EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK

OVERVIEW
The objectives of this topics are to address
and unify the fundamental response
parameters considered to be the most
influential in structural earthquake
engineering, and to highlight the factors
influencing these fundamental response
parameters.
These fundamentals response parameters
are the basic building blocks of
understanding and controlling earthquake
response of structures: Stiffness, Strength,
and Ductility.
RESPONSE PARAMETERS
Stiffness is the most pertinent parameter
responding to the requirements of
serviceability under the small frequent
earthquake.
Strength is utilized to control the level of
inelasticity under the medium-size
infrequent earthquakes, hence it maps
onto the damage control limit state.
Collapse prevention under the large rare
earthquake is most affected by ductility,
thus completing the hazard-limit state-
response parameter triads.
RESPONSE PARAMETERS

Typical response curve for structural systems subjected to

horizontal loads
RESPONSE PARAMETERS
STIFFNESS is the ability of a component or an
assembly of component to resist deformations when
subjected to action.
STRENGTH is the capacity of a component or an
assembly of components for load resistance at a given
response station.
DUCTILITY is the ability of a component or an
assembly of component to deform beyond the elastic
limit.
DEMAND is the action or deformation imposed on a
component or an assembly of components when
subjected to earthquake ground motion.
SUPPLY is the action or deformation capacity of a
component or an assembly of components when
subjected to earthquake ground motion.
APPROACH TO SEISMIC DESIGN
STRENGTH vs DUCTILITY-BASED RESPONSE
Traditional force –based design (strength
capacity) relied on the force capacity to
resist the earthquake effects expressed as a
set of horizontal actions defined as a
proportion of the weight of the structure.
A ductility-based design (inelastic
deformation) is significantly less sensitive
to the unexpected increase in force
demand imposed on it than the strength-
based design. Ductility-based design are
lighter and uses less materials but more
workmanship.
CAPACITY DESIGN

Capacity design employs a mixture of

members with high load capacity and
members with high inelastic deformation
capacity to optimize the response of
structural systems. This is achieve by
identifying a failure mechanism, the
members and regions responsible for its
development, and providing these
members with adequate ductility.
CAPACITY and DIRECT DESIGN

The opposite of capacity design is direct

design, which is the dimensioning of
individual components to resist locally
evaluated actions with no consideration to
the action-redistribution effects in the
whole system as a whole. Direct design can
be either ductility-based or strength-based.
Capacity design is based on both strength
and ductility of the component.
CAPACITY and DIRECT DESIGN
CAPACITY and DIRECT DESIGN
MEMBER vs SYSTEM LEVEL CONSIDERATION

Conventional seismic design recommends

the dimensioning of members to resist
actions emanating from the structural
analysis where dead and live loads are
applied along a factored value of
equivalent horizontal earthquake actions.
The interaction between member and
system in structural earthquake
engineering is complex, but its
understanding is essential for effective
seismic design.
MEMBER vs SYSTEM LEVEL CONSIDERATION
NATURE OF SEISMIC EFFECTS
Unlike most other types of dynamic actions,
earthquake effects are not imposed on the
structure but generated by it. Two structures
founded on the same soil a few meters apart may
have to accommodate vastly different action and
deformation demands, depending on their mass,
stiffness, strength and ductility. The fundamental
quantities in earthquake design are not period
and damping. Period is a function of mass and
stiffness (and strength in the inelastic range).
Main source of damping is energy absorption by
inelastic deformation (ductility).
NATURE OF SEISMIC EFFECTS
NATURE OF SEISMIC EFFECTS

Stiffness dictates vibration periods.

Changes in stiffness cause detuning of the
structure and the input motion and affects
amplification.
Strength limits describe the region where
the structure is able to sustain irreversible
damage hence absorbs and dissipates the
seismic action. Ductility is an energy sink,
therefore it could be considered as natural
damping.
RESONANCE

During an earthquake, a building will tend

to vibrate around one particular frequency
known as its natural, or fundamental,
frequency. When the building and ground
share the building's natural frequency,
they're said to be in resonance. That's bad.
Resonance amplifies the effects of an
earthquake, causing buildings to suffer
more damage.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIMIT STATES

Relationship between earthquakes, structural

characteristics, and limit states
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIMIT STATES

When subjected to a small earthquakes, a

society seeks least disruption from
damage. This is considered an
“uninterrupted use” limit state and is
clearly more correlated with structures
having adequate stiffness to resist
undergoing large deformations.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIMIT STATES

When subjected to a medium earthquakes,

a society would tolerate disruption to its
endeavors, but would seek to minimize
repair costs. This may be viewed as “control
economic loss” limit state and is most
related to the structure having adequate
strength so that damage is limited.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIMIT STATES

When subjected to large earthquakes, a

society would accept interruption, high
economic loss, but would seek to minimize
the loss of life. This is a “life safety” limit
state and is most affected by ductility of
the structures that enables it to deform
well into the inelastic range, without
significant loss of resistance to gravity.