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Distillability sudden death in two-qutrit systems with external magnetic field and

Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction due to decoherence

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 November 2014
EPL, 108 (2014) 47002 www.epljournal.org
doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/108/47002

Distillability sudden death in two-qutrit systems with external

magnetic field and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction due
to decoherence
You-neng Guo, Mao-fa Fang(a) , Shi-yang Zhang and Xiang Liu
Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education,
and Department of Physics, Hunan Normal University - Changsha 410081, PRC

received 19 July 2014; accepted in final form 23 October 2014

published online 17 November 2014
PACS 73.63.Nm – Quantum wires
PACS 03.65.Ud – Entanglement and quantum nonlocality (e.g. EPR paradox, Bell’s inequalities,
GHZ states, etc.)

Abstract – Recently, Mazhar Ali (Phys. Rev. A, 81 (2010) 042303 and J. Phys. B, 43 (2010)
045504) showed the phenomenon of distillability sudden death (DSD) in qutrit-qutrit systems
under amplitude damping. In this paper, the phenomenon of distillability sudden death in two-
qutrit systems which are in the presence of the external magnetic field and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya
(DM) interaction under decoherence has been investigated. With the help of the realignment
criterion, we show that certain initial prepared free entangled states may become bound entangled
states in a finite time. Moreover, the effects of the external magnetic field strength and the DM
interaction parameter, as well as the intrinsic decoherence parameter on the possibility of DSD in
our model have been studied in detail.

Copyright 
c EPLA, 2014

Introduction. – Quantum entanglement not only
plays a basic role in quantum theory, but also is a key
resource in quantum communication and quantum infor-
mation processing [1–4]. However, on the one hand, due
to the quantum systems unavoidably interacting with its
environments, this leads to quantum decoherence which
will degrade the entanglement of systems. Hence, study-
ing the entanglement properties under the influence of the
decoherence becomes important and necessary. Initially,
the phenomenon of finite time disentanglement, also was
named entanglement sudden death (ESD) which was pro-
posed by Yu and Eberly [5,6] had been proven to occur in
a quantum optics experiment.
On the other hand, as is well known, there is no sim-
ple necessary and sufficient condition of entanglement
characterization except for entangled pure states. Bipar-
tite entanglement of systems in lower dimensional Hilbert
space, e.g. 2 × 2 and 2 × 3, can be characterized by
the Peres Horodecki separability criterion [7,8] which im-
plies, if a quantum state of qubit-qubit and qubit-qutrit
systems has a positive partial transpose (PPT), then it
is a separable state, otherwise it is a inseparable state.
However, for higher dimensional bipartite systems, this
(a) E-mail: mffang@hunnu.edu.cn (corresponding author)
criterion is in vain, there can exist entangled states that
are positive after this operation, but such states are not
distillable [9]. Recently, a transformation in the type
of its entanglement from bound (free) to free (bound)
has been demonstrated [10–12]. In the bipartite systems
case, both unitary and nonunitary evolution of bound
entangled states may give rise to the birth of free en-
tanglement [13,14]. In particular, under certain type of
environment interaction, certain free entangled states may
be converted into bound entangled states in a finite time.
For qutrit-qutrit systems, analogous to the definition of
ESD, if an initial free entangled state becomes nondistill-
able in a finite time under the influence of local decoher-
ence, then we say that it undergoes distillability sudden
death (DSD) [15]. This discovery has attracted so many
interests. Very recently, free entangled states may be con-
verted into bound entangled states in the presence of either
multilocal decoherence [16] or combination of collective
and local dephasing processes [17] have been investigated.
In the present paper, we have studied this phenomenon
of DSD for certain qutrit-qutrit systems which are in the
presence of the external magnetic field and Dzyaloshinskii-
Moriya (DM) interaction under decoherence, where the
two qutrits are initially prepared in a specific family
of entanglement states. Compared to previous work in

47002-p1
You-neng Guo et al.

⎛ ⎞
2B0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 B0 + b 0 iD 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 2b 0 iD 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −iD 0 B0 − b 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
H=⎜
⎜ 0 0 −iD 0 0 0 iD 0 0 ⎟.
⎟ (4)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 b − B0 0 iD 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 −iD 0 −2b 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 0 0 0 −iD 0 −b − B0 0 ⎠
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −2B0

refs. [15–17] where the phenomenons of DSD for certain isotropic term and remain only DM interaction. In this pa-
qutrit-qutrit systems under amplitude damping, we focus per, we only consider two qutrits A and B in the presence
here on certain initial prepared free entangled states be- of an inhomogeneous magnetic field and DM interaction
come bound entangled in a finite time with the exter- between qutrits A and B, choosing DM interaction vector
nal magnetic field and DM interaction under decoherence. D = Dz, and the magnetic fields are assumed to be along
The DM interaction which is arisen from spin-orbit cou- the z-direction. The Hamiltonian can be expressed as
pling [18], plays the role to quantum entanglement dynam- x y y x
ics [19–21]. Besides, possessing external magnetic field B0 ,
z
H = (B0 + b)ŜA + (B0 − b)ŜB
z
+ D(ŜA ŜB − ŜA ŜB ). (2)
a parameter b which controls the inhomogeneity of B0 , and
Here Ŝi = (S x , S y , S z ), i = A, B denotes the spin-1
the bilinear interaction between qubits effect on the bipar-
operators
tite entanglement dynamics in isotropic Heisenberg spin
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
chains have been formulated and studied in detail [22,23]. 0 1 0 0 −i 0
Here, the effects of the external magnetic field strength 1 ⎜ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎟
S = √ ⎝ 1 0 1 ⎠,
x
S = √ ⎝i 0
y
−i ⎠ ,
and the DM interaction parameter, as well as the intrinsic 2 2
decoherence parameter, on the possibility of DSD in our 0 1 0 0 i 0
model also have been discussed in detail. ⎛ ⎞
The paper is organized as follows. In the second section, 1 0 0
z ⎜ ⎟
we illustrate the physical model of two-qutrit systems un- S = ⎝0 0 0 ⎠. (3)
der the intrinsic decoherence and give the basic equation of 0 0 −1
motion along with its solution. We briefly discuss the idea
of DSD and demonstrate the possibility of DSD in two- Denoting |0, |1 and |2 as the ground, first excited and
qutrit systems with external magnetic field and DM inter- second excited state of a qutrit, respectively. We choose
action under decoherence in the third section. Finally, we the basis {|00, |01, |02, |10, |11, |12, |20, |21, |22}.
give the conclusion in the fourth section. The Hamiltonian eq. (2) has the following matrix form:
Dynamics of two-qutrit systems under decoher- see eq. (4) above
ence. – We consider our system composed of two Heisen-
berg qutrits A and B in the presence of an inhomogeneous According to the Milburn’s decoherence model, the mas-
magnetic field and DM interaction. The Hamiltonian of ter equation (h̄ = 1) describing the dynamics of two-qutrit
the system is given as (h̄ = 1) [24] systems with external magnetic field and DM interaction
under the Markovian approximation is [24,25]
H = J ŜA · ŜB + (B0 + b)ŜA + (B0 − b)ŜB
d γ
+D  · (ŜA × ŜB ), (1) ρ(t) = −i[H, ρ(t)] − [H, [H, ρ(t)]] , (5)
dt 2
where the coupling coefficients J is the isotropic bilinear where γ is the intrinsic decoherence parameter. For the
spin-spin interaction between two Heisenberg qutrits, B0 model studied here, it is possible to solve the dynamics
is the external magnetic field, the inhomogeneity of B0 of the total closed system exactly. The formal solution of
which is controlled by the parameter b, D  = Dk is the Milburn equation can be written as
DM vector, D is the strength of the DM interaction which ∞
 (γt)k
is arisen from spin-orbit coupling. When two isotropic ρ(t) = Uk (t)ρ(0)Uk† (t), (6)
Heiseberg qutrits are prepared in high excited states with k!
k=0
the JJ coupling, the isotropic bilinear spin-spin interac-
with Uk (t) = H k e−iHt e−(γt/2)H and ρ(0) being the initial
2
tion between two Heisenberg qutrits is weaker enough than
the spin-orbit coupling, then it is reasonable to neglect state of the system. Further calculations allow us to obtain

47002-p2
 Distillability sudden death in two-qutrit systems with external magnetic field etc.
Fig. 1: (Color online) The negative eigenvalues λ of the partial
transpose of the time-evolved density matrix ρ(t) is plotted as
a function of t and α for other parameters B0 = 1, b = 1,
D = 1 and γ = 1.
the time evolution of the density matrix

glement or separability until some other measures or steps
−γt
ρ(t) = exp (Em − En )2 − i(Em − En )t
2
mn
× ψm |ρ(0)|ψn |ψm ψn |, (7)
where En and ψn are the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of
H, respectively, given in the appendix.
Distillability entanglement. – In this paper, we con-
sider a particular initial state given as
2 α 5−α
ρα (0) = |ψ+ ψ+ | + σ+ + σ− , (8)
7 7 7 4 < α ≤ 5, by numerical results, the partial transpose of
where 2 ≤ α ≤ 5. In eq. (8) the maximally entan-
gled state |ψ+  = √13 (|01 + |10 + |22) is mixed with
separable state σ+ = 13 |0000| + |1212| + |2121| and
σ− = 13 |1111| + |2020| + |0202|. It was shown [26]
that ρα (0) is separable for 2 ≤ α ≤ 3, bound entangled
for 3 < α ≤ 4, and free entangled for 4 < α ≤ 5.
First of all, we review the realignment criterion [27]
which can detect certain bound entangled states as well
as the quantification of entanglement for qutrit-qutrit sys-
tems. The realignment criterion for a given density matrix
ρ is defined as
RC = ||ρR || − 1, (9)
where ρRij,kl = ρik,jl . For a separable state ρ, the realign-
ment criterion implies that RC ≤ 0. For a PPT state, the
positive value of the quantity RC can prove the bound
entangled state.
In order to determine the time evolution of entangle-
ment for qutrit-qutrit systems, we adopt negativity to
measure the entanglement, its definition is given as [28]
N (ρ) = ||ρT || − 1, (10)
where T represents the partial transpose of ρ, and ||.||
takes its trace norm ρT . It has a non-negative value of
this measure, if a given state is a negative partial trans-
pose (NPT) then it is an entangled state. For a PPT state
47002-p3
0.20 4.3
ΡR 1
0.15
0.10
0.05 N Ρ
0.00
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
t
Fig. 2: (Color online) The negativity N (ρ) and the realignment
criterion ||ρR || − 1 are plotted against t for α = 4.3, B0 = 1,
b = 1, D = 1 and γ = 1.
which has zero negativity, we cannot conclude its entan-
reveal its status. Note that the realignment criterion also
cannot detect all bound entangled states. Once the neg-
ativity becomes zero, we can study the time evolution of
a realignment criterion to detect the possibility of bound
entangled states. In this paper, we adopt the realignment
criterion to investigate the possibility of DSD in the pres-
ence of the external magnetic field and DM interaction
due to decoherence.
Now let us investigate that the time-evolved density ma-
trix ρα (0) does undergo DSD. Taking these states with
time-evolved density matrix ρ(t) given in eq. (A.10) can
have three possible negative eigenvalues λ = λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤
λ3 . In fig. 1, we plot λ as a function of t and α with
external magnetic field parameter B0 = 1, b = 1, DM in-
teraction parameter D = 1 and the intrinsic decoherence
parameter γ = 1. We can see that the eigenvalues of par-
tial transposition of the states ρ(t) will always arrive at
a positive value in a finite time. It is worth pointing out
that, our results are in agreement with the outcomes of
previous works [15–17]. In fig. 2, we plot the negativity
and realignment criterion against the time t and a spe-
cific choice of the single parameter α = 4.3, with external
magnetic field parameter B0 = 1, b = 1, DM interaction
parameter D = 1 and the intrinsic decoherence param-
eter γ = 1. It clearly shows that for two-qutrit systems
with external magnetic field and DM interaction under de-
coherence, an initial free entangled state becomes bound
entangled at a time t ≈ 0.0494. The entanglement of the
PPT state is verified by the positive value of ||ρR || − 1
in the range 0.0494 ≤ t ≤ 0.107. However, this realign-
ment criterion fails to detect the possible entanglement
after time t ≈ 0.107. Hence, we have demonstrated that
free entangled states exhibit DSD for two-qutrit systems
with external magnetic field and DM interaction under
decoherence.
In fig. 3, we show the time evolution of the negativ-
ity and realignment criterion for an initial quantum state
You-neng Guo et al.
0.30
4.8
0.25
Ρ R
1
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
N Ρ
0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
t
Fig. 3: (Color online) The negativity N (ρ) and the realignment
criterion ||ρR || − 1 are plotted against t for α = 4.8, B0 = 1,
b = 1, D = 1 and γ = 1.
Fig. 4: (Color online) The realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 is
plotted against t and α for other parameters B0 = 1, b = 1,
D = 1 and γ = 1.
ρα (0) with α = 4.8, external magnetic field parameter
B0 = 1, b = 1, DM interaction parameter D = 1 and the
intrinsic decoherence parameter γ = 1. Clearly, the nega-
tivity becomes zero at t ≈ 0.50, and the ||ρR || − 1 becomes
zero at t ≈ 0.188. As mentioned above, the realignment
criterion also fails to detect the entangled states after time
t ≈ 0.188. In order to understand the initial state α ef-
fects on the possibility of DSD, we shows the sensitivity of
the realignment criterion on the parameter α (see fig. 4).
For this particular case α = 4.8 in fig. 3, we can see that
although the initial NPT states (free entangled) become
PPT after a finite time, we can not conclude their separa-
bility or entanglement immediately. Whatever, we show
the PPT states might be entangled suffering DSD followed
by ESD for two-qutrit systems with external magnetic field
and DM interaction under decoherence.
Following, we will investigate the influence of some other
parameters on the possibility of DSD. First, the influence
of the external magnetic field on the possibility of DSD
is shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6. Figure 5 presents the time
dependence of the realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 for dif-
ferent magnetic field parameters B0 with α = 4.2, b = 1,
D = 1 and γ = 1, and fig. 6 shows the time dependence
of the realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 for different param-
eters b which is controlled magnetic field B0 = 1 and the
47002-p4
Fig. 5: (Color online) The realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 is
plotted against t for different magnetic field parameters B0 .
The other parameters are α = 4.2, b = 1, D = 1 and γ = 1.
Fig. 6: (Color online) The realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 is
plotted against t for different parameters b. The other param-
eters are α = 4.2, B0 = 1, D = 1 and γ = 1.
other parameters are same as in fig. 5. It can be seen
that, the stronger the external magnetic field B0 , and the
larger the parameter b which controls the inhomogeneity
of B0 , the quicker the initial NPT states may become PPT
states after a finite time. This indicates the PPT states
might be entangled suffering DSD for two-qutrit systems
with external magnetic field and DM interaction under
decoherence.
Next, we will consider the DM interaction effect on the
possibility of DSD. In fig. 7, we plot the time evolution of
the realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 for an initial quantum
state ρα (0) for different D with α = 4.2, B0 = 1, b = 1
and γ = 1. It is observed that, the stronger the DM in-
teraction, the quicker the initial NPT states may become
PPT states after a finite time. This indicates the PPT
states might be entangled suffering DSD for two-qutrit
systems with external magnetic field and DM interaction
under decoherence. In fig. 8, we plot the time evolution of
the realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 for an initial quantum
state ρα (0) for different decoherence parameters γ with
α = 4.2, B0 = 1, b = 1 and D = 1. It is clear that, increas-
ing the intrinsic decoherence parameter can accelerate the
initial NPT states to be PPT states after a finite time.
This indicates the PPT states might be entangled suffer-
ing DSD for two-qutrit systems with external magnetic
 Distillability sudden death in two-qutrit systems with external magnetic field etc.

initial NPT states become PPT after a finite time, they

undergo DSD. Secondly, controlling parameters of the ex-
ternal magnetic field, DM interaction and the intrinsic de-
coherence, can lead to the initial NPT states to be PPT
more quickly, this phenomenon of DSD may occur.

∗∗∗

We would like to thank Jiang Huang for inter-

esting discussions. This work is supported by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant
Nos. 11374096 and 11074072) and Hunan Provincial In-
Fig. 7: (Color online) The realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 is novation Foundation for Postgraduate (CX2014B194).
plotted against t for different DM parameters D. The other
parameters are α = 4.2, B0 = 1, b = 1 and γ = 1. Appendix
In this appendix, we give the explicit forms of the time-
evolved state of two qutirts. First we calculate the eigen-
values and eigenvectors of H given in eq. (4):
E1 = 0:
D i2b
ψ1 = ± √ |02 ± √ |11
2D2 + 4b2 2D2 + 4b2
D
±√ |20, (A.1)
2D + 4b2
2

E2 = −2B0 :
ψ2 = |22, (A.2)
Fig. 8: (Color online) The realignment criterion ||ρR || − 1 is E3 = 2B0 :
plotted against t for different decoherence parameters γ. The
other parameters are α = 4.2, B0 = 1, b = 1 and D = 1. ψ3 = |00, (A.3)
√
E4 = − 4b2 + 2D2 :
field and DM interaction under decoherence. According √
μ− iD(2b − 4b2 + 2D2 )
to Milburn’s decoherence model, it is worth noting the ef- ψ4 = ∓ 2 |02 ± |11
4b + 2D2 2μ−
fect of the decoherence parameter γ on the evolution of a
two-qutrit system. When decoherence parameter γ = 0, D2
± |20, (A.4)
the evolution of density matrix ρ(t) is unitary. This means 2μ−
the entanglement dynamics exhibits periodic oscillations √
E5 = 4b2 + 2D2 :
in time. Based on our model, if the decoherence parameter
√
γ is very small within a finite time t, environmentally in- μ+ iD(2b + 4b2 + 2D2 )
duced intrinsic decoherence scheme may inhibit applying ψ5 = ∓ 2 |02 ± |11
4b + 2D2 2μ+
unitary operations. Whence this implies that, controlling
D2
specific parameter γ, (e.g., γ = 0.001), can avoid DSD in ± |20, (A.5)
this type of open system. 2μ+
√
E6 = −B0 − b2 + D2 :
Conclusion. – In summary, we have studied this phe-
√
nomenon of DSD for certain qutrit-qutrit systems which i(−b + b2 + D2 ) D
are in the presence of the external magnetic field and DM ψ6 = ± |12 ∓ |21, (A.6)
ν− ν−
interaction under decoherence. We show that certain ini- √
tial prepared free entangled states may become bound en- E7 = B0 − b2 + D2 :
tangled in a finite time due to the external magnetic field √
i(−b + b2 + D2 ) D
and the DM interaction, as well as the intrinsic decoher- ψ7 = ± |01 ∓ |10, (A.7)
ence. Besides, we have investigated in detail the influence ν− ν−
of the external magnetic field, the DM interaction and the √
E8 = −B0 + b2 + D2 :
intrinsic decoherence on the possibility of DSD. We con- √
clude the following: Firstly, if given initial states, after i(b + b2 + D2 ) D
the negativity becomes zero in a finite time, and then the ψ 8 = ± |12 ± |21, (A.8)
ν+ ν+

47002-p5
You-neng Guo et al.

⎛ α ⎞
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎜ 21 ⎟
⎜ 1 1 1 ∗ ∗ ⎟
⎜ 0 (2 − iDη− ) 0 (Δη+ − bη− ) 0 0 0 0 (− χ− + ∗+ χ∗+ ) ⎟
⎜ 21 21 21 ⎟
⎜ 5−α ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 21 ⎟
⎜ 1 1 D ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ⎟
⎜ 0 (Δη+ + bη− ) 0 (2 + iDη− ) 0 0 0 0 (ε− χ− + ε+ χ+ ) ⎟
⎜ 21 21 21 ⎟
⎜ 5−α ⎟
ρ(t) = ⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟,
⎜ 21 ⎟
⎜ α ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ 21 ⎟
⎜ 5−α ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 21 α ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 D
21
2 ⎠
0 (− χ− + + χ+ ) 0 (ε− χ− + ε+ χ+ ) 0 0 0 0
21 21 21
(A.10)

√
E9 = B0 + b2 + D 2 : [7] Peres A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 77 (1996) 1413.
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ψ9 = ± |01 ± |10 (A.9) Phys. Lett. A, 223 (1996) 1.
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μ± = (2b2 + D2 )(4b2 + D2 ± 2b 4b2 + 2D2 ),
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−2iΔt−2Δ2 γt 4iΔt
±1)
η± = e Δ
(e
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± = (Δ ± b)(Δ ± b ∓ iD), (2009) 012331.
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47002-p6