Tribology Transactions

ISSN: 1040-2004 (Print) 1547-397X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utrb20

Experimental study on multi-body friction and

wear properties of liner in ball mills

Yuxing Peng, Zixin Yin, Zhencai Zhu, Xu Ni, Shengyong Zou & Guoan Chen

To cite this article: Yuxing Peng, Zixin Yin, Zhencai Zhu, Xu Ni, Shengyong Zou & Guoan Chen
(2020): Experimental study on multi-body friction and wear properties of liner in ball mills, Tribology
Transactions, DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2020.1831120

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2020.1831120

Accepted author version posted online: 08

Oct 2020.

Submit your article to this journal

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=utrb20
 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MULTI-BODY FRICTION AND WEAR
PROPERTIES OF LINER IN BALL MILLS
Yuxing Peng , Zixin Yin1,2*, Zhencai Zhu1,2, Xu Ni1,2, Shengyong Zou3,4,5 and Guoan Chen6
1,2*

1
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mine Mechanical and Electrical
Equipment, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China;
2
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Intelligent Mining Equipment, Xuzhou, 221116,
China
3
CITIC Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Luoyang, 471039, China;
4
Luoyang Mining Machinery Engineering Design Institute Co. Ltd., Luoyang, 471039, China
5
State Key Laboratory of Mining Heavy Equipment, CITIC Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Luoyang,
471039, China
6
Command Academy of the Corps of Engineers, Xuzhou, 221000, China;

t
ip
*Corresponding author: Yuxing Peng；Zixin Yin E-mail address: pengyuxing@cumt.edu.cn (Y.X.
Peng); yinzixincumt@126.com (Z.X. Yin)

cr
ABSTRACT
Friction and wear are the primary factors for the failure of liner, which affects the

us
lifting capacity and the milling cost in ball mills. But there are not effective methods
to measure and evaluate the friction and wear behaviour of liner. Therefore, it is vital
an
to understand the friction and wear mechanisms of liner in ball mills. In this paper, the
multi-body friction and wear properties of liner in the fracture region and grinding
M

region were investigated by the impact friction test rig and the rolling friction test rig.
Three types of evaluation indicators, namely, the coefficient of impact friction (ui), the
ed

coefficient of rolling friction (ur) and the three-dimensional morphology, were applied
to describe the friction and wear behaviour. Results showed that adding ore powder
results in the impact friction coefficient increases from 0.041 to 0.042, and the rolling
pt

friction coefficient increases from 0.342 to 0.611 at contact load W=300 N∙rpm.
ce

However, the addition of slurry leads to the impact friction coefficient increases from
0.041 to 0.045, and rolling friction coefficient decreases from 0.342 to 0.112 at
Ac

contact load W=300 N∙rpm. Additionally, the three-dimensional morphology of the

wear region presents that the wear of liner in ball mills will generate plastic
deformation, scratch and abrasion behaviour. The wear of liner in dry conditions is
faster than that of wet conditions and adding ore powder or slurry in ball mills will be
helpful to reduce the liner consumption.
KEYWORDS Friction, wear, morphology, liner, milling

INTRODUCTION
The ball mill is a device for grinding minerals or other granular solids. It contains a

1
charge consisting of grinding media and mineral to be ground, with water or without
water. The size reduction of mineral is done by lifting the grinding media to impact
the minerals to the required size. As shown in Fig. 1, the regional distribution of the
charge motion inside the mill shell is commonly divided into four regions, i.e., the
cataracting region, the cascading region, the grinding region and the fracture region.
The inner surface of the mill shell is fitted with liner, which is used to protect the mill
shell from wear and deliver the energy from the mill to the grinding media (1-5). In
the ball mill, the liner is one of the easily worn parts, and the liner wear leads to
reduce mill efficiency. It is widely known that the multi-body friction and wear
mechanism consists of two categories (the grinding and the impact) in ball mills. The

t
grinding mechanism mainly occurs in the fracture region and grinding region where

ip
the liner is subjected to rolling friction and wear. The impact mechanism mainly
occurs in the fracture region where the liner is subjected to impact wear and shear

cr
friction. However, the multi-body friction and wear on the liner is difficult to measure

us
especially in the wet grinding condition. Little is known about the multi-body friction
and wear properties of liner in the grinding region and fracture region. Hence, it is of
an
significance to investigate the impact and grinding behaviour in ball mills.
A Cataracting region A-A
Cascading region
M

Grinding region
New liner
ed

Mineral Mill shell Worn liner

Fracture region
Steel ball
pt

Dynamic
A

Fig. 1 schematic diagram of ball mill

ce

Considering the wear properties of liner in ball mills, researchers mainly applied
DEM (Discrete Element Method) simulation and experiment to investigate the wear
Ac

behaviour of liner. The DEM simulation can predict the charge load behaviour (6-9),
collision energy (10), wear (11-13) and power draw (14, 15) in ball mills. It is often
used to minimize wear by means of regulating the charge load behaviour that reduces
the intensity of collision between grinding media and liner. Kalala et al. (16) studied
the effect of liner wear on the charge load behaviour. It was found that starting from
the unworn profile, as liners wear, there is a decrease in the position of shoulder due
to the slippage of the charge. Cleary (17) predicted the liner wear with different mill
speeds by the Finnie model (18), the wear rate of liner increases with mill speed. Xu et

2
al. (19) used DEM simulation to predict the wear rate and wear distribution of liner
with different mill speeds. Boemer et al. (20) developed a generic DEM-based
procedure to predict the wear distribution of liner and calibrated the wear data in a
Φ5.8 m industrial cement mill. Qiu et al. (21) predicted the wear behaviour of lifter by
Archard model (22, 23). The prediction and measurement for the wear of lifter have a
great agreement. Many efforts (24-26) have been made to predict the wear distribution
and wear degree in the mining machinery equipment, which has improved the service
life of liner to a certain extent. However, there is no consensus regarding on the wear
model. Meanwhile, it is difficult to accurately measure the input parameters such as
the coefficient of friction in the DEM simulation.

t
Considering the defects of DEM simulation, many researchers adopted the

ip
experimental method to study the friction and wear on the liner (27-30). Rezaeizadeh
et al. (31) studied the wear loss of lifter with different factors and compared the wear

cr
surface on different lifter materials by a laboratory ball mill. The mill charge has a

us
significant effect on the rate of wear. Akhondizadeh et al. (32) measured the liner wear
by weighing a liner specimen that inserted in the liner and extracted a relation for
an
calculating the wear of the liner specimen. Huang et al. (33) studied the impact
characteristics of steel ball by a free falling experiment. It is found that the powder
has a significant influence on the impact process due to its porous structure. Rigaud et
M

al. (34) analyzed the lower charge load behaviour on the wear of ferrite steel and
stainless steel by a test rig with an adjustable incidence angle. The results obtained
ed

confirm the combined effects of incidence angle and force ratio on the effective wear
of impacts. Souilliart et al. (35) studied the coefficient of restitution and wear scar
pt

morphology by an impact wear test machine. Wear volume is found to be proportional

to the energy loss, for which a maximum is observed at an incidence angle close to 25°
ce

from horizontal. These studies applied a series of test rigs to describe the wear
characteristics of liner and provided many evaluate indexes to analyze the wear
Ac

degree of liner. However, no one provided a method for describing the multi-body
friction and wear properties of liner with different milling conditions in ball mills.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a method for studying the impact and grinding
behaviour between grinding media and liner under the conditions similar to ball mill.
Therefore, the impact friction test rig and the rolling friction test rig were designed to
mimic the friction and wear behaviour in the fracture region and grinding region. The
most important feature of this paper is to measure the coefficient of impact friction,

3
the coefficient of rolling friction and the three-dimensional morphology of liner. It
affords the most useful information to describe the friction and wear behaviour. These
results not only can be used as the input parameters required by DEM simulation but
also illustrated the multi-body friction and wear mechanism in ball mills.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Set-up
Considering the multi-body friction and wear mechanism in ball mills, the impact and
rolling friction test rig were designed, and the schematic diagram of test rig as shown
in Fig. 2.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of test rig

As shown in Fig. 3, the impact friction test rig mainly consists of dropping ball
ed

system, impact friction system and signal acquisition system, which can mimic the
impact friction generated in the fracture region. As shown in Fig.3(a), the dropping
pt

ball system includes a dropping ball platform and an electromagnet. A steel ball was
held by an electromagnet on the dropping ball platform whose height can be adjusted
ce

to release steel ball freely with various impact velocities. As shown in Fig.3(b), the
signal acquisition system with a sampling frequency of 20 kHz was used to determine
Ac

the normal impact force and tangential impact force of the liner specimen. As shown
in Fig.3(c), the impact friction system includes a liner specimen, two impact force
sensors, a slide block and a guide rail. The liner specimen was connected with two
impact force sensors for measuring the normal impact force and tangential impact
force. Two impact force sensors have a measurement range of 5000 N and a
measurement accuracy of 0.3%. The regulating plate was connected with L-shape
base and which can be inclined from θ=0° to θ=65°. In the impact friction experiment,

4
the key factor includes the dropping ball height and the contact environment of impact
friction pair. Firstly, the liner specimen was regulated to a required incline angle by
the regulating plate. Then, a steel ball was freely dropped to impact the liner specimen
at the desired height. After impact, the impact force and the impact morphology of the
liner specimen were obtained and analyzed.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt

Fig. 3 Impact friction test rig

ce

To understand the effects of different parameters on the impact friction properties of

liner, different values of impact velocity, impact angle and contact environment
Ac

(without ore powder (I), with ore powder (II) and slurry (III)) were selected. The
detailed parameters of the impact friction experiments are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Impact friction experiment

Parameters Test A Test B Test C
-1
Impact velocity v (m∙s ) 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3 2.8 2.8
Impact angle θ (°) 15 0, 15, 30, 45 15
Steel ball size d(mm) 30 30 30
Contact environment I I I, II, III

5
As shown in Fig. 4, the rolling friction test rig was designed to mimic the grinding
mechanism in the fracture region and grinding region. As shown in Fig. 4(a), a
stepping motor was used to drive the multi-body steel ball that is composed of three
GCr15 steel balls. As shown in Fig. 4(b), the structure of multi-body steel ball is
similar to the single-body steel ball of Peng’s experimental apparatus (5). To obtain
different contact loads, the contact load between multi-body steel ball and liner
specimen was changed by the lead screw. Moreover, the liner specimen, normal
pressure force sensor and tangential pressure force sensor were connected to the base.
The two pressure force sensors have a measurement range of 200 N and a
measurement accuracy of 0.01%. As shown in Fig. 4(c), the signal acquisition system

t
with a sampling frequency of 1 kHz was used to determine the tangential pressure

ip
force and normal pressure force. The slurry or ore powder was added from the feeding
funnel to ensure the contact environment is consistent with that of ball mill.

cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

Fig. 4 Rolling friction test rig

For the purpose of understanding the effects of different parameters on the grinding
mechanism, two factors were selected to study the rolling friction properties of liner,

6
including contact load and contact environment. The detailed parameters of the rolling
friction experiments are listed in Table 2.
Table 2 Rolling friction experiment
Parameters Test D Test E Test F Test G
Normal contact force T(N) 20 40 80 120
Rotational speed vR (rpm) 15 30 50 100
Contact load W (N∙rpm) 300 1200 4000 12000
Rotation number 300 300 300 300
Contact environment I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III
Material
In this paper, the grinding media of Carbon steel and GCr15 steel were selected in the
experiment. The iron ore particle with a specific density of 3886 kg∙m-3 and a

t
ip
diameter of 0.84 mm was used as the particle bed. The chemical composition of iron
ore particle is 67.46% Fe2O3, 12.97% CaO, 1.21% MgO, 0.37% Al2O3, 0.14% MnO2

cr
and other chemicals. The slurry was a mixture of 50% iron ore and 50% fresh water,
and the liner specimen was coated with 2 mm thickness of ore powder or slurry in the

us
contact environment II and III. Besides, the liner specimens are made of 16Mn steel
and all of the liner specimens were polished to keep a same surface roughness.
an
Analysis Methods
The multi-body friction and wear property of liner is a complex system in ball mill. To
M

discern the effect of different operating parameters on the liner wear, the coefficient of
impact friction and the coefficient of rolling friction were used to qualitatively
ed

investigate the variation of the multi-body friction and wear of liner, and the
three-dimensional morphology was used to analyze the wear mechanism of the
pt

multi-body friction and wear of liner. All of the experiments were repeated for three
times.
ce

The coefficient of impact friction (ui) is one of the important parameters to describe
the impact friction behaviour between steel ball and liner. As shown in Fig. 5, it is
Ac

considered that the tangential impact force measured by the tangential impact sensor
is the friction force. The ui was defined as the ratio between tangential impact force
and normal impact force, which is different from the coefficient of friction measured
in the steady sliding conditions. The result of ui was determined by the average impact
force during the impact duration time (tm=0.5 ms).

7
 0.5 ms

Fig. 5 Variation of normal and tangential force with time (θ=15°, v=2.8 m∙s-1, contact environment I)

The coefficient of rolling friction (ur) is one of the important parameters to describe

t
the rolling friction behaviour between steel ball and liner. In this paper, the friction

ip
force was measured from the tangential pressure force sensor. The ur was defined in

cr
Eq. (2-1) (5).


m
Ft


us
i 1
ur (2-1)
Fn m

where ur is the mean rolling friction coefficient; Ft is the tangential force; Fn is the
an
normal force; m is the number of samplings.
The three-dimensional morphology of the liner specimen is a visual approach to
M

evaluate the wear performance and analyze the wear mechanism. The worn surface
morphology of the liner specimen was analyzed using a confocal three-dimensional
ed

contour measuring instrument with the accuracy of 0.001 mm. Each collision is
colored by the level of impact depths and the color in the contour represents the
pt

different depths. In view of the worn surface morphology is an irregular shape, the
impact region was measured five times.
ce

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Multi-body Impact Friction
Ac

Coefficient of impact friction

The impact velocity of steel ball is related to mill speed, which determines the
breakage degree of minerals. Fig. 6 presents the variation of the ui with different
impact velocities. It can be seen that the ui increases with the increase of impact
velocity and increases from ui=0.030 to ui=0.041. At the lower and higher impact
velocity, the ui exhibits a slightly increases with impact velocity. This phenomenon is
consistent with the results of Huang et al. (33). It is mainly due to the impact kinetic
energy of the steel ball increases with the impact velocity, which leads to a larger

8
plastic deformation in the impact region. A larger plastic deformation results in the
roughness of the contact surface and the relative motion trend of the friction pair
increases.

t
ip
cr
Fig. 6 Coefficient of impact friction for different impact velocities

us
The impact angle of steel ball in different layers of ball mill is different (36, 37). Fig.
7 presents the variation of the ui with different impact angles. It is clear to see that the
an
ui increases up to a peak, thereafter decreasing, and the ui varies between ui=0 and
ui=0.11. At θ=0°, the liner specimen only subjected to the normal impact force. There
is no sliding and relative motion trend between steel ball and liner specimen, the
M

tangential impact force is negligible during impacts. At θ=15°-30°, the ui increases

sharply and reaches the maximum of 0.100. However, the ui decreases slightly at
ed

θ=45°. Similar behaviour has been reported by Rigaud et al. (34). It is due to that the
relative motion trend between steel ball and liner specimen increases. The
pt

phenomenon of the ui decrease indicates that the sliding motion is generated between
steel ball and liner specimen. It means that the impact angle has a significant effect on
ce

the operation of ball mill, especially under the condition of different mill speeds.
Ac

9
 t
Fig. 7 Coefficient of impact friction for different impact angles

ip
The ball mill works in two forms of milling environments, namely, dry grinding and
wet grinding, it is difficult to investigate the wear of liners in different milling

cr
environments. Fig. 8 presents the variation of the ui with different contact forms. It is

us
clear to see that the ui varies slightly under different contact environments. Both the
addition of ore powder and slurry will increase the ui, but the addition of ore powder
an
had little effect on the ui. The impact friction behaviour of the steel ball, liner and
minerals is composed of three bodies, which is different from the contact friction
behaviour between two objects. This is due to add slurry or ore powder will increase
M

the roughness of the contact region.

ed
pt
ce
Ac

Fig. 8 Coefficient of impact friction for different contact environments

Impact morphology
Figs. 9(a) and 10(a) presents the variation of impact morphology and wear parameters
under different impact velocities, respectively. It can be seen that all of the impact
morphologies have a similar wear shape and the maximum wear depth is located at

10
the center of impact region. Obviously, the range of the crater is increasingly
expanded and the wear on the liner specimen becomes more severe with the impact
velocity increases. The average wear depth for the impact region is 13.8 μm, 15.8 μm,
21.5 μm and 23.5 μm when the impact velocity increases from v=2.4 m∙s-1 to v=3.0
m∙s-1, and the average wear volume for the impact region is 28.48×106 μm3, 29.18×106
μm3, 50.85×106 μm3 and 90.03×106 μm3, respectively. This trend is in agreement with
what was observed by Akhondizadeh et al. that the worn mass of the impacted
material increases with increasing impact velocity. Furthermore, this phenomenon
provides a good explanation for the change of the ui under different impact velocities,
as shown in Fig. 6. It means that the impact forces aggravates the impact friction and

t
wear behaviour, and the larger impact velocity generated larger wear damage.

ip
Figs. 9(b) and 10(b) presents the variation of impact morphology and wear parameters
under different impact angles, respectively. It can be seen that the size, depth and

cr
shape of the impact region are varied with the impact angle. The average wear depth

us
for the impact region is 19.7 μm, 21.5 μm, 18.4 μm and 14.3 μm when the impact
angle increases from θ=0° to θ=45°, and the average wear volume for the impact
an
region is 70.19×106 μm3, 50.85×106 μm3, 51.69×106 μm3 and 27.29×106 μm3,
respectively. At θ=15°, the liner specimen shows a relative larger worn region and
depth. Compared with θ=0° and θ=15°, the impact region shows that the worn volume
M

and depth decreases under the condition of θ=30° and θ=45°, and the degree of
impact wear becomes weaken. The impact morphology and the ui are consistent that
ed

the higher impact angle has a weaker impact wears degree. Therefore, the higher
impact angle between steel ball and liner should be avoided in the operation of ball
pt

mill.
Figs. 9(c) and 10(c) presents the variation of impact morphology and wear parameters
ce

under different contact environments. Comparing the three contact environments, the
surface morphology does not obviously change under the condition of contact
Ac

environment II or III. However, the impact crater under the contact environment I
show an obvious wear pits. The average wear volume and the average wears depth of
adding ore powder and slurry have little change. The results indicate that the impact
wear of liner in dry conditions is faster than that of wet conditions. The above
phenomenon is mainly because the ore powder or slurry present on the liner specimen
leads to the rapid dissipation of impact energy and the reduction of impact force.
Adding ore powder or slurry is helpful to decrease the wear of liner in ball mills.

11
 t
ip
cr
us
an
Fig. 9 Impact morphology of the liner specimen for different conditions
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

12
 t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt

Fig. 10 Variation of wear depth and volume for different conditions

ce

Multi-body Rolling Friction

Coefficient of rolling friction
Ac

Fig. 11 presents the variation of the ur with contact load under different contact
environments. It is clear to see that adding ore powder obviously increases the ur. For
the contact environment I, the ur increases first and then decreases as the W increases,
which varies in a range of ur=0.147-0.349. For the contact environment II, the ur
decreases as the W increases, which varies in a range of ur=0.202-0.611. For the
contact environment III, the ur increases as the W increases, which varies in a range of
ur=0.112-0.152. Such results showed that a larger contact load caused a more severe

13
rolling friction under the contact environment III, but a lower contact load caused a
more severe rolling friction under the contact environment I and II. The change trend
of ur under the conditions of contact environment II and III is consistent with the
results of Peng et al. (5), but the change trend of ur under the conditions of contact
environment I is different. These changes can be explained that the friction behaviour
of multi-body steel ball is different from the single-body steel ball. Comparing the ur
under the contact environment I and II, it is found that the ur has a same decreasing
trend with the increase of the W, but the addition of ore powder caused the ur is higher
than the condition of without ore powder. This is due to ore powder join the contact
surface result in friction more severe and increasing contact load result in friction

t
contact time decreases. Such results showed that the addition of ore powder caused

ip
more severe rolling friction and the rolling friction behaviour is sensitive to the
contact load. However, the slurry caused the ur is less than that contact environment I

cr
and II, and the ur has a maximum value of ur=0.152 under the contact environment III.

us
This due to the slurry sticks to the liner, the increase of contact load increases the
complexity of multi-body contact. In the milling process, the rolling friction
an
behaviour in dry grinding condition is more severe than that of in wet grinding
condition, and the higher rolling friction will improve the grinding degree of minerals.
Also, the ur of these experiments can be provided into the DEM simulation according
M

to the contact environment, which is helpful to improve the accuracy of the DEM
simulation.
ed
pt
ce
Ac

14
 t
ip
cr
us
an
Fig. 11 Coefficient of rolling friction for different conditions
Wear morphology
M

Figs. 12 and 13 present the wear morphology and wear parameter of the liner
specimen with different contact environments. The three-dimensional wear
ed

morphology of liner looks like a stripe. There are many irregular grooves and debris
on the liner specimen. By comparing the surface morphology of the wear region in
three contact environments, the most severe wear position occurs at the multi-body
pt

steel ball initial contact the liner specimen. Comparing with the contact environment I,
ce

the wear morphology presents a higher wear depth and volume. However, adding ore
powder presents a smaller wear region. This due to adding ore powder increases
Ac

rolling friction behaviour and hinders direct contact between steel ball and liner, so
the wear behaviour is not severe. Under the condition of contact environment III,
adding slurry presents a slightly wear morphology, and the wear depth and volume
have a lowest value. It indicates that the slurry plays a significant role in anti-friction
and lubrication. It means that the rolling friction behaviour in ball mills is more
sensitive to the contact environments. Adding ore powder or slurry will reduce the
wear of the liner in ball mills.

15
 (a) Without ore powder (I) (b) With ore powder (II) (c) Slurry (III)

Fig. 12 Wear morphology of the liner specimen for different conditions (W=4000 N∙rpm)

t
ip
cr
us
an
Fig. 13 Variation of wear depth and volume for different conditions (W=4000 N∙rpm)
CONCLUSIONS
M

This paper presents a method for simulating the friction and wear properties of liner in
ball mills. The study revealed the following findings:
ed

The impact friction test rig and the rolling friction test rig are valuable tools for the
evolution of the effect of milling environments on the friction and wear properties of
pt

liner involved in ball mill fracture and grinding regions. The ui, ur and
three-dimensional morphology were found to be the important parameters to evaluate
ce

the multi-body friction and wear properties of liner.

The effects of milling conditions, including impact velocity, impact angle and contact
Ac

environment, on the ui were studied in detail. All the ui falls in a range of 0.03-0.11.
The ui increases with the increase of impact velocity. The experiment showed that the
ui strongly depends on the impact angle, which results in the ui increasing first and
then decreasing. Regarding the contact environment, the addition of ore powder or
slurry caused the ui to increase slightly.
The impact region looks like a crater, which is caused by impact behaviour having an
irregular shape and a rougher inner surface. Results showed that the depth and volume

16
of impact region can describe the characteristics of wear morphology. The liner
specimen mainly show impact pit, plastic deformation and scratch, which belongs to
impact wear.
Under the contact environment I (without ore powder), the ur increases first and then
decreases as the W increases, which varies from ur=0.147 to ur=0.349. Under the
contact environment II (with ore powder), the ur decreases as the W increases which
varies from ur=0.202 to ur=0.611. Under the contact environment III (slurry), the ur
increases as the W which varies from ur=0.112 to ur=0.152.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central

t
Universities (Grant No. 2017XKQY042). The authors also wish to thank the Priority

ip
Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)
and the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education

cr
Institutions (TAPP).
REFERENCES

us
(1) Powell, M.S., Weerasekara, N.S., Cole, S., LaRoche, R.D., Favier, J. (2011), “DEM
an
modelling of liner evolution and its influence on grinding rate in ball mills,” Minerals
Engineering. 24, pp. 341-351.
(2) Makokha, A.B., Moys, M.H., Bwalya, M.M., Kimera, K. (2007), “A new approach to
M

optimising the life and performance of worn liners in ball mills: Experimental study and
DEM simulation,” International Journal of Mineral Processing. 84, pp. 221-227.
ed

(3) Makokha A.B., Moys M.H. (2006), “Towards optimising ball-milling capacity: Effect of
lifter design,” Minerals Engineering. 19, pp. 1439-1445.
pt

(4) Akhondizadeh, M., Mahani, M.F., Rezaeizadeh, M., Mansouri, S.H. (2016), “Prediction of
tumbling mill liner wear: Abrasion and impact effects,” Proceedings of the Institution of
ce

Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology. 230, pp. 1310-1320.

(5) Peng, Y.X., Ni, X., Zhu, Z.C., Yu, Z.F., Yin, Z.X., Li, T.Q., Liu, S.Y., Zhao, L.L., Xu, J.,
Ac

(2017), “Friction and wear of liner and grinding ball in iron ore ball mill,” Tribology
International. 115, pp. 506-517.
(6) Cundall, P.A., Strack, O.D.L. (1979), “The development of constitutive laws for soil using
the distinct element method,” Numerical Methods in Geomechanics. 1, pp. 289-317.
(7) Mishra, B.K., Rajamani, R.K. (1992), “The discrete element method for the simulation of ball
mills,” Applied Mathematical Modelling. 16, pp. 598-604.
(8) Mishra, B.K., Rajamani, R.K. (1994), “Simulation of charge motion in ball mills-Part 1:

17
 experimental verifications,” International Journal of Mineral Processing. 40, pp. 171-186.
(9) Mishra, B.K., Rajamani, R.K. (1994), “Simulation of charge motion in ball mills-Part 2:
numerical simulations,” International journal of mineral processing. 40, pp. 187-197.
(10) Wang, M.H., Yang, R.Y., Yu, A.B. (2012), “DEM investigation of energy distribution and
particle breakage in tumbling ball mills,” Powder Technology. 223, pp. 83-91.
(11) Kalala, J.T., Bwalya, M.M., Moys, M.H. (2005), “Discrete element method (DEM) modeling
of evolving mill liner profiles due to wear-Part I: DEM validation,” Minerals Engineering. 18,
pp. 1386-1391.
(12) Kalala, J.T., Bwalya, M.M., Moys, M.H. (2005), “Discrete element method (DEM) modeling
of evolving mill liner profiles due to wear-Part II: Industrial case study” Minerals

t
Engineering. 18, pp.1392-1397.

ip
(13) Cleary, P.W., Owen, P., Hoyer, D.I., Marshall, S. (2010), “Prediction of mill liner shape

cr
evolution and changing operational performance during the liner life cycle: Case study of a
Hicom mill,” International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 81, pp.
1157-1179.

us
(14) Djordjevic, N., Shi, F.N., Morrison, R. (2004), “Determination of lifter design, speed and
an
filling effects in AG mills by 3D DEM” Minerals Engineering. 17, pp. 1135-1142.
(15) Cleary, P.W. (2001), “Charge behaviour and power consumption in ball mills: sensitivity to
M

mill operating conditions, liner geometry and charge composition,” International Journal of
Mineral Processing. 63, pp. 79-114.
(16) Kalala, J.T., Breetzke, M., Moys, M.H. (2008), “Study of the influence of liner wear on the
ed

load behaviour of an industrial dry tumbling mill using the Discrete Element Method (DEM),”
International Journal of Mineral Processing. 86, pp. 33-39.
pt

(17) Cleary, P.W. (1998), “Predicting charge motion, power draw, segregation and wear in ball
mills using discrete element methods,” Minerals Engineering. 11, pp. 1061-1080.
ce

(18) Finne, I. (1960), “Erosion of surfaces by solid particles,” Wear. 3, pp. 87-103.
(19) Xu, L., Luo, K., Zhao, Y.Z. (2018), “Numerical prediction of wear in SAG mills based on
Ac

DEM simulations,” Powder Technology. 329, pp. 353-363.

(20) Boemer, D., Ponthot, J.P. (2017), “A generic wear prediction procedure based on the discrete
element method for ball mill liners in the cement industry,” Minerals Engineering. 109, pp.
55-79.
(21) Qiu, X.J., Potapov, A., Song, M., Nordell, L. (2001), “Prediction of wear of mill lifters using
discrete element method,” International Autogenous and Semi-autogenous Grinding
Technology. 4, pp. 120-132.

18
(22) Archard, J.F. (1953), “Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces” Journal of Applied Physical. 24,
pp. 981-988.
(23) Archard, J.F. (1980), “Wear theory and mechanisms, wear control handbook,” American
Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1980, pp. 35-80.
(24) Radziszewski, P. (1997), “Predictive model for ball mill wear” Canadian Metallurgical
Quarterly. 36, pp. 87-93.
(25) Radziszewski, P., Tarasiewicz, S. (1993), “Modelling and simulation of ball mill wear” Wear.
160, pp. 309-316.
(26) Radziszewski, P., Tarasiewicz, S. (1993), “Simulation of ball charge and liner wear,” Wear,
169, pp. 77-85.

t
(27) Messaadi, M., Kapsa, P. (2016), “Wear behaviour of high chromium sintered steel under

ip
dynamic impact-sliding: Effect of temperature” Tribology International. 100, pp. 380-387.

cr
(28) Radziszewski, P., Varadi, R., Chenje, T., Santella, T., Sciannamblo L. Anthony, (2005),
“Tumbling mill steel media abrasion wear test development,” Minerals Engineering. 18, pp.
333-341.

us
(29) Moys, M.H., Skorupa, J. (1993), “Measurement of the radial and tangential forces exerted by
an
the load on a liner in a ball mill, as a function of load volume and mill speed” International
Journal of Mineral Processing. 37, pp. 239-256.
(30) Messaadi, M., Kermouche, G., Kapsa, P. (2015), “Numerical and experimental analysis of
M

dynamic oblique impact: Effect of impact angle” Wear. 332, pp. 1028-1034.
(31) Rezaeizadeh, M., Fooladi, M., Powell, M.S. (2010), “An experimental investigation of the
ed

effects of operating parameters on the wear of lifters in tumbling mills,” Minerals

Engineering. 23, pp. 558-562.
pt

(32) Akhondizadeh, M., Mahani, M.F., Mansouri, S.H., Rezaeizadeh, M. (2015), “A new
procedure of impact wear evaluation of mill liner,” International Journal of Engineering. 28,
ce

pp. 593-598.
(33) Huang, H., Dallimore, M., Pan, J., Mccormick, P. (1998), “An investigation of the effect of
Ac

powder on the impact characteristics between a ball and a plate using free falling
experiments,” Materials Science & Engineering A. 241, pp. 38-47.
(34) Rigaud, E., Bot, A. L. (2013), “Influence of incidence angle on wear induced by sliding
impacts,” Wear. 307, pp. 68-74.
(35) Souilliart, T., Rigaud, E., Bot, A.L., Phalippou, C. (2017), “Energy-based wear law for
oblique impacts in dry environment,” Tribology International. 105, pp. 241-249.
(36) Hu, G., Otaki, H., Watanuki, K. (2000), “Motion analysis of a tumbling ball mill based on

19
 non-linear optimization,” Minerals Engineering. 13, pp. 933-947.
(37) Powell, M.S., Mcbride, A.T. (2004), “A three-dimensional analysis of media motion and
grinding regions in mills,” Minerals Engineering. 17, pp. 1099-1109.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

20