psi, E p 1.00, C.A. p 0.125 in., outward Examples 2 and 5 (see L-7.2 and L-7.5).
nozzle weld leg p 0.375 in.
Reinforcing element O.D. p 16.25 in., thickness p
L-7.8.4 Size of Welds Required [UW-16(c), Fig
0.500 in., Sp p 15,000 psi, C.A. p 0.0 in., outer
UW-16.1 Sketch (a-1)]
element weld leg p 0.375 in.
L-7.8.4(a) Outward nozzle weld:
Nozzle is not at the shell welded seam, E1 p 1.0.
L-7.8.2 Calculations tc p 0.7 × tmin p 0.7 × 0.469 p 0.328 in. or 0.25 in.
R p (43.125 − 2 × 0.563) /2 + 0.125 p 21.125 in. Weld leg size p 0.25 /0.7 p 0.357 in. < 0.375 in.
Rn p (10.75 − 2 × 0.594) /2 + 0.125 p 4.906 in. L-7.8.4(b) Outer element weld:
d p 2Rn p 2 × 4.906 p 9.812 in. 0.5 × tmin p 0.5 × 0.438 p 0.219 in.
t p 0.563 − 0.125 p 0.438 in. Weld leg size p 0.219 /0.7 p 0.313 in. < 0.375 in.
tn p 0.594 − 0.125 p 0.469 in. Weld sizes are satisfactory.
tr p PR /(Sv E1 − 0.6P) L-7.8.5 Check for Limits of Reinforcement

Limit parallel to the vessel wall: larger of
p 300 × 21.125 /(17,500 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 300)
d p 9.812 in.
p 0.366 in. < 0.438 in. or
tr n p PRn /(Sn E − 0.6P) Rn + tn + t p 4.906 + 0.469 + 0.438
p 300 × 4.906 /(12,000 × 1.0 − 0.6 × 300)

p 5.8 in.
p 0.125 in. < 0.594 × 0.875 − 0.125 p 0.395 in.
Use 9.812 in.
Limit normal to vessel wall: smaller of
01 L-7.8.3 Check minimum nozzle wall thickness to
meet UG-45 rules.
From UG-45(a), trn p 0.125 in. + C.A. p 0.250 in. 2.5t p 2.5 × 0.438 p 1.095 in.
From UG-45(b):
Per UG-45(b)(1), tr p 0.366 in. + C.A. p 0.491 in. or
UG-45(b)(2) does not apply to this example. UG-
45(b)(3) does not apply to this example. Per UG- 2.5tn + te p 2.5 × 0.469 + 0.5
45(b)(4), the minimum thickness of standard wall NPS
10 pipe size plus C.A. p 1.673 in.
p 0.365 × 0.875 + 0.125 p 0.444 in.
Use 1.095 in.
Thickness (b)(4) is less than thickness (b)(1) and,
Reinforcing element O.D. + 2 × outer element
therefore (b)(4) governs.
weld leg
Shear stresses caused by superimposed loads on the
nozzle per UG-22(c) do not apply to this example. p 16.25 + 2 × 0.375 p 17.0 in. < 19.6 in.
553

Reinforcing element and welds are within the limit. or

p 2(tn − tr n) (2.5 tn + te)fr 2
fr1 p Sn /Sv p 12,000 /17,500 p 0.686
p 2(0.469 − 0.125) (2.5 × 0.469 + 0.5)
fr2 p Sn /Sv p 12,000 /17,500 p 0.686
× 0.686
fr3 p Sn /Sv p 12,000 /17,500 p 0.686 p 0.789 sq in.
fr4 p Sp /Sv p 15,000 /17,500 p 0.857 Use A2 p 0.517 sq in.

L-7.8.7(c) Area available in fillet weld:
A41 p (leg)2 fr3
A p dtr F + 2 tn tr F (1 − fr1)
p (0.375)2 × 0.686
p 9.812 × 0.366 × 1.0 + 2 × 0.469 × 0.366
p 0.096 sq in.
× 1.0 × (1 − 0.686)
A42 p (leg)2 fr4
p 3.59 + 0.108
p (0.375)2 × 0.857
p 3.70 sq in.
p 0.121 sq in.
L-7.8.7 Area of Reinforcement Available
L-7.8.7(a) Area available in shell: L-7.8.7(d) Area available in reinforcing element:
A1 p larger of the following A5 p (Dp − d − 2tn) te fr4
p d(E1t − Ftr) − 2tn (E1t − Ftr) (1 − fr1)
p (16.25 − 9.812 − 2 × 0.469) × 0.5 × 0.857
p 9.812 (1 × 0.438 − 1 × 0.366)
p 2.36 sq in.
− 2 × 0.469 (1 × 0.438 − 1 × 0.366)
L-7.8.7(e) Total area available:
× (1 − 0.686)
A1 + A2 + A41 + A42 + A5
p 0.707 − 0.021
p 0.685 + 0.517 + 0.096 + 0.121 + 2.36
p 0.685 sq in.
p 3.78 sq in. > 3.70 sq in.
or
The available reinforcement is greater than the re-
p 2(t + tn) (E1t − Ftr) − 2tn(E1t − Ftr) quired reinforcement. Thus, the nozzle is adequately
× (1 − fr1) reinforced.
p 2(0.438 + 0.469) (1 × 0.438 − 1 × 0.366) L-7.8.8 Load to Be Carried by Welds [Fig. UG-
41.1 Sketch (a)]
− 2 × 0.469 (1 × 0.438 − 1 × 0.366) L-7.8.8(a) Per UG-41(b)(2):
× (1 − 0.686) W p total weld load [UG-41(b)(2)]
p 0.131 − 0.021 p [A − (d − 2tn) (E1t − Ftr)] Sv
p 0.110 sq in. p [3.70 − (9.812 − 2 × 0.469) (1 × 0.438
Use A1 p 0.685 sq in. − 1 × 0.366)] × 17,500
L-7.8.7(b) Area available in nozzle: p 53,600 lb
L-7.8.8(b) Per UG-41(b)(1):
p 5(tn − tr n)fr2t
W1-1 p weld load for strength path 1-1
p 5(0.469 − 0.125) × 0.686 × 0.438 [UG-41(b)(1)]
p 0.517 sq in. p (A2 + A5 + A41 + A42) Sv
554

p (0.517 + 2.36 + 0.096 + 0.121) × 17,500 L-7.8.10 Strength of Connection Elements

L-7.8.10(a) Outward nozzle weld shear
p 54,100 lb
p ␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × weld leg
W2-2 p weld load for strength path 2-2
[UG-41(b)(1)] × 5880
p (A2 + A3 + A41 + A43 + 2tnt fr1) Sv p 1.57 × 10.75 × 0.375 × 5880
p (0.517 + 0 + 0.096 + 0 + 2 p 37,200 lb
× 0.469 × 0.438 × 0.686) × 17,500 L-7.8.10(b) Outer element weld shear
p 15,700 lb
p ␲ / 2 × reinforcing element O.D.
W3-3 p weld load for strength path 3-3 × weld leg × 7350
[UG-41(b)(1)]
p 1.57 × 16.25 × 0.375 × 7350
p (A2 + A3 + A5 + A41 + A42 + A43
p 70,300 lb
+ 2tnt fr1) Sv
p (0.517 + 0 + 2.36 + 0.096 + 0.121 L-7.8.10(c) Nozzle wall shear
+ 0 + 2 × 0.469 p ␲ / 2 × mean nozzle diam. × tn × 8400
× 0.438 × 0.686) × 17,500 p 1.57 × 10.281 × 0.469 × 8400
p 59,100 lb p 63,600 lb
Since the weld load W calculated by UG-41(b)(2) L-7.8.10(d) Element groove weld tension
is smaller than W1-1 and W3-3 calculated by UG-41(b)(1),
W may be used in place of W1-1 and W3-3 for comparing p ␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × te × 8880
weld capacity to weld load.
p 1.57 × 10.75 × 0.500 × 8880
L-7.8.9 Unit Stresses [UW-15(c) and UG-45(c)]
L-7.8.9(a) Outward nozzle weld shear p 74,900 lb
p 0.49 × 12,000 L-7.8.10(e) Nozzle groove weld tension
p 5880 psi p ␲ / 2 × nozzle O.D. × t × 8880
L-7.8.9(b) Outer element weld shear p 1.57 × 10.75 × 0.438 × 8880
p 0.49 × 15,000 p 65,600 lb

p 7350 psi
L-7.8.11 Check Strength Paths
L-7.8.9(c) Nozzle wall shear
1-1 p 70,300 + 63,600 p 134,000 lb
p 0.70 × 12,000
> W1-1 p 54,100 lb
p 8400 psi
2-2 p 37,200 + 74,900 + 65,600 p 178,000 lb
L-7.8.9(d) Element groove weld tension
p 0.74 × 12,000 > W2-2 p15,700 lb
p 8880 psi 3-3 p 70,300 + 65,600 p 136,000 lb
L-7.8.9(e) Nozzle groove weld tension > W3-3 p 59,100 lb
p 0.74 × 12,000
Also, paths are stronger than the required strength
p 8880 psi of 53,600 lb. Thus, the design is adequate.
555

L-8 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 L-9
LIGAMENTS p 0.649 or 64.9%
L-8 EFFICIENCY OF LIGAMENTS p′ 6.42

p p 0.558
p1 11.5
L-8.1 Example 1
GIVEN: Pitch of tube holes in a cylindrical shell, as From the diagram in Fig. UG-53.5, the efficiency is
shown in Fig. UG-53.1, p 51⁄4 in.; diameter of tube p 37.0%.
31⁄4 in.; diameter of tube holes p 39⁄32 in.
REQUIRED: Efficiency of the ligament. L-8.5 Example 5

GIVEN: Diagonal pitch of tube holes p 635⁄64 in.
p−d 5.25 − 3.281
SOLUTION: p p Diameter of tube holes p 41⁄64 in. Longitudinal pitch
p 5.25
of tube holes p 61⁄2 in. p p p p 1.
p 0.375 or 37.5%
p′ 6.547
p p 1.007
p 6.5
L-8.2 Example 2
GIVEN: Spacing of tube holes in a cylindrical shell Longitudinal efficiency p p − d 6.5 − 4.0156
as shown in Fig. UG-53.2. Diameter of tube holes p p
p
6.5
39⁄32 in.
p 0.3822 or 38.22%
REQUIRED: Efficiency of the ligament
p − nd 12 − 2 × 3.281 From the diagram in Fig. UG-53.5, it can be seen that
SOLUTION: p p the vertical line representing the longitudinal efficiency
p 12
intersects the p′ / p 1 value of 1.006 above the curve
p 0.453 or 45.3% representing equal longitudinal and diagonal efficiencies.
Thus it can be seen that the longitudinal efficiency is
L-8.3 Example 3 less and is the value to be used.
GIVEN: Spacing of tube holes in a cylindrical shell

as shown in Fig. UG-53.3. Diameter of tube holes p
39⁄32 in. L-9 EXAMPLE OF DETERMINATION 01
OF COLDEST ALLOWABLE
MINIMUM DESIGN METAL
REQUIRED: Efficiency of the ligament TEMPERATURE (MDMT) USING
p − nd 29.25 − 5 × 3.281 UCS-66 RULES
SOLUTION: p p
p 29.25 The following illustrates the use of the rules in UCS-
p 0.439 or 43.9%
66 for determining the coldest allowable MDMT of a
steel vessel without impact testing. The vessel selected
for the illustration is as shown in Fig. L-9-1 and is
L-8.4 Example 4 further described on the Design Data Sheet and in Step
1 of the calculations covering the various governing
GIVEN: Diagonal pitch of tube holes in a cylindrical
thicknesses as defined in UCS-66(a)(1), (a)(2), and
shell, as shown in Fig. UG-53.4 p 6.42 in. Diameter
(a)(3). For purposes of illustration, all governing thick-
of holes p 41⁄32 in. Longitudinal pitch of tube holes p
nesses so defined, and the joints they represent, are
111⁄2 in. p p p p 1.
analyzed even though it can be readily determined by
inspection that certain of them would not limit the
REQUIRED: Diagonal ligament efficiency MDMT in view of the low level of general primary
membrane tensile stress. This is typically the case, and,
SOLUTION: accordingly, the following is not intended to represent
a typical set of Code calculations covering the determi-
Longitudinal efficiency p p − d 11.5 − 4.031
p nation of the MDMT to be marked on the nameplate.
p 11.5
556

NPS 10 ANSI Class 300
SA-193 Gr. B7 studs Wn Flg (SA-105)
with SA-194 Gr. 2H nuts
413/16 in.
61/16 in. Table UW-12 NPS 10 Sch 80 pipe (t = 0.594 in.)
Type No. 1 joint (SA-53 Gr. B, welded)
(typical for all
Category A, B, 5/ in. thk. segmented
8
and C joints in reinf. plate (SA-516 Gr. 70)
the vessel)

60 in. ID
557
1 in. thk. saddle band
(SA-266 Class 2)
(SA-266 Class 2)
welded to shell
Flat head
Weld neck flange
(SA-516 Gr. 70)
Welded 2:1
ellipsoidal head
1 in. thk. [0.796 in. min. thk.
(SA-516 Gr. 70) after forming with
1.0 in. min.
APPENDIX L — NONMANDATORY
1/ in. thk. X 4 in. wide

4 thk. head skirt
insulation support (SA-516 Gr. 70)]
(SA-36)
01 FIG. L-9-1
Fig. L-9-1
L-9.1 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 L-9.2.2
01 L-9.1 Design Data (See Also Fig. L-9-1) 402.2 (30.125)

tr p p 0.723 in.
20,000(0.85) − 0.6(402.2)
MAWP: 400 psi at 700°F (see Note below)
MDMT: (to be determined) at 400 psi Step 2. From Table UCS-66, the unadjusted MDMT
Butt joint type: Type No. 1 (see Table UW-12) for a 1 in. governing thickness of Curve B material
Radiography: spot radiography of entire vessel [see is 31°F.
UW-11(b)]; spot radiography requirements of UW- Step 3
11(a)(5)(b) shall be met for Category B head-to-shell
weld. tr E* 0.723 × 0.85
Full radiography for Category A joint in ellipsoi- Ratio p p 0.702
tn − c 1.00 − 0.125
dal head.
Corrosion allowance: 0.125 in. Alternative Step 3
Specific gravity of service fluid: 1.0
Maximum hydrostatic head: 2.2 psi
Special service requirements: do not apply [see UG- P
S* p [R + 0.6(tn − c)]
120(d)]. tn − c
derived from UG-27(c)(1)
Pressure loadings govern general primary membrane
tensile stress. [See General Note (2), Fig. UCS-66.2.]
Shock (thermal or mechanical) and cyclic loadings: 402.2(0.85)
[30.125 + 0.6(0.875)]
do not control design requirements. S*E* 0.875
p p 0.704
Materials of construction: see Fig. L-9-1 Sallow E 20,000(0.85)
NOTE: The 700°F maximum temperature rating prohibits the consid-

eration of the rules in UG-20(f) for determining the MDMT to be This Ratio is, for practical purposes, the same as
marked on the nameplate of this vessel [see UG-20(f)(3)]. that based on thicknesses.
Step 4
01 L-9.2 Governing Thickness for Butt Joints (1 − Ratio)100 p (1 − 0.702)100 p 29°F

[See definition of governing thickness, UCS- [See General Note (9), Fig. UCS-66.2.]
66(a)(1)(a).]
Step 5
L-9.2.1 Category A Butt Joints in Shell
Step 1 Adjusted MDMT p 31 − 29 p 2°F
Allowable Stress, ksi
At MDMT At 700°F L-9.2.2 Category B Butt Joints in Shell, Category 01
Shell material: SA-516 70 20.0 18.1 C Body Flange-to-Shell Butt Joint, Category C Pipe
Flange-to-Nozzle Neck Butt Joint
Figure UCS-66 material classification: Curve B
Step 1
Joint efficiency, E p 0.85; E* p 0.85
Required shell thickness: Allowable Stress, ksi
At MDMT At 700°F
Shell material: SA-516 70 20.0 18.1
PR 402.2 (30.125) Flange material: SA-266 Cl.2 20.0 17.2
tp p
SE − 0.6P 18,100 (0.85) − 0.6 (402.2) Nozzle neck material: SA-53 Gr. B
welded 14.66 13.36
p 0.800 in.
Nozzle flange material: SA-1057
tn p 0.800 + 0.125 p 0.925 in.: Joint efficiency, E p 0.85; E* p 0.85
Specify 1 in. nominal; this
is the governing thickness 6
Divide these values by 0.85 to determine the maximum allowable
for the subject joints. longitudinal tensile stress to be used in determining the required
thickness in corroded condition tr in the longitudinal direction. (See
Note G24 of Table 1A in Section II, Part D).
Required thickness for adjusted MDMT determina- 7
The MDMT for ASME /ANSI B16.5 ferritic steel flanges such as
tion: this is −20°F [see UCS-66(c)].
558

Nozzle flange rating per ASME B16.5: 740 psig at UW-11(a)(5)(b) will be met for Category B head-to-
MDMT shell joint; see UW-12(d)]; E* p 1.00.
Body flange rating per Appendix 2: 685 psig at Required head thickness (dished portion):
MDMT
Steps 2–5. The circumferential (hoop) stress due to PD 402.2(60.25)
tp p
pressure acting on the welds in the subject Category 2SE − 0.2P 36,200(1.00) − 0.2(402.2)
B and C butt joints is considered to be a primary
local stress. Therefore, the maximum general primary p 0.671 in.
membrane tensile stress acting on these joints is longitu- 0.125 in. c
dinal in direction, and the total required thickness in 0.796 in. Specify as minimum required
the longitudinal direction due to the combined action thickness of dished portion
of pressure and external longitudinal bending moment after forming and use as tn
across the full section can be equal to that required for determining adjusted MDMT
for pressure for the intersecting Category A joints of the subject joint.
without changing (making warmer) the 2°F adjusted
MDMT determined for these Category A joints. Since,
Required head thickness (skirt portion):
by specification, the pressure loadings govern the general
primary membrane tensile stress, the MDMT of the
402.2(30.125)
vessel will therefore not be governed by these Category tp
18,100(1.00) − 0.6(402.2)
B and C butt joints. p 0.679 in.
The MDMT of the body flange and nozzle flange
0.125 in.
could have been further reduced using UCS-66(b)(1)(b).
(a) For the body flange, the ratio of MAWP over 0.804 in. See below for minimum
MAP at the MDMT is: required thickness of skirt portion
after forming to be specified.
(1) The governing thickness for the body flange
is 1 in. at the Category C butt joint. From Table UCS-
66, the unadjusted MDMT is 31°F for Curve B material. Required head thickness for adjusted MDMT determi-
nation:
(2) Ratio p 400/685 p 0.58.
(3) Per Fig. UCS-66.1, temperature reduction is 402.2(30.125)
42°F. tr p p 0.613 in.
20,000(1.00) − 0.6(402.2)
(4) Adjusted MDMT p 31 − 42 p −11°F.
(b) For the nozzle flange, the ratio of MAWP over Steps 2–5 (Dished Portion). The maximum general
MAP at the MDMT is: primary membrane tensile stress is the stress of interest
(1) The ASME B16.5 nozzle flange has an unad- [see General Note (2), Fig. UCS-66.2] and occurs in
justed MDMT of −20°F per UCS-66(c). the dished region of the formed head. The equivalent
(2) Ratio p 400/740 p 0.54. radius of spherical dish of a 2:1 ellipsoidal head can
(3) Per Fig. UCS-66.1, temperature reduction is be considered to be 90% of the inside diameter of the
50°F. head skirt [see UG-32(d)], which in this case is the
same as the inside diameter of the cylindrical shell.
(4) Adjusted MDMT p −20 − 50 p −70°F.
Therefore, we can conclude without further calculation
that the required thickness for general primary mem-
L-9.2.3 Category A Butt Joint in Formed Ellipsoi-
brane tensile stress in the dished portion of the formed
dal Head
head is less than that of the attached cylindrical shell,
Step 1
thus resulting in the adjusted MDMT of the dished
Allowable Stress, ksi portion of the formed head being colder than that of
At MDMT At 700°F the shell. (This considers the fact that both head and
shell are Curve B materials.) We accordingly can
Head material: SA-516 70 20.0 18.1
conclude without further calculation that the butt joints
Figure UCS-66 material classification: Curve B in the dished portion of the formed head will not
Joint efficiency p 1.00 [Category A butt joint in govern the MDMT of the vessel.
head plates is fully radiographed by head manufacturer If it is desired to determine the actual adjusted
per UW-11, and, by specification, the provisions of MDMT of the butt joint in the dished portion of the
559

head, the procedure used is the same as that for the Substituting in the above formula, we have:
butt joints in the shell, using the following thicknesses:
100(0.613)1.00
tn p + 0.125
100 − 16
PL 402.2(0.90 × 60.25)
tr p p p 0.855 in. Specify as min. required
2SE − 0.2P 2(20,000)(1.00) − 0.2(402.2)
thickness of head skirt after forming.
p 0.546 in.
The fact that the 0.855 in. minimum head skirt
thickness will be adequate for an MDMT of 2°F can
tn p 0.796 + no forming allowance p 0.796 in. be checked as follows:
[See General Note (1), Fig. UCS-66.2.] Step 3
c p 0.125 in. tr E* (0.613)(1.00)

p p 0.84
tn − c 0.855 − 0.125
Steps 2–5 (Head Skirt)
Step 2. By straight-line interpolation from Table Step 4
UCS-66, the unadjusted MDMT for governing thickness
of 0.804 in. is 18°F. (1 − Ratio)100 p (1 − 0.84)100 p 16°F
Step 3
Step 5
t E* (0.613)(1.00)
Ratio r p Ratio p 0.903
tn − c 0.804 − 0.125 Adjusted MDMT p 18 − 16 p 2°F.
Step 4 Specify 1.0 in. minimum thickness for head skirt.
(1 − Ratio)100 p (1 − 0.903)100 p 9°F L-9.2.4 Category A Butt Joint in NPS 10 Noz-

zle Neck
Step 5 Step 1
Adjusted MDMT p 18 − 9 p 9°F At MDMT At 700°F
Note that this is warmer Nozzle neck material: SA-53 Gr. B,
than the adjusted MDMT welded 14.6 13.3
determined for the shell.
In this case, the 0.804 in. thick head skirt would Joint efficiency, E p 1.00 {Note that, if the nozzle
control the MDMT of the entire vessel. Assuming it were larger than NPS 10, or if the nozzle neck thickness
is desired that the 2°F MDMT established by the shell exceeded 11⁄8 in., use of a 0.85 joint efficiency factor,
be maintained, the minimum head skirt thickness that over and above the factor already included in the
will result in a 2°F adjusted MDMT for the Category allowable stress for ERW welded pipe, would be neces-
A butt joint in the head skirt can be easily determined sary since the provisions of UW-11(a)(5)(b) have not
by the following formula: been specified for the intersecting Category C (circum-
ferential) butt joint [see UW-12(e)]. However, the ex-
NOTE: This formula applies only when DR is equal to or less than emption in UW-11(a)(5)(b) applies in view of the NPS
40°F; for DR greater than 40°F, tn can be determined by trial and
error, where DR p desired reduction in the full-stress MDMT
10 size, and the use of a joint efficiency of 1.00 as
determined in Step 2. shown is therefore applicable.}; E* p 1.00.
Required nozzle neck thickness
100tr E* PRo 402.2(5.375)

tn p + c (see Note above) tp
100 − DR SE + 0.4P
p
13,300(1.00) + 0.4(402.2)
tn, tr, E*, and c are as defined in Fig. UCS-66.2. p 0.161 in.
In this case, tr p 0.613 in., E* p 1.00, c p 0.125 0.125 in. c
in., and DR p 16°F (2°F desired; 18°F actual). 0.286 in.
560

Therefore, the least nominal pipe thickness acceptable As illustrated in Fig. L-9.3.1, this Category D joint
for pressure loading is 0.286 ⁄ 0.875 p 0.326 in. with a reinforcing pad is really comprised of three
subjoints that must be considered separately for MDMT
determination.
Specify t p 0.594 in. (Sch 80) to meet From the Fig. L-9.3.1 we note that the unadjusted
requirements of UG-45. MDMT of subjoints ① and ② is colder than the adjusted
MDMT determined in L-9.2.1 for the Category A butt
joints in the shell; therefore we can conclude, without
tn p 0.875 (0.594) p 0.520 in.
further calculation, that the subjoints ① and ② of the
as specified in General Note (1), Fig. UCS 66.2.
Category D nozzle joint will not govern the MDMT
of the vessel. See below for determination of adjusted
Step 2. From Table UCS-66, the unadjusted MDMT MDMT of subjoint ③.
for tn p 0.520 is −7°F (by straight-line interpolation). Steps 3–5, Subjoints ① and ②. The governing thick-
Since this unadjusted MDMT is colder than the adjusted ness for subjoints ① and ② as illustrated in Fig. L-
MDMT determined in L-9.2.1 for the Category A butt 9.3.1 is the same as that for the butt joint in the
joints in the shell, we can conclude without further nozzle neck as investigated in L-9.2.4, and therefore
calculation that the butt joints in the nozzle will not the evaluation of the adjusted MDMT of these two
govern the MDMT of the vessel. subjoints is as described therein.
Steps 3–5. If it is desired to determine the adjusted Steps 3–5, Subjoint ③. To determine the adjusted
MDMT of the Category A butt joint in the nozzle MDMT of subjoint ③, the maximum general primary
neck, the procedure to be used is the same as for the membrane tensile stress in the reinforcing pad may be
butt joints in the shell, except that the thicknesses conservatively assumed to be the same as that in the
employed shall be: shell after the corrosion allowance is deducted, thereby
permitting the same 29°F adjustment (See Step 4 in
L-9.2.1) in the full-stress MDMT of + 5°F. Therefore,
tr p
PRo
p
402.2(5.375) the adjusted MDMT of subjoint ③ is 5 − 29 or −24°F.
SE + 0.4P 14,600(1.00) + 0.4(402.2) This is colder than the MDMT determined in L-9.2.1
for the butt joints in the shell, and therefore will not
p 0.146 in. limit the MDMT that may be stamped on the vessel
nameplate.
tn p 0.594 × 0.875 p 0.520 in. L-9.3.2 Saddle Band-to-Shell Weld
[See General Note (1), Fig. UCS-66.2.] Step 1
c p 0.125 in. At MDMT At 700°F

Saddle band material: SA-516 70 20.0 18.1
Shell material: SA-516 70 20.0 18.1
01 L-9.3 Governing Thickness for Corner
Joints / Lap Welds Joint efficiency: NA
This band is judged by the designer to be essential
[See definition of governing thickness, UCS- to the structural integrity of the vessel [see UCS-66(a)].
66(a)(1)(b).] Governing thickness p 1 in.
Steps 2–5. The governing thickness and the associated
L-9.3.1 Category D Joint in Shell
31°F unadjusted MDMT for this joint are the same as
Step 1
Allowable Stress, ksi that determined in L-9.2.1 for the Category A butt
At MDMT At 700°F
joints in the shell. The adjusted MDMT for this joint
is likewise 2°F since the maximum general primary
Nozzle neck material: SA-53 Gr. B
Welded 14.6 13.3 membrane tensile stress in the saddle band may be
Reinforcing pad material: SA-516 70 20.0 18.1 conservatively assumed to be the same as that in the
Shell material: SA-516 70 20.0 18.1 shell after the corrosion allowance is deducted.
Figure UCS-66 material classification: Curve B L-9.3.3 Insulation Ring-to-Shell Corner Joint. The
Joint efficiency: NA insulation ring attachment is judged by the designer to
Step 2 not be essential to the structural integrity of the vessel,
561

FIG. L-9.3.1
and therefore this joint need not be evaluated for the Adjusted MDMT p 52 − 42 p 10°F
vessel MDMT determination. [See UCS-66(a).]
If the forging is produced to fine grain practice and

01 L-9.4 Governing Thickness for Nonwelded normalized the adjusted MDMT p 15 − 42 p −27°F.
Parts
L-9.4.2 Bolts and Nuts
[See definition of governing thickness, UCS-66(a)(3).] Bolt material: SA-193 B7
L-9.4.1 Flat Head Nut material: SA-194 2H
Step 1 Per General Note (e) to Fig. UCS-66, the MDMT
of the bolting without impact testing is −55°F, and the
MDMT of nonimpact tested nuts is −55°F. Therefore
At MDMT At 700°F these components will not govern the MDMT of the
Flat head material: SA-266 Class 2 20.0 17.2 vessel.
Joint efficiency: NA
L-9.5 Summary of Results and Commentary
Flat Head Rating per UG-34: 685 psig at MDMT
With reference to UCS-66(a)(3), it is noted that, in L-9.5.1 This example illustrates the use of the rules 01
this example, the governing thickness of the nonwelded in UCS-66 for determining the coldest MDMT of a
flat head is the flat component thickness divided by steel vessel without impact testing. A review of the
4, see Fig. UCS-66.3 sketch (c), tg1 p 6.06 ⁄4 p 1.52 in. evaluation results reveals that the warmest value for
Step 2. From Table UCS-66 the MDMT for tg1 p all governing thicknesses is 10°F, and therefore this is
1.52 in. is 52°F. If the forging was purchased to fine the coldest MDMT that may be stamped on the Code
grain practice and normalized, the Fig. UCS-66 material nameplate for the design as specified in the example.
classification would change to Curve C, per General At this point a decision should be made whether or
Note (c)(2), and the MDMT for this component would not a MDMT of 10°F is acceptable for the service
become 15°F. conditions, see UG-20(b). Let us assume that the flat
Step 3–5. The adjustment to MDMT may be made head forging was produced to the fine grain practice
for flat components using UCS-66(b)(1)(b). and normalized; the adjusted MDMT for the head
would become −27°F, and the Code stamped MDMT
would then become 2°F limited jointly by the 1 in.
Ratio p 400/685 p 0.58
thick shell sections and the formed head skirt of 0.855
in. minimum specified thickness, both of SA-516 70
Per Fig. UCS-66.1, temperature reduction is 42°F. (not normalized), Fig. UCS-66 material classification
562

Curve B. The fact that these sections limited the uncorroded nominal shell thickness of 1 in. so that
vessel MDMT was expected in light of the following tr p tn − c, the Step 3 Ratio (see Fig. UCS-66.2)
considerations. would become 0.85, resulting in a reduction in the
(a) A single Fig. UCS-66 curve represented all mate- full-stress MDMT of 15°F and an adjusted MDMT of
rials employed other than the bolts, nuts, and ANSI 31 − 15, or 16°F. Therefore the following statements
flanges which have a lower MDMT. can be made regarding the metal temperature during
(b) The governing thicknesses of these sections are the pressure test [see General Note (6), Fig. UCS-
the heaviest, resulting in the MDMT determined from 66.2]:
Fig. UCS-66 being the warmest. (a) Hydrostatic Test. The coldest recommended metal
(c) These sections are subjected to the highest general temperature during hydrostatic test: 16 + 30 p 46°F.
primary membrane tensile stress level of all of the [See UG-99(h).]
vessel components, so that the Fig. UCS-66.1 adjustment (b) Pneumatic Test. The coldest metal temperature
to the Fig. UCS-66 MDMT will be the least. permitted during pneumatic test: 16 + 30 p 46°F.
Such observations will significantly reduce the time [See UG-100(c).]
required to determine the adjusted MDMT of a vessel. L-9.6.3 During operation the vessel is to experience 01
01 L-9.5.2 An MDMT colder than illustrated would be an occasional temperature drop to −10°F with a corre-
possible by utilizing various provisions of additional sponding pressure drop to 300 psig. The Code stamped
rules in this Division which include the following: MDMT is 2°F at 400 psig. UCS-160(b) is used to
(a) use of normalized SA-516 70 plate for the shell, determine the adjusted MDMT of the vessel as follows:
formed head, reinforcing pad and saddle band so that
the Fig. UCS-66 material classification for these compo- 300
Ratio p p 0.75
nents would change from Curve B to Curve D (see 400
General Notes to Fig. UCS-66);
(b) PWHT of the vessel after all welding fabrication Per Fig. UCS-66.1 temperature reduction is 25°F.
has been completed [see UCS-68(c)]. Since all welded Adjusted MDMT p 2 − 25 p −23°F.
components are P-No. 1 materials, this would reduce It should be noted that pressure loading governs
the unadjusted MDMT’s by 30°F, so that the unadjusted general primary membrane tensile stress as stated in
MDMT for the 1 in. thick shell section would, for the design data in L-9.1. If other loadings govern,
example, be reduced from 31°F to 1°F. This, in turn, UCS-160(a) shall be used to determine the adjusted
would reduce the adjusted MDMT of this component MDMT of the vessel.
from 2°F to −28°F.
(c) selective use of impact tested materials [see UCS-
66(g)]; L-10 TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET WELDS 01
(d) judiciously selected combinations of the above.
L-10.1 Example of the Use of UW-20(c) for
Full Strength Welds
L-9.6 Coldest Metal Temperature During L-10.1.1 Given
UG-99 or UG-100 Pressure Test L-10.1.1(a) The tube-to-tubesheet joint shall meet
01 L-9.6.1 Assuming the pressure test will be based on the requirements for a full strength weld.
the 400 psi MAWP [versus a calculated test pressure L-10.1.1(b) The tube-to-tubesheet joint design temper-
per UG-99(c)], the following statements can be made ature is 600°F.
regarding the metal temperature during the pressure test: L-10.1.1(c) The tube material is titanium SB-338
(a) Hydrostatic Test. The coldest recommended metal Grade 3 (R50550) seamless. The tubes are 1.0 in.
temperature during hydrostatic test: 2 + 30 p 32°F. outside diameter and 0.065 in. thick.
[See L-9.2.1, Step 5 and UG-99(h).] L-10.1.1(d) The tubesheet material is titanium SB-
(b) Pneumatic Test. The coldest metal temperature 265 Grade 2 (R50400).
permitted during pneumatic test: 2 + 30 p 32°F. [See L-10.1.1(e) Data Summary
L-9.2.1, Step 5 and UG-100(c).] Sap 7400 psi from Table 1B of Section II, Part D
at 600°F
L-9.6.2 Assuming the test pressure will be calculated Stp 6500 psi from Table 1B of Section II, Part D
under the provisions of UG-99(c), and further assuming at 600°F
that the basis for the calculated test pressure is the Swp lesser of Sa or St p 6500 psi
563

dop 1.0 in. ar p 冪(0.75do)2 + 1.76t (do − t) fw fd − 0.75do

fdp 1.0 for full strength welds
p 冪[(0.75)(1.0)]2 + 1.76(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(1.14)(1.0)
fwp Sa /Sw p 1.14
− 0.75(1.0)
tp 0.065 in.
p 0.0772 in.
L-10.1.2 Solution for Fillet Welds Shown in Fig.
UW-20 Sketch (a) L-10.1.3(b) Determine the groove weld leg ag per
L-10.1.2(a) Using data from L-10.1.1 and the equation UW-20(e)(2)(a).
from UW-20(e)(1), calculate the minimum required
length of the fillet weld leg. af ≥ MAX(ar , t) p MAX(0.0772 , 0.065)
ar p 冪(0.75do)2 + 2.73t (do − t) fw fd − 0.75do Choose ag p 0.078 in.

p 冪[(0.75)(1.0)]2 + 2.73(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(1.14)(1.0) L-10.1.3(c) Determine the maximum allowable axial
load on the tube-to-tubesheet joint Lmax.
− 0.75(1.0)
L-10.1.3(c)(1) For pressure induced axial forces,
p 0.117 in.
use UW-20(c)(2)(a).
L-10.1.2(b) Determine the fillet weld leg af per UW- Lmax p Ft

20(e)(1)(a). p ␲ t(do − t)Sa
p 3.14(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400)
af ≥ MAX(ar , t) p MAX(0.117, 0.065) p 1410 lb
Choose af p 0.117 in. L-10.1.3(c)(2) For thermally-induced or pressure

L-10.1.2(c) Determine the maximum allowable axial plus thermally-induced axial forces, use UW-
load on the tube-to-tubesheet joint Lmax. 20(c)(2)(b).
L-10.1.2(c)(1) For pressure induced axial forces, (a) For a groove weld, the weld throat is ag p
use UW-20(c)(2)(a). 0.078.
(b) Since the weld throat is not less than t p
Lmax p Ft 0.065, calculate Lmax per UW-20(c)(2)(b)(2).
p ␲ t(do − t)Sa
p 3.14(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400) Lmax p 2Ft
p 1410 lb p 2␲ t(do − t)Sa
p 2(3.24)(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400)
L-10.1.2(c)(2) For thermally-induced or pressure p 2820 lb
plus thermally-induced axial forces, use UW-
20(c)(2)(b).
L-10.1.4 Solution for Combined Groove and Fillet
(a) For a fillet weld, the weld throat is 0.707af p Welds Shown in Fig. UW-20 Sketch (c) Where af
0.707(0.117) p 0.0827. Is Equal to ag
(b) Since the weld throat is not less than t p L-10.1.4(a) Using data from L-10.1.1 and the equation
0.065, calculate Lmax per UW-20(c)(2)(b)(2). from UW-20(e)(3), calculate the minimum required
length of the combined weld legs
Lmax p 2Ft
p
p
2␲ t(do − t)Sa
2(3.14)(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400)
ar p 2冤冪(0.75d ) + 1.07t (d − t) f f − 0.75d 冥
o
2
o wd o
p 2820 lb p 2冦冪[(0.75)(1.0)] + 1.07(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(1.14)(1.0)

2
− 0.75(1.0)冧
L-10.1.3 Solution for Groove Welds Shown in Fig.
UW-20 Sketch (b) p 0.0957 in.
L-10.1.3(a) Using data from L-10.1.1 and the equation
from UW-20(e)(2), calculate the minimum required L-10.1.4(b) Determine the combined weld leg ac per
length of the groove weld leg. UW-20(e)(3)(a).
564

ac ≥ MAX(ar , t) p MAX(0.0957, 0.065) L-10.1.5(d) Calculate ff.
Choose ac p 0.096 in. Fg 531

ff p 1 − p1− p 0.624
L-10.1.4(c) Calculate af and ag. fd Ft (1.0)(1410)
af p ac/2 p 0.048 in. L-10.1.5(e) Using data from L-10.1.1 and the equation
ag p ac/2 p 0.048 in. from UW-20(e)(4), calculate the minimum required
length of the fillet weld leg.
L-10.1.4(d) Determine the maximum allowable axial

load on the tube-to-tubesheet joint Lmax. ar p 冪(0.75do)2 + 2.73t(do − t)fw fd ff − 0.75do
L-10.1.4(d)(1) For pressure induced axial forces, p 兵[(0.75)(1.0)]2 + 2.73(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)
use UW-20(c)(2)(a). 1/
× (1.14)(1.0)(0.624)其
2
− 0.75(1.0)
Lmax p Ft p 0.0748 in.

p ␲ t(do − t)Sa
p 3.14(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400) L-10.1.5(f) Determine the combined weld leg ac per
p 1410 lb UW-20(e)(4)(a).
L-10.1.4(d)(2) For thermally-induced or pressure ac ≥ (ar + ag) p (0.0748 + 0.03) p 0.105 in.
20(c)(2)(b). Choose ac p 0.105 in.
(a) The fillet weld throat is 0.707af p L-10.1.5(g) Calculate af.
0.707(0.048) p 0.0339 and the groove weld throat is
ag p 0.048.
af p (ac − ag) p (0.105 − 0.03) p 0.075 in.
(b) Since the combined weld throat (0.0339 +
0.048 p 0.0819) is not less than t p 0.065, calculate
Lmax per UW-20(c)(2)(b)(2). L-10.1.5(h) Determine the maximum allowable axial
L-10.1.5(h)(1) For pressure induced axial forces,
Lmax p 2Ft use UW-20(c)(2)(a).
p 2␲ t(do − t)Sa
p 2(3.14)(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400)
Lmax p Ft
p 2820 lb
p ␲ t(do − t)Sa
p 3.14(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400)
p 1410 lb
L-10.1.5 Solution for Combined Groove and Fillet
Welds Shown in Fig. UW-20 Sketch (d) Where af
is Not Equal to ag L-10.1.5(h)(2) For thermally-induced or pressure
L-10.1.5(a) Choose ag p 0.03 in. plus thermally-induced axial forces, use UW-
L-10.1.5(b) Calculate Fg. 20(c)(2)(b).
(a) The fillet weld throat is 0.707af p
Fg p 0.85␲ag(do + 0.67ag)Sw
ag p 0.03.
p 0.85(3.14)(0.03)[1.0 + 0.67(0.03)](6500)
(b) Since the combined weld throat (0.053 +
p 531 lb
0.03 p 0.083) is not less than t p 0.065, calculate
Lmax per UW-20(c)(2)(b)(2).
L-10.1.5(c) Calculate Ft.
Lmax p 2Ft
Ft p ␲ t(do − t)Sa p 2␲ t(do − t)Sa
p 3.14(0.65)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400) p 2(3.14)(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400)
p 1410 lb p 2820 lb
565

L-10.2 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 L-10.2.3
L-10.2 Example of the Use of UW-20(d) for af ≥ ar p 0.0682 in.

Partial Strength Welds
L-10.2.1 Given Choose af p 0.0682 in.
L-10.2.1(a) The tube-to-tubesheet joint shall meet L-10.2.2(c) Determine the maximum allowable axial
the requirements for a partial strength weld. load on the tube-to-tubesheet joint Lmax.
L-10.2.1(b) The tube-to-tubesheet joint design temper- L-10.2.2(c)(1) Since there is no groove weld,
ature is 600°F. Fg p 0.
L-10.2.1(c) The tube material is titanium SB-338 L-10.2.3(c)(2) Calculate Ff.
Grade 3 (R50550) seamless. The tubes are 1.0 in.
outside diameter and 0.065 in. thick. Ff p 0.55␲af (do + 0.67af)Sw
L-10.2.1(d) The tubesheet material is titanium SB- p 0.55(3.14)(0.0682)[1.0 + 0.67(0.0682)](6500)
265 Grade 2 (R50400). p 801 lb
L-10.2.1(e) Data Summary
Sap 7400 psi from Table 1B of Section II, Part D L-10.2.2(c)(3) For pressure induced axial forces,
at 600°F use UW-20(d)(2)(a).
Stp 6500 psi from Table 1B of Section II, Part D
at 600°F Lmax p Ff + Fg p 801 + 0 p 801 lb
Swp lesser of Sa or St p 6500 psi
dop 1.0 in. L-10.2.2(c)(4) For thermally-induced or pressure
fdp 1.0 for full strength welds plus thermally-induced axial forces, use UW-
fwp Sa /Sw p 1.14 20(d)(2)(b).
t p 0.065 in. (a) For a fillet weld, the weld throat is 0.707af p
L-10.2.1(f) Choose Fd p 800 lb. 0.707(0.0682) p 0.0482.
L-10.2.1(g) Calculate Ft. (b) Since the weld throat is less than t p 0.065,
calculate Lmax per UW-20(d)(2)(b)(1).
Ft p ␲ t(do − t)Sa
p 3.14(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)(7400) Lmax p Ff + Fg p 801 + 0 p 801 lb
p 1410 lb
L-10.2.3 Solution for Groove Welds Shown in Fig.

L-10.2.1(h) Calculate fd. UW-20 Sketch (b)
Fd 800 from UW-20(e)(2), calculate the minimum required
fd p p p 0.567 length of the groove weld leg.
ft 1410
ar p 冪(0.75do)2 + 1.76t(do − t)fw fd − 0.75do

L-10.2.2 Solution for Fillet Welds Shown in Fig. p 兵[(0.75)(1.0)]2 + 1.76(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)
UW-20 Sketch (a) 1/
× (1.14)(0.567)其
2
L-10.2.2(a) Using data from L-10.2.1 and the equation − 0.75(1.0)
from UW-20(e)(1), calculate the minimum required p 0.0447 in.
length of the fillet weld leg.
L-10.2.3(b) Determine the groove weld leg ag per
ar p 冪(0.75do) + 2.73t(do − t)fw fd − 0.75do
2 UW-20(e)(2)(b).
p 兵[(0.75)(1.0)]2 + 2.73(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)
1/
ag ≥ ar p 0.0447 in.
× (1.14)(0.567)其
2
− 0.75(1.0)
Choose ag p 0.05 in.
p 0.0682 in.
L-10.2.3(c) Determine the maximum allowable axial
L-10.2.2(b) Determine the fillet weld leg af per UW- L-10.2.3(c)(1) Since there is no fillet weld, Ff p 0.
20(e)(1)(b). L-10.2.3(c)(2) Calculate Fg.
566

Fg p 0.85␲ag (do + 0.67ag)Sw p 320 lb

p 0.85(3.14)(0.05)[1.0 + 0.67(0.05)](6500)
p 896 lb L-10.2.4(d)(2) Calculate Fg.
L-10.2.3(c)(3) For pressure induced axial forces, Fg p 0.85␲ag (do + 0.67ag)Sw

use UW-20(d)(2)(a). p 0.85(3.14)(0.028)[1.0 + 0.67(0.028)](6500)
p 495 lb
Lmax p Ff + Fg p 0 + 896 p 896 lb
L-10.2.4(d)(3) For pressure induced axial forces,

L-10.2.3(c)(4) For thermally-induced or pressure
use UW-20(d)(2)(a).
20(d)(2)(b).
Lmax p Ff + Fg p 320 + 495 p 815 lb
(a) For a fillet weld, the weld throat is 0.707ag p
0.707(0.05) p 0.0354.
(b) Since the weld throat is less than t p 0.065, L-10.2.4(d)(4) For thermally-induced or pressure
calculate Lmax per UW-20(d)(2)(b)(1). plus thermally-induced axial forces, use UW-
20(d)(2)(b).
Lmax p Ff + Fg p 0 + 896 p 896 lb (a) The fillet weld throat is 0.707af p
ag p 0.028.
L-10.2.4 Solution for Combined Groove and Fillet (b) Since the combined weld throat (0.0198 +
Welds Shown in Fig. UW-20 Sketch (c) Where af 0.028 p 0.0478) is less than t p 0.065, calculate
Is Equal to ag Lmax per UW-20(d)(2)(b)(1).
from UW-20(e)(3), calculate the minimum required
Lmax p Ff + Fg p 320 + 495 p 815 lb
length of the combined weld legs.
ar p 2 冤冪(0.75d ) o
2
+ 1.07t(do − t)fw fd − 0.75do 冥 L-10.2.5 Solution for Combined Groove and Fillet
Welds Shown in Fig. UW-20 Sketch (d) Where af
冢
p 2 兵[(0.75)(1.0)]2 + 1.07(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065) Is Not Equal to ag
L-10.2.5(a) Choose ag p 0.03 in.
冣
1/
L-10.2.5(b) Calculate Fg.
× (1.14)(0.567)其
2
− 0.75(1.0)
p 0.0549 in. Fg p 0.85␲ag (do + 0.67ag)Sw

p 0.85(3.14)(0.03)[1.0 + 0.67(0.03)](6500)
L-10.2.4(b) Determine the combined weld leg ac per p 531 lb
UW-20(e)(3)(b).
L-10.2.5(c) Calculate ff.
ac ≥ ar p 0.0549 in.
Fg 531
Choose ac p 0.056 in. ff p 1 − p1− p 0.336
fd Ft (0.567)(1410)
L-10.2.4(c) Calculate af and ag.
L-10.2.5(d) Using data from L-10.2.1 and the equation
af p ac/2 p 0.028 in. from UW-20(e)(4), calculate the minimum required
ag p ac/2 p 0.028 in. length of the fillet weld leg.
L-10.2.4(d) Determine the maximum allowable axial

ar p 冪(0.75do)2 + 2.73t(do − t)fw fdff − 0.75do
L-10.2.4(d)(1) Calculate Ff. p 兵[(0.75)(1.0)]2 + 2.73(0.065)(1.0 − 0.065)
1/
× (1.14)(0.567)(0.336)其
2
− 0.75(1.0)
Ff p 0.55␲af (do + 0.67af)Sw
p 0.55(3.14)(0.028)[1.0 + 0.67(0.028)](6500) p 0.0236 in.
567

L-10.2.5(e) Determine the combined weld leg ac per Fg p 0.85␲ag (do + 0.67ag)Sw
UW-20(e)(4)(b). p 0.85(3.14)(0.03)[1.0 + 0.67(0.03)](6500)
p 531 lb
ac ≥ ar + ag p 0.0236 + 0.03 p 0.0536 in.
L-10.2.5(g)(3) For pressure induced axial forces,
Choose ac p 0.0536 in. use UW-20(d)(2)(a).
L-10.2.5(f) Calculate af.
Lmax p Ff + Fg p 269 + 531 p 800 lb
af p ac − ag p 0.0536 − 0.03 p 0.0236 in.

L-10.2.5(g)(4) For thermally-induced or pressure
L-10.2.5(g) Determine the maximum allowable axial 20(d)(2)(b).
load on the tube-to-tubesheet joint Lmax. (a) The fillet weld throat is 0.707af p
L-10.2.5(g)(1) Calculate Ff. 0.707(0.0236) p 0.0167 and the groove weld throat
is ag p 0.03.
Ff p 0.55␲af (do + 0.67af)Sw (b) Since the combined weld throat (0.0167 +
p 0.55(3.14)(0.0236)[1.0 + 0.67(0.0236)](6500) 0.03 p 0.0467) is less than t p 0.065, calculate Lmax
p 269 lb per UW-20(d)(2)(b)(1).
L-10.2.5(g)(2) Calculate Fg. Lmax p Ff + Fg p 269 + 531 p 800 lb
568


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APPENDIX L

EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION

VESSELS UNDER INTERNAL L-1.4 Flow Charts

L-1.3 Application of Joint Efficiency Factors L-1.5 Examples

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

FIG. L-1.4-2 JOINT EFFICIENCY AND WELD JOINT TYPE — HEADS

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

FIG. L-1.5-1 CONFIGURATION OF EXAMPLE VESSELS

L-1.5.1(b) Shell, Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2), PR 500(11.75)

L-1.5.1(e) Sump (Seamless Pipe) Circumferential

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Licensed by Information Handling Services

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Thickness Required / Joint Efficiency

Vessel Part Tr/E Tr/E Tr/E Tr/E Tr/E Tr/E

Elliptical head 0.385/1.0 0.385/1.0 0.453/0.85 0.385/1.0 0.385/1.0 0.385.1.0

Hemispherical head 0.196/1.0 0.196/1.0 0.281/0.7 0.196/1.0 0.196/1.0 0.231/0.85

Sump shell Circumferential 0.204/1.0 0.241/0.85 0.241/0.85 0.204/1.0 0.204/1.0 0.204/1.0

Sump torispherical head 0.290/1.0 0.341/0.85 0.341/0.85 0.290/1.0 0.290/1.0 0.290/1.0

PLM 500(12.125)(1.44) L-1.5.2(e) Sump Seamless Pipe Circumferential

L-1.5.2(b) Shell, Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2),

PR 500(11.437) PLM 500(12.125)(1.44)

p 0.236 in. p 0.344 in.

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

L-1.5.3 Given. Vessel for general service with visual E p 0.85

L-1.5.3(e) Sump Seamless Pipe Circumferential

p 0.459 in. E p 0.85 [UW-12(d)]

L-1.5.3(b) Shell, Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2),

p 0.290 in. E p 0.65

L-1.5.3(c) Ellipsoidal Head, UG-32(d), Seamless

L-1.5.3(g) Sump Torispherical Head, 1-4(d), Seam-

L-1.5.3(d) Hemispherical Head, UG-32(f ), on a Type

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

L-1.5.4(b) Shell, Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2),

L-1.5.5 Given. Vessel for general service with the

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

L-1.5.5(c) Ellipsoidal Head, UG-32(d), Seamless

PD 500(23.0) L-1.5.6 Given. Vessel for general service with spot

L-1.5.5(f) Sump Longitudinal Stress, UG-27(c)(2), on

L-1.5.5(g) Sump Torispherical Head, 1-4(d), Seam- p 0.385 in.

L-1.5.6(d) Hemispherical Head, UG-32(f), on a Type

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

PR M W + Wc L-2.2 Example of the Use of UG-27(c) for

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

This is greater than actual thickness so we must

p 0.162 + 0.202 p 0.364 in.

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p 0.29795 (0.79043) p 0.236 in.

Area required in reinforcement ring from Eq. (1):

Use tc p 0.438 in. Thus, additional area of reinforcement shall be 4.54

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Using Formula (5) in 1-4(e):

and from Table 1-4.2, M p 1.34. Using Formula (3) L 39

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

0.125 0.125 DL p D + 2ts p 200 + 2(1.25) p 202.5 in.

Ds p D + 2ts p 50 + 2(0.375) p 50.75 in.

L-3.3 Cone-to-Cylinder Juncture Under

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

L-3.3.2(a) At Large Cylinder-to-Cone Juncture. As- AeL p 0.55冪 DL ts (ts + tc /cos ␣)

冢冣 combined weld load p (6002 + 2332)