TUGAS RINGKASAN

KESELAMATAN INDUSTRI

Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments

DISUSUN OLEH

KELOMPOK IV

KELAS C

ALFIKRI GUNAWAN (1607123328)

INTAN HASRI AINUNNISA (1607123643)

RAMADEFI AMBIYA PUTRA (1607123705)

TIWI AMMY SAGIANA CORRY (1607123716)

WAHIDA VAZIRANI (1607123302)

YULI PIANA DEWI (1507112359)

JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA S1

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS RIAU

2017
Ringkasan Chapter 7 Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments

All electrical devices are inherent ignition sources. Special design features are
required to prevent the ignition of flammable vapors and dusts. The fire and explosion hazard
is directly proportional to the number and type of electrically powered devices in a process
area. Most safety practices for electrical installations are based on the National Electric Code
(NEC).
Although states, municipalities, and insurance companies may have their own installation
requirements, they are usually based on the NEC.
Process areas are divided into two major types of environments which is :
a. XP means flammable materials (particularly vapors) might be present at certain times.
b. non-XP means that flammable materials are not present, even under abnormal
conditions. Designated areas open flames, heated elements, and other sources of
ignition may be present.
Explosion-Proof Housings
In an XP area the electrical equipment and some instrumentation must have special
explosion-proof housings. The housings are not designed to prevent flammable vapors and
gases from entering but are designed to withstand an internal explosion and prevent the
combustion from spreading beyond the inside of the enclosure.
For example, A motor starter is enclosed in a heavy cast walled box with the strength
needed to withstand explosive pressures. The explosion-proof design includes the use of
conduit with special sealed connections around all junction boxes.

Area and Material Classification

The design of electrical equipment and instrumentation is based on the nature of the
process hazards or specific process classifications. The classification method is defined in the
National Electrical Code; it is a function of the nature and degree of the process hazards
within a particular area. The rating method includes Classes I, II, and III, Groups A-G, and
Divisions 1 or 2. The classes are related to the nature of the flammable material :
Class I: Locations where flammable gases or vapors are present.
Class II: Same for combustible dusts.
Class III: Hazard locations where combustible fibers or dusts are present but not
likely to be in suspension.
 The groups designate the presence of specific chemical types. Chemicals that are
grouped have equivalent hazards:
Group A: acetylene
Group B: hydrogen, ethylene
Group C: carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide
Group D: butane, ethane, ethyl alcohol
Group E: aluminum dust
Group F: carbon black
Group G: flour
Division designations are categorized in relationship to the probability of the material
being within the flammable or explosive regions:
Division 1: Probability of ignition is high; that is, flammable concentrations are
normally present.
Division 2: Hazardous only under abnormal conditions. Flammable materials are
normally contained in closed containers or systems.

Design of an XP Area
When designing an XP area, all pieces of electrical equipment and instrumentation are
specified for the class, group, and division, as discussed previously. All pieces of equipment
and instrumentation within an area must be appropriately specified and installed. The overall
classification is only as good as the piece of equipment in an area with the lowest
classification.

7-5. Ventilation
Proper ventilation is another method used to prevent fires and explosions. The
purpose of ventilation is to dilute the explosive vapors with air to prevent explosion and to
confine the hazardous flammable mixtures.

Open-Air Plants
Open-air plants are recommended because the average wind velocities are high
enough to safely dilute volatile chemical leaks that may exist within a plant. Although safety
precautions are always practiced to minimize leaks, accidental releases from pump seals and
other potential release points may occur.
Plants Inside Buildings
Frequently, processes cannot be constructed outside. In this case local and dilution
ventilation systems are required. Local ventilation is the most effective method for
controlling flammable gas releases. Dilution ventilation, however, is also used because the
potential points of release are usually numerous and it may be mechanically or economically
impossible to cover every potential release point with only local ventilation.
There are empirically determined design criteria for designing ventilation systems for
flammable materials inside storage and process areas. These design criteria are given in Table
7-6.