INDEX

INDEX
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TABLE OF CQNTENTS

Pege
Fore word vii

Pref aoe ix

introduction xi

Chapter
1 SEARCHING INTO SPACE 1
1.1 The Milky Way 1.8 Ion8
€.2 Beyond t h e Milky Way 1.9 Moleculee
1.3 h e r g y Waneformatione 1.10 Emiseion Spectra
1.4 Light Wavee 1.11 Abeorption Speotra
1.5 The S t r u o t u r e of Atome 1.12 The Solar Spectrum
1.6 Elementa 1.13 The Doppler E f f e c t
1.7 Isotopes 1.14 The üniveree i e Expanding

11 INVESTIGATING "HE STAES 14

2.1 I n f r a r e d Radiation 2.6 S t a r e of Variable
2.2 Temperature Erightnees
2.3 The Electromagnetic 2.7 Meaeuring t h e Diatance
Spectrum t o the Stare
2.4 The Temperatures of 2.8 The Motiona of t h e S t a r a
the Stare 2.9 The Deneity of t h e S t a r s
2.5 Light energy f r o m t h e 2.10 The Origin of t h e S t a r e
Stare 2.11 The L i f e Hi8tOry of a S t a r

111 THE SOLAR SYSTEN 26

3.1 The Planeta 3.7 The Aateroids
3.2 Kepler 8 Three k w e of 3.8 Meteoroide
P l a n e t a r y Motion 3.9 Comete
3.3 Wewton'e Law of 3.10 The O r i g h of t h e S o l a r
ünivereal Gravitation System
3.4 The Two Groupe of 3.11 The Farmation of t h e Svn
Planeta 3.12 The Formation of t h e
3.5 The Planet Mara Cometa
3.6 The Major Planeta 3.13 The Earth'e Atmoephere
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Chapter
IV THE PLANET EAFiTH 38

4.1 The Shape of t h e E a r t h 4.8 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e Water

4.2 The Location of a Point Molecule
on t h e E a r t h ' e Surface 4.9 I n t e r n a 1 S t r u c t u r e e of S o l i d
4.3 The E q u a t o r i a l Bulge Earth Materiale
4.4 The Dimensions of t h e 4.10 The Lithoephere
Ear t h 4.11 Minerale of t h e E a r t h ' s Crust
4.5 The S t r u c t u r e of t h e 4.12 Chemical Composition of t h e
Earth Lithoephere
4.6 The Three S t a t e s of 4.15 Chemical Composition of t h e
Matter Hydroephere and t h e Atmo-
4.7 Atoma and Molecules in sphere
Earth Materiale 4.14 General C h a r a c t e r i e t i c a of
E a r t h Regions

V EARTñ FORCES 53
5.1 *ames of R s f erence 5.11 S c a l a r F i e l d e
5.2 Typee of Motion 5.12 Vector F i e l d s
5.3 Acceleration of a 5.13 G r a v i t a t i o n a l F i e l d of t h e
F'reely F a l l i n g Object Earth
5.4 Newton's F i r e t Law of 5.14 E f f e c t of t h e E a r t h ' s
Motion Rota t i o n
5.5 Newton'e Second i a w of 5.15 The Force of G r a v i t y
Motion 5.16 D i r e c t i o n and Magnitude
5.6 Newton'a Second L a w i n ' of t h e Force of G r a v i t y
SymbOlü 5.17 The Magnetic F i e l d of t h e
5.7 Motione i n A c c e l e r a t i n g Earth
Coordinate Syeteme 5.18 The Magnetic Elements
5.8 Motion in a C i r c l e 5.19 V a r i a t i o n s in t h e E a r t h ' e
5.9 Newton'e Third Law of Magnetic F i e l d
Motion 5.20 Auroras
5.10 E l a s t i c Forcee

VI TñE MOTIONS OF THE EARTñ 73

6.1 The C e l e s t i a l Sphere 6.7 The A r c t i c and Antexctic
6.2 The Revolution of t h e Circlee
E a r t h a r o u n d t h e Sun 6.0 Other Motione of t h e Earth
6.3 The R o t a t i o n of t h e 6.9 The L u n a r Tides
Earth 6.10 The S o l a r Tides
6.4 Ths S i d e r e a l Day 6.11 S p e c i a l T i d a l E f f e c t s
6.5 The E l l i p t i c a l Path of 6.12 The E f f e c t s of t h e E a r t h ' s
t h e Earth Mot i o n s
6.6 The Tropice of Cancer
and Capricorn
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Chapter
V I1 SOüRCES OF ENERGY
7.1 Energy and Work
7.2 Some Forma of Energy
7.3 "he Transfer of Heat
7.4 Ehergy Formulae
7.5 Energy Flow and Con-
version
7.6 Consarvation of Masa-
Energy
7.7 The Difference Between
Temperature and Heat
7.8 Latent Heat
7.9 P r o p e r t i e s of Radio-
a c t i v e Subetances
7.10 Radioactive I s o t o p e s
7.11 Mas8 Number
85
7.12 Nuclear Reactions
7.13 Radioactive S e r i e s
7.14 Natural and A r t i f i c i a l
Radioac t i v i t y
7.15 Magnitude of Atomic
Massee
7.16 The Earth'a Sourcea of
Ehergy
7.17 The P r i n c i p a l F e a t u r e s
of t h e Sun
7.18 S o l a r A c t i v i t y
7.19 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c e of t h e
Sun'a Radiation
7.20 Solar Energy O u t p u t

VI11 SOLAR RADIATION AND THE EARTH 102

8.1 S o l a r Ehergy &d E a r t h 8.8 Depletion of Solar

Procesees Radiation by t h e
8.2 The Emission of Sol'ar Atmos pher e
Ehergy i n t o Space 6.9 T e r r e s t r i a l Radiation
8.3 R a d i a t i v e Balance 8.10 The Energy Budget of t h e
8.4 insolation Earth-Atmosphere Syetem
8.5 The Varying Lengths of 8.11 Vaziation of Temperature
Daytime and Night-time with A l t i t u d e
8.6 The Seasons 8.12 The Coneequences of
8.7 The Lag of t h e Seasons R a d i a t i v e Balance

IX THE CIRCüLATION OF THE ATMOSPñEñE 119

9.1 Heat R . m s f e r in t h e 9.3 The Hadley C e l l
Atmosphere 9.4 The E a r t h ' a Rotation and
9.2 F.ressire and Wind t h e Winds
P a t t e r n s Due t o Heating 9.5 F e a t u r e s of t h e General
D i f f erences Circulation

X WATER I N THE ATMOSPHEXE 129

10.1 m e líater Cycle 10.6 Adiabatic Procesaes
10.2 The Evaporation Proceas 10.7 Condensation in t h e
10.3 Evaporation and B o i l i n g A tnos pher e
10.4 Atmospbsric Pumirlity 10.8 Clouds and R a i n
10.5 Condensation
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Chapt e r
XI TñE OCEANS
11.1 The Compoeition of Sea 11.4 The C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
Water Ocean Wavee
11.2 The Exchange of W t h 11.5 The Motione of t h e Water
Materiala between t h e Particlee
Sea and t h e Atmoephere 11.6 Winda and Water Currents
11.3 hergy Exchange 11.7 Ocean Current Patterna
Procesaea 11.8 Currenta Caused by
Denai t y D i f f erences

XII WATER ON THE LAND 146

12.1 P r e c i p i t a t i o n of Water 12.6 Water Flow i n t o Streame
on t h e Land 12.7 Evaporation and "rana-
12.2 The Storage of Water piration
12.5 Movement of Water i n t o 12.8 I n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e Local
t h e Ground Water Eudget
12.4 C a p i l l a r y Water 12.9 i n t e r p e t i n g t h e Water
12.5 Storage of Water a t Budge t
Low Levele

XIII THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH 154

13.1 The D i e t r i b u t i o n of 13.7 The Location of an
t h e Masa of t h e Earth ' Earthquake
13.2 Typea of Wavea 13.8 The Composition of t h e
13.3 Earthquake Waves i n t e r i o r of t h e Eaxth
13.4 The Moho Discontinuity 13.9 The Temperature of t h e
13.5 The C e n t r a l Core i n t e r i o r of t h e Earth
13.6 Main F e a t u r e s of t h e 13.10 The S t a t e of t h e Earth'e
i n t e r i o r of t h e E a r t h interior
13.11 The Dynamo Theory

XIV THE MEASUREMENT OF TIME 163

14.1 Time Scales 14.8 Time Zones
14.2 The Meaaurement of Time 14.9 The I n t e r n a t i o n a l Date Line
14.3 The Sundial 14.10 The Calendar
14.4 Local Mean T i m e 14.11 Geoiogicai Clocks
14.5 The Equation of Time 14.12 The Development of t h e
14.6 Universal Time Geological Time % a l e
14.7 Differences in Local 14.13 The Geological Time Scale
Meam T i m e 14.14 The Age of t h e E a r t h
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Appendix 1 The MKSA System of U n i t s

Appendix 11 U n i t s of Measure

Appendix 111 The Expression of Numbers i n Standard Form

Appendix I V Variation

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