An American National Standard
Designation: D 1318 – 00 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Sodium in Residual Fuel Oil (Flame Photometric Method)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1318; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sodium in
residual fuel oil by means of a flame photometer. Its precision
in low ranges limits its application to samples containing more
than 15 mg/kg sodium. Other elements commonly found in
residual fuel oil do not interfere.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see 6.3,
6.5, 6.7, 8.2, and Note 3.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 A weighed sample is reduced to a carbonaceous ash
under controlled conditions. The residual carbon is removed by
heating in a muffle furnace at 550°C. The ash is dissolved,
diluted to volume, and the sodium determined by means of a
flame photometer.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Excessive amounts of sodium can indicate the presence
of materials that cause high wear of burner pumps and valves,
and contribute to deposits of boiler heating surfaces.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.03 on Elemental Analysis.
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
approved in 1954. Discontinued August 1992. Reinstated in 2000 as D 1318 – 00.
Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 1318 – 00.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
5. Apparatus
5.1 Flame Photometer, capable of isolating the sodium
doublet at 589 nm and stable enough to give repeatable
measurements that do not vary more than 5 % of their mean in
the 2 to 20 mg/kg range of sodium.
5.2 Platinum Dish, 100-mL capacity, approximately 35 mm
in depth.
5.3 Electric Muffle Furnace, capable of operating over a
variable range from 200 to 600°C and of maintaining a
temperature of 550 6 50°C.
6. Reagents and Materials
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,
where such specifications are available.3 Other grades can be
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
accuracy of the determination.
6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
by Type II or III of Specification D 1193.
6.3 Hydrochloric Acid (sp gr 1.19)—Concentrated hydro-
chloric acid (HCl). (Warning—Poison. Causes severe burns.
Harmful or fatal if swallowed or inhaled.)
6.4 Hydrochloric Acid (1+9)—Mix 1 volume of HCl (sp gr
1.19) with 9 volumes of water.
6.5 Hydrofluoric Acid (48 %)—Concentrated hydrofluoric
acid (HF). (Warning—Poison. Causes severe burns. Harmful
or fatal if swallowed or inhaled.)
6.6 Sodium Solution, Standard (1000 mg Na/L)—Dissolve
3.088 6 0.005 g of dried sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in water and
dilute to 1 L in a volumetric flask. Store in a polyethylene
bottle.
6.7 Sulfuric Acid (1+1)—Carefully add, while stirring, 1
volume of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84) to 1
3
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD.
 D 1318 – 00 (2005)
volume of water. (Warning—Poison. Causes severe burns.
Harmful or fatal if swallowed or inhaled.)
7. Sampling
7.1 Sampling shall be done in accordance with Practices
D 4057 or Test Method D 4177.
7.2 Use a clear, clean glass pint bottle, previously rinsed
twice with HCl (1+9) and once with water and allowed to dry,
for sampling the bulk material or plant streams. Obtain a
representative sample but do not fill the bottle more than about
two-thirds full. Warm viscous samples until they can be mixed
readily. Stir up any material that has settled out and shake the
sample for 3 min just prior to weighing it out.
7.3 Optimum sample size for most instruments is that which
contains from 0.5 to 1.0 mg of sodium. Estimate the sample
size as follows (see Note 1):
Sample size, g 5 750/estimated sodium content, mg/kg (1)
NOTE 1—An estimate of the maximum amount of sodium in a sample
can be obtained from its ash value. For example, an ash of 0.01 % would
undoubtedly have less than 0.005 % sodium (50 ppm). If there is no
estimate as to the probable sodium range in a sample, it is more expedient
to weigh out a large amount, for example 60 g, because the test method
provides for dilution of sample solutions that are more concentrated than
the standards.
8. Calibration
8.1 Dilute the sodium solution (1000 mg Na/L) so as to
obtain solutions containing 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, and 20
mg/L (approximately equivalent to mg/kg). Store all dilute
sodium solutions in polyethylene bottles.
8.2 Prepare the flame photometer for use as described in the
manufacturer’s instruction manual. Carefully adjust the pres-
sure of the gases (Warning—Dangerous.) used for flame
combustion in the order described by the manufacturer until
optimum control is achieved. Select a standard approximately
in the middle of the optimum range of the instrument being
used. While atomizing this medium-range standard, adjust the
wavelength selector to the greatest response for the sodium
doublet at about 589 nm and adjust all controls of the
instrument to optimum performance. Finally, adjust the sensi-
tivity control to give a proper scale reading.
8.3 Atomize each of the standard solutions and record the
scale response for each. Run repeat checks on the medium-
range standard selected in 6.2 after each of these standards to
determine whether the flame photometer is functioning prop-
erly. Make the indicated adjustments, if required, and rerun the
standards.
8.4 Prepare a working curve by plotting the milligrams of
sodium per litre against the scale readings.
9. Procedure
9.1 Preparation of Sample:
9.1.1 Weigh into a thoroughly clean, dry 100-mL platinum
dish the appropriate size sample (7.3) with an accuracy of at
least 1 part per 100 parts of sample (Note 2). Samples larger
than 75 g require a second filling of the platinum dish; for such
samples, obtain the sample weight from the difference between
the initial and final weights of the sample bottle. Place the
platinum dish containing the fuel oil on a silica triangle
2
properly supported, and heat with a bunsen burner until the
contents ignite and burn readily (Note 3). Continue heating
with the burner in such a manner that the sample burns at a
uniform and moderate rate and only ash and carbon remain
after burning ceases. For samples larger than 75 g, cool the dish
and fill it approximately two-thirds full with additional well-
shaken sample, and burn as above.
NOTE 2—Handle the platinum dish only with platinum-tip tongs and do
not touch it with the fingers during the test. Carefully dust the bottom of
the dish with a clean camel-hair brush before each weighing.
NOTE 3—If sample contains an appreciable amount of water, as
indicated by spattering when heated, add a few millilitres of ethyl-alcohol
(95 %) (Warning—Flammable) or isopropyl alcohol (99 %) (Warning—
Flammable) before heating. Include the alcohol in the blank determina-
tion.
9.1.2 Place the dish in a muffle furnace at no more than
200°C (Note 3). Slowly raise the temperature to 550 6 50°C.
Leave the muffle door slightly ajar until only a little carbon
remains in the dish; then close the door and continue the
ignition until no carbon is visible.
NOTE 4—The platinum dishes should be placed on silica plates or silica
triangles on the floor of the muffle furnace. Particular care must be
exercised to avoid contamination of the sample with particles from the
roof, walls, and the door of the furnace. During the initial ignition, the
opening of the muffle door must be carefully adjusted so that the air flow
into the muffle is not excessive. Too great an air flow causes high
temperatures in the burning carbon and also possible loss of ash from the
dish.
9.1.3 Cool the dish to room temperature, add 1 mL of
H2SO4 (1+1) and about 1 mL of HF to the platinum dish (Note
5), evaporate to dryness under a hood, and replace the dish in
the muffle furnace at 550 6 50°C for 15 min.
NOTE 5—Unless the silica is removed, low values will result from the
occlusion of sodium in the insoluble residue.
9.1.4 Cool the platinum dish, wash down its sides with
about 10 mL of water and, by means of a dropper, add 2 drops
of H2SO4 (1+1). Heat the dish on a steam bath, to effect the
solution of the sodium salts, until approximately 1 mL of liquid
remains. Remove from the steam bath, add 5 to 10 mL of water,
and filter the solution through an acid-washed filter paper or an
acid-washed, sintered-glass filter into a 100-mL volumetric
flask. Wash the dish and filter with water, collecting the wash
water in the volumetric flask. Dilute to 100 mL with water and
mix. If the ashed sample is known to contain less than 0.5 mg
of sodium, make a proportionately smaller dilution to obtain 5
to 10 mg of sodium per litre in the final solution.
9.2 Photometric Measurement:
9.2.1 Put the flame photometer into operation, using the
identical burner and instrument settings that were determined
during calibration in accordance with 8.2. Vaporize the
medium-range standard solution (8.2) and adjust the sensitivity
control to give the same scale reading that was obtained when
the calibration curve was prepared.
9.2.2 Atomize a portion of the sample solution prepared in
9.1.4 in the flame photometer. If it is in the optimum range for
the instrument in use, proceed as directed in 9.2.3. If it is too
concentrated, place a few millilitres in a graduated cylinder,
 D 1318 – 00 (2005)
dilute to a known volume with water, and atomize. If neces- W = weight of sample used, g,
sary, repeat this operation to determine the correct dilution. 10.2 Report the results to the nearest 1 mg/kg.
When this is established, make the proper accurate dilution by
pipetting an aliquot from the original 100-mL volumetric flask 11. Precision and Bias
into another volumetric flask and dilute to the mark with water. 11.1 Precision—The following criteria should be used for
9.2.3 Atomize the properly diluted sample solution, record judging the acceptability of results (95 % confidence):
the scale reading, and obtain the sodium concentration in 11.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
milligrams per litre by reference to the standard curve prepared test results, obtained by the same operator with the same
in 8.4. Also atomize standards just lower and higher than the apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
unknown to check the validity of the calibration curve. material, would, in the long run in the normal and correct
9.2.4 Perform a blank determination on all of the reagents, operation of the test method, exceed the following values only
including the water, in accordance with the procedure just in one case in twenty:
described. Sodium, mg/kg Repeatability, mg/kg
15 to 40 4
40 to 85 6
10. Calculation and Report
10.1 Calculate the sodium concentration, in parts per mil- 11.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
lion as follows: and independent results, obtained by different operators work-
ing in different laboratories on identical test material, would, in
Sodium, mg in sample 5 [~A 2 B! 3 CE]/1000D (2)
the long run in the normal and correct operation of the test
Sodium, mg/kg 5 ~mg of sodium 3 1000!/W method, exceed the following values only in one case in
twenty:
where:
Sodium, ppm Reproducibility, ppm
A = sodium concentration of the sample solution, mg/L, 15 to 25 9
B = sodium concentration in the reagent blank, mg/L, 25 to 50 15
C = volume to which ashed sample was originally diluted, 50 to 90 23
mL, 11.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
D = volume of aliquot taken from original dilution, mL suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in this test
E = volume to which aliquot D was diluted, mL and
method, no statement on bias is being made.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).