VARIABILITY OF SECTIONAL BEHAVIOR WITH NON-

DIMENSIONAL SLENDERNESS VALUES (AS PER IS 800: 2007)

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the certificate of
INTERNSHIP
in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
With specialization in

ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
Submitted by

BHUKYA VEERALAXMI
(Roll. No. 171506)

Under the guidance of

Mr. MOHAMMAD RAHMATULLA

Sr. DGM – Design, PEBS Pennar

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

WARANGAL -506004

(2017 – 2019)

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks with gratitude to Mr.P.V.RAO, MANAGING

DIRECTOR, PEBS PENNAR for giving us this opportunity and providing all necessary
facilities and the co-operation extended during this project work.

We express our sincere thanks with gratitude to Mr.ALTAF, Sr. Vice President,
Engineering and Mr.JOESPH JOSE, Technical Advisor for giving us this opportunity and
providing all necessary facilities and the co-operation extended during this project work.

We express our sincere thanks with gratitude to Dr.VENKATESWARA RAO S,

HEAD OF DIVISION (ES) CIVIL ENGINEERING, NIT WARANGAL for his
encouragement and giving opportunity to do internship.

We express our sincere thanks with gratitude to Dr. T D GUNNESWAR RAO,

PROFESSOR NIT WARANGAL for his valuable suggestions and the co-operation
extended during this project work.

We express our sincere thanks with gratitude to Dr. P RATISH KUMAR,

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR NIT WARANGAL for his valuable suggestions and the
cooperation extended during this project work.

We would like to express our thanks with gratitude to Mr. MOHAMMAD

RAHMATULLA, Senior DGM-Designs for his timely, valuable guidance and constant
encouragement. We are thankful for his guidance and active supervision at every stage of our
project work. With his fruitful discussions and mentoring, we are able to complete this
project. It is indeed a great privilege for us to work under his supervision.

We express our sincere thanks with gratitude to PENNAR ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT for giving me this opportunity and providing all necessary facilities and the
co-operation extended during this project work.

We sincerely thank Mr.SANKARA RAO REESU, DGM- HR, Mrs.VANI, AGM-

HR and Mr.UDAY KIRAN, HR-EXECUTIVE and the HR department for giving us this
wonderful opportunity.

We thank all those who directly or indirectly helped us for the completion of this project
work.

BHUKYA VEERALAXMI

2
 ABSTRACT

Steel structures are being constructed widely across the world, with the increasing usage, the
demand for faster and economical design also growing. As per Indian code of practice Non-
dimensional slenderness ratio play an important role in steel design, which is defined as a
ratio of yield strength to the critical stress. For the selection of member dimensions, ratio of
depth of web to thickness of web is varies between 42ε to 200ε.

In Indian standard code, for calculating the elastic critical moment two formulas is given- one
formula is general formula and second one is used in the case of prismatic members made of
standard rolled I-sections and welded doubly symmetric I-sections. Other formula is
applicable when prismatic members with symmetric cross sections. When the value of non-
dimensional slenderness ratio is less than 0.4 then the beam is considered as laterally
supported and if greater than 0.4 then the beam is considered as laterally unsupported.

When a beam subjected to shear force then the mostly shear force is resisted by web only.
For this consideration, shear buckling of web with or without intermediate stiffeners is
considered in design of beam. When the ratio of depth of web to thickness of web is greater
than 67ε then only flange is consider in the calculation of bending strength. Shear strength of
beam is calculated by two methods- Simple post method and Tension field Method.

When a member is subjected to compressive force then compressive strength is calculated by

the column buckling curve and Euler buckling stress. In this Non-dimensional slenderness
ratio should not exceed 1.414, for eccentrically loaded column.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
NOTATIONS
CHAPTER 1 DESIGN OF MEMBER SUBJECTED TO BENDING
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Lateral torsional buckling
1.3 Section classification
1.4 Laterally supported and laterally unsupported beams
1.5 Design bending strength of beam
1.6 Effective length for simply supported beam
1.7 Variation of moment v/s unbraced length
1.8 Moment carrying capacity
1.9 Various relationship curves
1.10 Restraint against lateral torsional buckling

CHAPTER 2 DESIGN OF MEMBER SUBJECTED TO SHEAR

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Shear buckling design methods
2.3 Design consideration
2.4 Shear carrying capacity
2.5 Various relationship curves

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different kinds of compression members
3.3 Stability of slender steel columns
3.4 Column buckling class

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3.5 Column buckling curves in IS:800-2007
3.6 Slenderness ratio
3.7 Codal provision
3.8 Design procedure
3.9 compression capacity
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF MEMBER FOR COMBINED FORCES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Web under combined bending and axial force
4.3 Combined axial force and bending moment
4.4 Design for combined effect of moment and axial force
CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF PEB WITH STAAD
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Guidelines for design of PEB
5.3 Types of frames
5.4 Problem
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

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 LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Lateral displacement with twisting of I-section
1.2 Lateral torsional buckling of I-beam
1.3 Lateral moment of flange
1.4 Torsional effect
1.5 Different type of buckling in I-section
1.6 Effective cross sections for members in bending
1.7 Flexure member performance using section classification
1.8 Beam buckling behavior
1.9 Behavior of beam
1.10 Flange bracing
1.11 structural action of U-frame bracing
2.1 Distribution of shear stress subjected to shear force
2.2 Unbuckled shear panel
2.3 Simple post critical strength
3.1 Simple compression members
3.2 Tapered member
3.3 Stepped column
3.4 Laced and battened column
3.5 Local buckling curve and modes of failure
3.6 Non dimensional buckling curve
3.7 Real column test result and buckling curve
3.8 Effect of residual stresses
3.9 State of a partially yielded compression member
3.10 column buckling curve
3.11 Strength curve for axially loaded initially straight pin ended column
4.1 Stress distribution of I-section
4.2 Section classification for combined axial force and bending moment
4.3 Stress block dig. for combined bending and axial force with reduced moment carrying
capacity
4.4 Interaction dig. of bending moment and axial tension or compression
4.5 Example for moment + compression
4.6 Section classification for moment + compression

6
4.7 Example for moment + tension
4.8 Section classification for moment + tension
5.1 A tipcal pre-engineered building in 3D view
5.2 Different types of PEB frames
5.3 wind load 0 –ve
5.4 wind load 0 +ve
5.5 wind load 90 -ve
5.6 wind load 90 +ve
5.7 wind load 180 –ve
5.8 wind load 180 +ve
5.9 mid frame showing member numbers
5.10 values after unity check for mid frame
5.11 3D structure with bracing, purlins and wind columns

7
 LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Classification of sections
1.2 Effective length for simply supported beams
3.1 Buckling class of cross section
3.2 Effective length of prismatic members
3.3 imperfection factor

8
 CHAPTER1

DESIGN OF MEMBER SUBJECTED TO BENDING

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Limit state of laterally unsupported beam is that associated with lateral instability. Failure of
this kind occur either by elastic or inelastic torsional buckling. Laterally unsupported with
sufficiently short spans reach their ultimate moments, either by plastic or yield moments, before
instability occurs. Beams that are not short enough to reach plastic or yield moments and fail by
lateral torsional buckling. The capacity of these beams depends in part on the geometric and
material property of the beam. Other important factors include the shape of bending moment
diagram, the location of application of load on the beam cross-section whether above, at or
below the shear Centre and the restraint at the end of the beam. These three factors are
associated with particular emphasis on the effect of end restraints and how there influenced can
be modelled by effective length factors.

The basic assumption involved in the derivation of the elastic critical buckling moment
equation and how the shape of the bending moment diagram, point of load application and
effect of end restraints are reviewed. Examination of the pertinent equation so how they model
the various influencing factors. The three types of a laterally unsupported beam treated are
single span, cantilever and continuous beams. Probably the most basic structural component is
the beam, spanning between two supports, and transmitting loads principally by bending action.
Steel beams, which may be drawn from a wide variety of structural types and shapes, can often
be designed using little more than the simple theory of bending. However, situations will arise
in which the beams response to its loading will be more complex, with the result that other
forms of behavior must also be considered. The main purpose of bending is to concentrate on
the design of that class of steel beam for which strength of materials forms the basis of the
design approach. These are termed restrained compact beams, in order to come within this
category the beam must not be susceptible to either local instability or lateral-torsional
instability. A further limitation is that the beams are assumed to be statically determinate or, if
statically indeterminate, that the distribution of internal bending moments has been obtained
on a simple linear elastic basis.

9
1.2 LATERAL TORTIONAL BUCKLING
Lateral-torsional buckling is a limit-state of structural usefulness where the deformation of a
beam changes from predominantly in-plane deflection to a combination of lateral deflection
and twisting while the load capacity remains first constant, before dropping off due to large
deflections. The analytical aspects of determining the lateral-torsional buckling strength are
quite complex, and close form solutions exist only for the simplest cases. Lateral Torsional
Buckling occurs in unrestrained beams. A beam is unrestrained when its compression flange
is free to displace laterally and rotate. When I sections are used as beams or beam columns
the compression flange is under compressive stress and has a tendency to buckle but it is
attached to the tension flange which resists the buckling giving rise to torsion within the
beam section. This torsion twists and warps the unrestrained part of beam leading to lateral
torsional buckling.

Lateral torsional bucking, as the name suggests, is a condition wherein slender steel columns
undergoes lateral displacement combined with twisting from its plane.

Figure 1.1 lateral displacement with twisting of I- section

The above picture (c) depicts the lateral displacement and the twisting, a section would
undergo during lateral torsional buckling. This condition also reduces the capacity of the
section and prevents the section from attaining the cross sectional capacity.

10
1.2.1 The various factors affecting the lateral-torsional buckling strength are:
 Distance between lateral supports to the compression flange.
 Restraints at the ends and at intermediate support locations (boundary conditions).
 Type and position of the loads.
 Moment gradient along the length.
 Type of cross-section.
 Non-prismatic nature of the member.
 Material properties.
 Magnitude and distribution of residual stresses.
 Initial imperfections of geometry and loading.

1.2.2 Lateral-torsional instability will not occur if any of the following conditions apply:
 The section is bent about its minor axis.
 Full lateral restraint is provided, e.g. by positive attachment of the top flange of a
simply supported beam to a concrete slab.
 Closely spaced, discrete bracing is provided so that the weak axis slenderness (L/rz)
of the beams is low.
 Adequate torsional restraint of the compression flange is provided, e.g. by
profiled sheeting.
The section has high torsional and lateral bending stiffness; for example, rectangular box
sections bent about their major axis are unlikely to fail in this way.
For the special case of continuous beams supporting a roof or floor, care must be taken to
ensure adequate stability of those regions in which the bottom flange is in compression,
e.g. the support region under gravity loading, the mid-span region under wind uplift, etc...
For the purpose of this lecture, beams within any of these categories will be classed as
"restrained"

11
 Figure 1.2 lateral torsional buckling of I-beam
The best analogy for lateral torsional buckling is a person on a tight rope. As the rope gets
longer, it will become more difficult for the person to remain balanced as the twist of the rope
will become greater. Without Lateral torsion buckling, a beam would have the
same flexural strength whether it stretched 5 feet, or 10 feet or even 100 feet.

12
 1.2.3 Lateral torsional buckling is prevented by:
 Bracing the member laterally at small intervals.
 Using a larger section size, which will increase the radius of gyration.

1.2.4 Causes of lateral deflection

The applied vertical load results in compression and tension in the flanges of the section. This
leads in the deflection of the compression flange, laterally away from the original position
where as the tension flange attempts to keep the member straight. This lateral bending of
section creates restoring forces that oppose the movement because the section wants to
remain straight. These created lateral forces are not adequate to stop the section from
deflecting laterally. The lateral component of the tensile forces and the restoring forces
together determine the buckling resistance of the member.

Figure 1.3 lateral moment of flange

13
 1.2.5 Torsional effect:
The forces in the flanges cause the section to twist about its longitudinal axis along with the
lateral movement of the section. This twisting is opposed by the torsional stiffness of the
section which is then dominated by the flange thickness. Hence the section with thicker
flanges, has a larger bending strength when compared with same depth section of thinner
flange.

Figure 1.4 Torsional effect

Remarks:
 Lateral torsional buckling effect should not be neglected.
 The finite element method can be used to determine the lateral torsional buckling moment.

Figure 1.5 Different types of buckling in I-section

14
 Figure 1.6 Effective cross-sections for members in bending

1.3 SECTION CLASSIFICATION

The bending strength of a section depends on how well the section performs in bending. When
a stocky beam (thick walled beam) is subjected to bending, extreme fibres in the maximum
moment region reach the yield stress. The bending moment that causes the whole cross section
to reach yield stress, is termed as the plastic moment of the cross section Mp. The cross section
is incapable of resisting any additional moment, but may maintain the plastic moment, acting
as a plastic hinge, for some more amount of rotation.

If the section is thin-walled (slender), it may fail by local buckling, even before reaching the
yield stress. The ratio of ultimate rotation to yield rotation is called the rotation capacity. Four
classes of sections have been identified:
a) Plastic (class 1)
b) Compact (class 2)
c) Semi compact (class 3)
d) Slender (class 4)

15
 Table 1 Classification of sections
The above classification is based on their yield and plastic moments along with their rotation
capacities.

16
1.4 LATERALLY SUPPORTED AND LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED
BEAMS
The strength of I-sections depends upon the width to thickness ratio of the compression flange.
When the width to thickness ratio is sufficiently small, the beam can be fully plastic and reach
the plastic moment, such section are classified as compact sections. However provided the
section can also sustain the moment during the additional plastic hinge rotation till the failure
mechanism is formed. Such sections are referred to as plastic sections. When the
compression flange width to thickness ratio is larger, the compression flange may buckle
locally before the complete plastification of the section occurs and the plastic moment is
reached. Such sections are referred to as non-compact sections. When the width to thickness
ratio of the compression flange is sufficiently large, local buckling of compression flange may
occur even before extreme fibre yields. Such sections are referred to as slender sections.
The response in a particular case depends upon the proportions of the beam, the form of the
applied loading and the type of support provided. In addition to the beam should also not deflect
too much under the working loads i.e. it has to satisfy the serviceability limit state also.
Recently, IS: 800, the structural steel code has been revised and the limit state method of design
has been adopted in tune with other international codes of practice such as BS, EURO, and
AISC.

Figure 1.7 Flexure member performance using section classification

17
If the compression flange of the beam is completely restrained against lateral movement then
it is called laterally supported beam. Since moment of inertia about major axis increases due
to the laterally restraint, there is no possibility of buckling of compression flange so bending
compressive stress fbd taken as fy/1.1. If the compression flange of the beam is not
restrained against lateral movement then it is called laterally restrained beam.

1.5 DESIGN BENDING STRENGTH OF BEAM:

 Members subjected to predominant bending shall have adequate design strength to resist
bending moment, shear force, and concentrated forces imposed upon and their
combinations. Further, the members shall satisfy the deflection limitations as given in the
Table 6 of IS: 800-2007.

 The effective span of a beam shall be taken as the distance between the centre of the
supports, except where the point of application of the reaction is taken as eccentric at the
support, when it shall be permissible to take the effective span as the length between the
assumed lines of the reactions.

 The design bending strength of beam, adequately supported against lateral torsional
buckling (laterally supported beam) is governed by the yield stress .When abeam is not
adequately supported against lateral buckling (laterally un-supported beams) the design
bending strength may be governed by lateral torsional buckling strength.

 The factored design moment, M at any section, in a beam due to external actions, shall
satisfy

M  Md
Where
Md = design bending strength of the section

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1.5.1 Laterally Supported Beams:
1. A beam may be assumed to be adequately supported at the supports, provided the
compression flange has full lateral restraint and nominal torsional restraint at supports
supplied by web cleats, partial depth end plates, fin plates or continuity with the
adjacent span. Full lateral restraint to compression flange may be assumed to exist if
the frictional or other positive restraint of a floor connection to the compression flange
of the member is capable of resisting a lateral force not less than 2.5 percent of the
maximum force in the compression flange of the member.
2. When the flanges are plastic, compact or semi-compact but the web is susceptible to
d
shear buckling before yielding (  67 ), the design bending strength shall be
tw
calculated using one of the following methods:
a. The bending moment and axial force acting on the section maybe assumed to be
resisted by flanges only and the web is designed only to resist shear.
b. The bending moment and axial force acting on the section maybe assumed to be
resisted by the whole section. In such a case, the web shall be designed for
combined shear and normal stresses using simple elastic theory in case of semi-
compact webs and simple plastic theory in the case of compact and plastic webs.

3. When the factored design shear force does not exceed 0.6Vd, where Vd is the design
shear strength of the cross-section, the design bending strength, Md shall be taken as:
b Zpf y
Md 
 m0
To avoid irreversible deformation under serviceability loads,
1 .2  Z e  f y
Md  In case of simply supported
 m0
and
1.5  Ze  f y
Md  In case of cantilever beams;
 m0
Where
βb = 1.0 for plastic and compact sections;
βb = Ze/Zp for semi-compact sections;
Zp, Ze = plastic and elastic section modulii of the cross-section respectively;

19
 fy = yield stress of the material; and
Ύm0 = partial safety factor.

4. When the factored design shear force exceeds 0.6Vd, where Vd is the design shear
strength of the cross-section, the design bending strength, Md shall be taken as:

M d  M dv
Where
Mdv = Design bending strength under high shear

1.5.2 Laterally Unsupported Beams

1. Resistance to lateral torsional buckling need not be checked separately (member may
be treated as laterally supported) in the following cases:
a. Bending is about the minor axis of the section,
b. Section is hollow (rectangular/ tubular) or solid bars, and
c. In case of major axis bending, λLT (as defined herein) is less than 0.4.
2. The design bending strength of laterally unsupported beam as governed by lateral
torsional buckling is given by:
Md = βbZpfbd
Where
βb = 1.0 for plastic and compact sections;
βb = Ze/Zp for semi-compact sections;
Zp, Ze = plastic and elastic section modulus of the cross-section respectively;
fbd = Design bending compressive stress, obtained as given below
 LT f y
f bd 
 m0
χLT = bending stress reduction factor to account for lateral torsional buckling,
given by:
1
 LT 
 LT  [ 2
LT  2 LT ]0.5

LT  0.5  [1   LT ( LT  0.2)  2 LT ]

 LT , the imperfection parameter is given by:

 LT = 0.21 for rolled steel section

20
  LT = 0.49 for rolled steel section

The non-dimensional slenderness ratio,

b Zpf y 1 .2 Z e f y
 LT  
M Cr M Cr

fy

f Cr,b
Where
MCr = Elastic critical moment
fcr, b = extreme fibre bending compressive stress corresponding to elastic
buckling moment
3. In case of simply supported, prismatic members with symmetrical cross-section, the
elastic lateral buckling moment, MCr, can be determined from:

 2 EI y  2 EI w
M Cr  ( )(GI t  )   b Z p f Cr,b
L2 LT L2 LT
fCr, b of non-slender rolled steel sections in the above equation may be calculated from
the values given in Table 14 of the code.
Where
3
b1 t 1
It = Torsional restraint = 
3
= Warping constant  (1  f )f I y h f
2
Iw

Where
I fc
f  , Ifc =Moment of inertia of compression flange.
I fc  I ft
Ift =Moment of inertia of tension flange.

Iy,ry = moment of inertia and radius of gyration respectively about the weaker axis;
LLT = effective length for lateral torsional buckling
hf = centre to centre distance between the flanges
tf = thickness of the flange

21
 4. For simply supported beams and girders of span length, L where no lateral restraint to
the compression flanges is provided, but where each end of the beam is restrained
against torsion, the effective length LLT of the lateral buckling to be used in above
formula shall be taken as in Table below.

1.6 Effective length for simply supported beams LLT

Table 2 Effective length for simply supported beams LLT

1.7 VARIATION OF MOMENT VS UNBRACED LENGTH:

The behavior of members subjected to bending demonstrated in the following figure:

Figure 1.8 Beam buckling behavior.

22
 Figure 1.9 behavior of beam

Assumptions for calculation of moment carrying capacities of I-section:

 Let us consider the beam is Simply Supported.

 Loading is applied at shear center of a section.
 Bending moment is uniform throughout the section.
 Bending is about major axis of the section.
 No restraint against warping is provided.

 fy = 345 MPa & E = 2x105 MPa.

23
1.8 MOMENT CARRYING CAPACITY
h 600 800 800 800 800
bf 200 300 300 300 300
tf 10 14 14 14 14
tw 6 10 10 10 10
A1 2000 4200 4200 4200 4200
A2 3600 8000 8000 8000 8000
fy 345 345 345 345 345
E 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05
e 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
hy 610 814 814 814 814
(b/tf) 9.70 10.36 10.36 10.36 10.36
d/tw 100 80 80 80 80
Iyy 1.33E+07 6.30E+07 6.30E+07 6.30E+07 6.30E+07
Izz 3.72E+08 1.39E+09 1.39E+09 1.39E+09 1.39E+09
Ze 1.20E+06 3.36E+06 3.36E+06 3.36E+06 3.36E+06
Zp 2.30E+06 6.62E+06 6.62E+06 6.62E+06 6.62E+06
G 7.69E+04 7.69E+04 7.69E+04 7.69E+04 7.69E+04
Iw 1.24E+12 1.04E+13 1.04E+13 1.04E+13 1.04E+13
It 1.33E+05 5.49E+05 5.49E+05 5.49E+05 5.49E+05
LLT=lx 3000 3000 6000 9000 12000
EIyy/L2 2.93E+06 1.38E+07 3.46E+06 1.54E+06 8.64E+05
Git 1.03E+10 4.22E+10 4.22E+10 4.22E+10 4.22E+10
EIw/L2 2.72E+11 2.29E+12 5.73E+11 2.55E+11 1.43E+11
Mcr 9.09E+08 5.68E+09 1.46E+09 6.75E+08 4.00E+08
lLT 0.67 0.45 0.89 1.31 1.70
FLT 0.84 0.66 1.07 1.63 2.32
cLT 0.74 0.87 0.60 0.38 0.26
fbd 232.15 272.72 189.70 120.57 80.62
Z 1.20E+06 3.36E+06 3.36E+06 3.36E+06 3.36E+06
Md 2.79E+08 9.17E+08 6.38E+08 4.05E+08 2.71E+08
Md in kNm 278.68 916.69 637.66 405.26 270.99

24
 1.9 Various relationship curves:

Md v/s LT
1000
900
800
700
600
Md

500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

LT

LT v/s LT

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
LT

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

LT

Md v/s LLT
1000

800

600
Md

400

200

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

LLT

25
 LT v/s LLT
1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1
LT

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
LLT

LT v/s LLT

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
LT

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

LLT

26
CONCLUSION:

 In moment capacity, non-dimensional slenderness ratio play an important role.

 For λ< 0.4, section considered as laterally supported and >0.4 is considered as laterally unsupported.

 Moment capacity is inversely proportional to the effective length.

 ith increase the length, non-dimensional slenderness ratio varies approximately linear.
 From the tables shown above it is clear that at λ = 0.4, the moment carrying capacity is highest for
a Plastic Section and least for a Slender Section.

 But at λ = 0.4, the value of unsupported length is least for a plastic section and highest for a
slender section. Therefore we can conclude that a Plastic Section doesn’t confer that it reaches its
full moment capacity if λ > 0.4 in that beam.

27
1.10 RESTRAINT AGAINEST LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
Restraint against torsional rotation at supports in beam may be provided by;

 Bracing systems.
 Bearing stiffeners acting in conjunction with the bearing of beam.
 Lateral end frames or external supports providing lateral restraint to the
compression flange at the ends.
 Their being built into wall.

1.10.1 Bracing systems:

A bracing system is a secondary but essential part of a steel structure. A
bracing system serves to stabilize the main girders during construction, to
contribute to the distribution of load effects and to provide restraint to
compression flanges or chords where they would otherwise be free to buckle
laterally.

Figure 1.10 flange bracing

28
Bracing provides one or more of the following functions:
 Control buckling of the main beams
 Load distribution
 Dimensional control.
1.10.1.1 Bracing types:

Bracing can be classified into three types:

 Plan bracing
 Torsional bracing
 U-frame bracing
Plan bracingsystems:

29
 1. Plan bracing is perhaps the most obvious way to prevent lateral buckling of
a compression flange. This is because plan bracing provides lateral
restraint, i.e. it stops the compression flanges of beams from moving
sideways.
2. Plan bracing takes the form of diagonal members, usually angle sections,
connecting the compression flanges of the main beams, to form a truss
when viewed in plan. This makes a structure that is very stiff in response
to lateral movement. With lateral movement of the compression flanges
thus resisted, the half wave length for buckling is reduced to the length
between bracings.
3. Most plan bracing will be at top flange level. For steel composite bridges,
this allows plan bracing to be cast within the deck slab, so it does not need
to be painted and the underside of the bridge will have a clean, bracing-
free appearance. However, where there are hogging moments in the main
girders, there may need to be bracing on the bottom flange.
U frame bracing:

Figure 1.11 Structural action of U frame bracing

 Where compression flanges are remote from a direct lateral restraint, such
as a deck, and are restrained laterally by flexible frames comprising a
transverse beam in a deck and stiffened webs of the main beam, this is said
to be a U frame, and the restraint is given by U frame action. The stiffness
of the frame is what provides resistance to buckling.

30
  U frame action is generally used to resist buckling in half-through girders,
as is often the case in railway bridges. (Half-through girders are not often
used for highway bridges because of the risk of collapse due to traffic
collision with the main girders).
 In hogging zones of composite slab-on-beam bridges, U frame action may
Be used to restrain beams in the completed condition. This is particularly
the case with ladder decks.

Torsional bracing:

Torsional bracing system Structural action of torsional bracing

31
1. Torsional bracing takes the form of a plane of bracing between a pair of
beams. The principal advantage of this type of bracing is that a pair of
beams is a stable unit. Beams can be braced in pairs in the fabrication
shop prior to transportation to site, which means that pairs can be craned
into place very quickly with the minimum of site connections.
2. The bracing can take the form of a truss spanning laterally between the
top and bottom flanges of the beams or can be a channel or I girder
connecting the webs. In the case of ladder deck bridges, the bracing is
provided by the transverse beams.

3. Other advantages of this type of bracing over plan bracing are that it is
located below the deck slab and therefore does not interfere with
the construction of the concrete deck, and it can serve to distribute
collision and wind loads more effectively.

32
 CHAPTER 2
DESIGN OF MEMBER SUBJECTED TO SHEAR

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Shear is generally exist with bending moments, the maximum shear stress in the beam is to be
compared with the shear yield stress. Though bending will govern the design in most steel beams,
shear forces may control in cases where the beams are short and carry heavy concentrated loads.
Nominal shear strength of cross section may be governed by plastic shear resistance or strength of
the web as governed by shear buckling.

Figure 2.1 Distribution of shear stress subjected to shear force V

2.2 SHEAR BUCKLING DESIGN METHODS:

The web designed wither with or without stiffeners and governed by buckling
may be evaluated by using two methods-
1. Simple Post critical method
2. Tension Field Method

33
 2.2.1 SIMPLE POST CRITICAL METHOD:

It is a simplified version of a method for calculating the post buckled member stress. The web
possesses considerable post buckling strength reserve. When a web plate is subjected to shear,
we can visualize the structural behavior by considering the effect of complementary shear
stresses generating diagonal tension and diagonal compression.

Consider an element E in equilibrium inside a square web plate shear stress q. The
requirements of equilibrium results in generation of complementary shear stresses as shown in
fig 2.2. This results in the element being subjected to principal compression along the direction
AC and tension along the direction BD. As the applied loading is incrementally enhanced, with
corresponding increase in q, very soon, the plate and the will buckle along the direction of
compression diagonal AC.

Figure 2.2 Unbuckled Shear panel.

The plate will lose its capacity to any further increases in compressive stress. The
corresponding shear stress in the plate is the “critical shear stress” Ʈcr. The value of
Ʈcr can be determined from classical stability theory, if the boundary conditions of the
plate are known.

34
As the true boundary conditions of the plate girder web are difficult to establish due to
restraint offered by flanges and stiffeners we may conservatively assume them to be
simply supported. The critical shear stress in such a case is given by

𝑑
𝑐𝑟 = {𝜋 2 𝐾𝐸}/{12(1 − 𝜇 2 ) ( )}
𝑡𝑤

Figure 2.3 Simple post critical strength

When the value of d/tw is sufficiently low (d/tw< 85), Ʈcr increases above the value of yield shear
stress, and the web will yield under shear before buckling.

35
 Semi Compact
Compact
Plastic

2.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

 The factored design shear force, V, in a beam due to external actions shall satisfy

V  Vd
Where
Vd = design strength
Vn
=
 m0
Where
Ύm0 = partial safety factor against shear as per clause 5.4.1 of IS: 800-2007
The nominal shear strength of a cross-section, Vn may be governed by plastic shear
resistance or strength of the web as governed by shear buckling.

36
 The nominal plastic shear resistance under pure shear is given by:
Vn  Vp
Where
A v f yw
Vp 
3
Av = Shear area, and
fyw = yield strength of the web.

 Resistance to shear buckling shall be verified as specified, when

d
 67 for a web without stiffeners, and
tw

d K
 67 V for a web with stiffeners.
tw 5.35

Where

Kv = shear buckling coefficient

= 5.35 when transverse stiffeners are provided only at supports
5.35
= 4 for c / d  1
(c / d ) 2
4
= 5.35  for c / d  1
(c / d ) 2
250

fy

37
 SHEAR CAPACITY WITH TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS AT ALL OVER THE SPAN
h or d 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200
tw 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
b 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
tf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
c/d 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3
d/tw 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
fy of web 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345
E 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05 2.00E+05
Kv 25.40 13.51 9.35 7.91 7.13 6.66 6.35 6.14 5.99 5.88 5.79
T cr,v 204.06 108.55 75.12 63.55 57.26 53.47 51.02 49.33 48.12 47.23 46.55
lambad w 0.99 1.35 1.63 1.77 1.87 1.93 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.05 2.07
2.4 SHEAR CARRYING CAPACITY

38
Tb 169.23 108.55 75.12 63.55 57.26 53.47 51.02 49.33 48.12 47.23 46.55
area in major axis bending 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600
area in minor axis bending 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000
Vcr=Vp=Vcr (maj) 1.62E+06 1.04E+06 7.21E+05 6.10E+05 5.50E+05 5.13E+05 4.90E+05 4.74E+05 4.62E+05 4.53E+05 4.47E+05
Vcr=Vp=Vcr (min) 1.02E+06 6.51E+05 4.51E+05 3.81E+05 3.44E+05 3.21E+05 3.06E+05 2.96E+05 2.89E+05 2.83E+05 2.79E+05
Vdmaj (KN) 1476.92 947.31 655.56 554.60 499.76 466.69 445.22 430.51 419.98 412.19 406.27
Vdmin (KN) 923.08 592.07 409.73 346.62 312.35 291.68 278.26 269.07 262.49 257.62 253.92
2.5 Various relationship curves

vd v/s c/d ratio

1600
1400
1200
1000
Vd

800
600
400
200
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
c/d ratio

Kv v/s c/d ratio

30

25

20
KV

15

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
c/d ratio

cr v/s w
250

200

150
cr

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
w

39
 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Columns are vertical members used to carry axial compression loads. If they are subjected to
significant bending moments in addition to the axial loads, then they are called beam-columns.
The term compression member is generally used to describe structural components subjected
only to axial compression loads, this can describe columns (under special loading conditions) but
generally refers to compressed pin-ended struts found in trusses, lattice girders or bracing
members.

Because most steel compression members are rather slender, buckling can occur, this adds an
extra bending moment to the axial load and must be carefully checked. The different kinds of
compression members and explains the behavior of both stocky and slender columns, the
buckling curves used to design slender columns are also given.

3.2 DIFFERENT KINDS OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

3.2.1 Members with Uniform Cross-Section

Figure 3.1 simple compression members

40
It should be noted that:

 The type of connection is important in the design of simple compression members

because it defines the effective length to be taken into account in the evaluation of
buckling. Circular sections do not represent the optimum solution if the effective length is
not the same in the two principal directions; in this case, unsymmetrical shapes are
preferable.
 Members are frequently subjected to bending moments in addition to axial load; in these
conditions I-sections can be preferable to H-sections.

3.2.2 Members with Non-Uniform Cross-Sections

Members with changes of cross-section within their length, are called non-uniform members;
tapered and stepped members are considered in this category. In tapered members the cross-
section geometry changes continuously along the length.

Figure 3.2 tapered members

41
3.2.3 Stepped column

Stepped columns vary the cross-section in steps. A typical example of their use is in industrial
buildings with overhead travelling cranes; the reduced cross section is adequate to support the
roof structure but must be increased at crane level to cater for the additional loads. Stepped
columns can also be used in multi-storey buildings to resist the loads in the columns at the lower
levels.

Figure 3.3 stepped column

42
Figure 3.4 Laced and battened column

43
3.2.4 Stub Columns

Stub (or stocky) columns are characterized by very low slenderness, are not effected by buckling
and can be designed to the yield stress fy.

If local buckling does not affect the compression resistance the mode of failure of such members
corresponds to perfect plastic behavior of the whole cross-section, which theoretically occurs
when each fiber of the cross-section reaches fy. The maximum compression resistance Nmax is,
therefore, equal to the plastic resistance of the cross-section:

Nmax = Npl = Aeff fy

Aeff is the effective area of the cross-section,

Eurocode 3 considers that columns are stocky when their reference slenderness is such

that < 0,2 .

3.3 STABILITY OF SLENDER STEEL COLUMNS

Depending on their slenderness, columns exhibit two different types of behaviour, those with
high slenderness present a quasi-elastic buckling behavior whereas those of medium slenderness
are very sensitive to the effects of imperfections.

3.3.1 Euler Critical Stress

If Pcr is the critical length, the Euler critical load Ncr is equal to:

Pcr =

And it is possible to define the Euler critical stress cr as:

cr =

44
By introducing the radius of gyration, i = , and the slenderness, l = Pcr/i, for the relevant
buckling mode, above Equation becomes:

cr =

Plotting the curve cr as a function of l on a graph (Figure 3.5), with the line representing perfect
plasticity,  = fy, shown, it is interesting to note the idealized zones representing failure by
buckling, failure by yielding and safety.

Figure 3.5 Local buckling curve and modes of failure

The intersection point P, of the two curves represents the maximum theoretical value of
slenderness of a column compressed to the yield strength. This maximum slenderness
(sometimes called Euler slenderness), called l1 in Eurocode 3, is equal to 1

45
A non-dimensional representation of this diagram is obtained by plotting /fy vs 

Fig 3.6 Non-dimensional buckling curve

3.3.2 Buckling of Real Columns

The real behaviour of steel columns is rather different from that described in the previous section
and columns generally fail by inelastic buckling before reaching the Euler buckling load. The
difference in real and theoretical behaviour is due to various imperfections in the "real" element:
initial out-of-straightness, residual stresses, eccentricity of axial applied loads and strain-
hardening. The imperfections all affect buckling and will, therefore, all influence the ultimate
strength of the column. Experimental studies of real columns give results as shown in Figure 3.7.
Compared to the theoretical curves, the real behaviour shows greater differences in the range of
medium slenderness than in the range of large slenderness. In the zone of the medium values
of l (representing most practical columns), the effect of structural imperfections is significant and
must be carefully considered. The greatest reduction in the theoretical value is in the region of
Euler slenderness. The lower bound curve is obtained from a statistical analysis and represents
the safe limit for loading.

46
 Fig 3.7 Real column test results and buckling curve

Residual stresses can be distributed in various ways across the section. They are produced by
welding, hot-rolling, flame-cutting or cold-forming Figure 3.8a shows some of the stress patterns
that can occur.

47
 Figure 3.8 Effect of residual stresses

Residual stresses combined with axial stresses are shown in Figure 3.8b. If the maximum
stress sn reaches the yield stress fy, yielding begins to occur in the cross-section. The effective
area able to resist the axial load is, therefore, reduced. Alternatively, an initial out-of-straightness
eo, produces a bending moment giving a maximum bending stress sB (see Figure 3.9a), which
when added to the residual stress, sR gives the stress distribution shown in Figure 3.9b. If smax is
greater than the yield stress the final distribution will be part plastic and part of the member will
have yielded in compression, as shown in Figure 3.9c.

48
Figure 3.9 state of a partially yielded compression member

49
3.4 COLUMN BUCKLING CLASS
Imperfections of fabrication resulting into accidental eccentricity largely depend upon the cross-
section of the compression members. Based on such imperfections buckling tendency varies. IS:
800-2007 divides various cross-sections into four buckling classes a, b, c and d as shown in Table
1(Table 10 of IS: 800-2007)

Table 3.1 Buckling class of cross-sections

50
3.5 Column buckling curve in IS; 800-2007
In IS: 800- 2007, column buckling curve is given between the ratio of fcd/fy and
non -dimensional slenderness ratio.

Non dimensional slenderness ratio λ

Figure 3.10 Column buckling curve

Indian buckling curves (a, b, c or d) are shown in table 3.1. These give the value for the
reduction factor c of the resistance of the column as a function of the reference slenderness for
different kinds of cross-sections (referred to different values of the imperfection factor a).
The imperfection factor “a” depends on the shape of the column cross-section considered, the
direction in which buckling can occur (y axis or z axis) and the fabrication process used on the
compression member (hot-rolled, welded or cold formed); values for a, which increase with the
imperfections.

51
Curve a represents quasi perfect shapes: hot-rolled I-sections (h/b > 1,2) with thin flanges (tf <
40mm) if buckling is perpendicular to the major axis; it also represents hot-rolled hollow
sections.

Curve b represents shapes with medium imperfections: it defines the behaviour of most welded
box-sections; of hot-rolled I-sections buckling about the minor axis; of welded I-sections with
thin flanges (tf < 40mm) and of the rolled I-sections with medium flanges (40 < tf < 100mm) if
buckling is about the major axis; it also concerns cold-formed hollow sections where the average
strength of the member after forming is used.

Curve c represents shapes with a lot of imperfections: U, L, and T shaped sections are in this
category as are thick welded box-sections; cold-formed hollow sections designed to the yield
strength of the original sheet; hot-rolled H-sections (h/b < 1,2 and tf £ 100mm) buckling about
the minor axis; and some welded I sections (tf £ 40mm buckling about the minor axis and tf >
40mm buckling about the major axis).

Curve d represents shapes with maximum imperfections: it is to be used for hot rolled I-sections
with very thick flanges (tf > 100mm) and thick welded I-sections (tf > 40mm), if buckling occurs
in the minor axis.

For cold-formed hollow sections, fyb is the tensile yield strength and fya is the
average yield strength. If the cross-section in question is not one of those described, it must be
classified analogously. It is important to note that the buckling curves are established for a pin-
ended, end loaded member; it is necessary carefully to evaluate the buckling lengths if the
boundary conditions are different.

If a member carrying compressive loads resulting from dead loads and imposed loads then
maximum effective slenderness ratio is 180 and when a member subjected to compression force
resulting from combination with wind and earthquake action then effective slenderness ratio is
250.

52
3.6 SLENDERNESS RATIO
Slenderness ratio of a column is defined as the ratio of effective length to the corresponding radius
of gyration. Thus
l e KL
Slenderness ratio = 
r r
where, L = actual length of the column
le = effective length of the column
r = appropriate radius of gyration
Effective length of the column
The effective length KL is calculated from the actual length L, of the member considering the
rotational and relative translational boundary conditions at the ends, IS: 800- 2007 recommends
the following:
(a) If the end conditions are assessed
When the boundary conditions in plane of buckling can be assessed the effective length KL
can be calculated on the bases of Table 4.2 (Table 11 of IS: 800- 2007).
(b) Compression members in trusses
i. In the case of bolted, riveted or welded trusses and braced frames the effective length
KL shall be taken as 0.7 to 1.0 times the actual length, depending upon the degree of
end restraints provided.
ii. For buckling in the plane perpendicular to the plane of truss, the effective length may
be taken as actual length.

(c) In frames
In frame analysis if deformed shape is not considered, the effective length depends upon
stiffness of the members meeting at the joint. The method of finding effective length factor K
is shown in Annex D of IS 800.
(d) In the case of stepped columns
Expressions for finding effective length factor for various stepped columns are presented in IS
800 annexure D2 and D3

53
Table 3.2 Effective length of prismatic members

54
 Figure 3.11 Strength curve for axially loaded initially straight pin ended column

3.7 CODAL PROVISIONS

1. Common hot rolled and built-up steel members used for carrying axial compression,
usually fail by flexural buckling. The buckling strength of these members is affected by
residual stresses, initial bow and accidental eccentricities of load. To account for all these
factors, the strength of members subjected to axial compression is defined by buckling
class a, b, c, or d as given Table 3.3

Buckling Class a b c d
α 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Table 3.3 Imperfection factor, α
2. The design compressive strength Pd , of a member is given by:
P < Pd
Pd = Aefcd
Where
Ae = effective sectional area
fcd = design compressive stress.

55
 3. The design compressive stress, fcd, of axially loaded compression members shall be
calculated using the following equation:
f y /  m0
f cd   f y /  m 0  f y /  m 0
  [2  2 ]0.5
Where

= 0.5[1  (  0.2)  2 ]

fy
λ = non-dimensional slenderness ratio =
f cc

2 E
fcc = Euler buckling stress =
(KL / r ) 2
Where
KL/r = effective slenderness ratio
α = imperfection factor given in Table 3.3
χ = stress reduction factor for different buckling class, slenderness ratio and
yield stress
λm0 = partial safety factor for material strength.

4. The classification of different sections under different buckling classes a, b, c or d, is given in

Table3.3. The stress reduction factor χ, and the design compressive stress fcd , for different
buckling class, yield stress, and effective slenderness ratio is given in Table 8 of code for
convenience.

56
3.8 DESIGN PROCEDURE

1. Assume slenderness ratio. For an average column height of 3 to 5 m, the slenderness ratio
fall between 40 to 60
2. For the assumed value of slenderness ratio the design compressive stress can be calculated
from buckling curves 9(a), 9(b), 9(c) or 9(d) depending on buckling curve. the curve can
be known from Table 10 of IS:800-2007
3. The cross-sectional area can be determined from
4. Ag= (Design axial load) / (Assumed compressive stress)
5. A section that provides the estimated area is selected from IS. Handbook No.1
6. The least radius of gyration of the section is noted.
7. Depending on the end conditions the effective length of the column is calculated.
KL
8. The slenderness ratio (  ) is computed which should be less than maximum
rmin
permissible slenderness ratio specified in the code.
9. For the estimated slenderness ratio, design compressive stress is calculated from the tables
mentioned from the code.
10. By multiplying it with cross-sectional area design compressive strength of the column can
be calculated.

57
 COMPRESSION CAPACITY OF WELDED I BEAM
d 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00
tw 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
bf 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00
tf 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
lx 800.00 900.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00
ly 400.00 600.00 800.00 900.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00
d/tw 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00
b/tf 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08 10.08
42 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75 35.75
fy 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00
E 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00 200000.00
K 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Area of flanges 3000.00 3000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00
Area of web(effective) 2280.00 2280.00 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18 2288.18
tf/2 + d/2 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00
effective area 8280.00 8280.00 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18 8288.18
gross area 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00 10800.00
Ixx 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00 705888000.00
3.9 COMPRESSION CAPACITY

rx 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66 255.66
x=kl/r 1.56 2.35 3.13 3.52 3.91 4.69 5.48 6.26 7.04 7.82 9.78 11.73 13.69 15.65
Iyy 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00 31275600.00
ry 61.46 61.46 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81 53.81

58
y=kl/r 6.51 9.76 14.87 16.72 18.58 22.30 26.02 29.73 33.45 37.17 46.46 55.75 65.04 74.33
buckling class of xx b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
buckling class of yy c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
x 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34
y 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49
xx 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.21
yy 0.09 0.13 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.61 0.74 0.86 0.98
x 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52
y 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.59 0.62 0.66 0.69 0.79 0.90 1.03 1.17
fcd x 334.01 332.78 331.55 330.94 330.34 329.14 327.94 326.76 325.58 324.41 321.50 318.62 315.75 312.88
fcd y 332.35 325.14 314.19 310.26 306.35 298.52 290.62 282.58 274.36 265.91 243.68 220.07 195.92 172.52
Pxx 2765604.94 2755381.44 2747951.68 2742916.76 2737903.45 2727937.73 2718046.80 2708223.21 2698459.78 2688749.53 2664662.70 2640765.89 2616964.37 2593168.13
Pyy 2751828.95 2692197.70 2604070.87 2571530.63 2539092.55 2474172.41 2408675.70 2342067.46 2273912.44 2203884.47 2019660.67 1823948.27 1623846.95 1429840.21
fcd(min) 332.35 325.14 314.19 310.26 306.35 298.52 290.62 282.58 274.36 265.91 243.68 220.07 195.92 172.52
P(min) 2751828.95 2692197.70 2604070.87 2571530.63 2539092.55 2474172.41 2408675.70 2342067.46 2273912.44 2203884.47 2019660.67 1823948.27 1623846.95 1429840.21
fcd/fy in x 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91
fcd/fy in y 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.64 0.60 0.60
yy 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.75 0.86
 Buckling curve
1.20

1.00

0.80
fcd/fy

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

59
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF MEMBER FOR COMBINED FORCES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In the previous chapters of IS: 800 – LSM version, we have stipulated the codal provisions for
determining the stress distribution in a member subjected to different types of stress resultants
such as axial tensile force, axial compressive force and bending moment along with transverse
shear force. Most often, the cross section of a member is subjected to several of these loadings
simultaneously. As we shall see presently, we may combine the knowledge that we have
acquired in the previous sections. As long as the relationship between stress and the loads is
linear and the geometry of the member would not undergo significant change when the loads are
applied, the principle of superposition can be applied.
In addition to the pure bending case, beams are often subjected to transverse loads which
generate both bending moments M(x) and shear forces V(x) along the beam. The bending
moments cause bending normal stresses s to arise through the depth of the beam, and the shear
forces cause transverse shear-stress distribution through the beam cross section as shown in Fig.

Figure 4.1 stress distribution of I –section

60
 4.2 WEB UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL FORCE:
The limits of depth to thickness ratio for this combination of forces lies between the limits to that
of pure bending and that of the pure axial compression.

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Figure 4.2 Section classification for combined Axial force and Bending moment
Where,

r1= actual average axial stress (negative if tensile)

Design compressive stress of web alone

r2= actual average axial stress (negative if tensile)

Design compressive stress of overall section

Figure 4.3 Stress block diagram for combined bending and axial force with reduced moment carrying
capacity for I-section

61
Figure 4.4 Interaction diagram of bending moment and axial tension or compression

Design of member subjected to combined forces

If V > 0.6Vd, then the factored moment of the section should be less than the moment capacity
under higher shear force, Mdv calculated as given below
For plastic or compact sections:
Mdv = Md - (Md-Mfd) ≤ 1.2Zefy/mo
Where,
 = (2V/Vd - 1)2
Md = plastic design moment of the whole section disregarding high shear force effect, as
calculated in Chapter 1 considering web buckling effects.
V = factored applied shear force as governed by web buckling or web yielding
Vd =design shear strength as governed by web yielding or web buckling
Mfd=plastic design strength of the area of the cross section excluding the shear area,
considering partial safety factor mo
Ze = elastic section modulus of the whole section

62
For Semi compact section
Mdv = Zefy/mo

4.3 Combined Axial Force and Bending Moment

There is different classification for this combined effect of Axial force and bending moment, this
is because in case of compression there is only compression in all the fibres of the member and
compression is not good for steel as it is weak in compression when compared to tension as we
had already seen it earlier. If bending is added with there will some part of fibres in tension and
other in compression and hence it doesn’t fail suddenly due to buckling unlike in case of
compression which is not good sign of failure.

4.3.1 Moment + compression

In this case compressive stress increases, which reduces d/tw ratio. Which is disadvantage, this is
because in case of compression there is only compression in all the fibres of the member and
compression is not good for steel as it is weak in compression when compared to tension

Bending Compression Resultant stress

Figure 4.5 example for moment + compression

63
 Figure 4.6 section classification for moment + compression

• In case of member subjected to both compression and bending to fall into slender region
depth to thickness ratio of web, varies with 42ε to (126ε)/(1+2r2).

• The maximum ratio is (126ε)/(1+2r2) and minimum limit it can reach is 42ε

4.3.2 Moment + tension

In this case compressive stress decreases due to tension, which increases d/tw ratio. Which is
advantage, this is because in case of tension there is only tension in all the fibres of the member
and tension is very good for steel as it is very strong in tension.

Bending Compression Resultant stress

Figure 4.7 example for moment + tension

64
 Figure 4.6 section classification for moment + tension
• In case of tension minimum limit is (126ε)/(1-2r2) as r2 is negative for tension and
the maximum limit is governed by the minimum thickness of the web criteria
i.e., 200ε.

4.3.3 Pure axial compression

 Pure axial compression whole section is under compression stress, section

elements are weak under compressive stress.

 Section classification for pure axial compression only semi compact i.e
42 above are slender.

65
Design for combined effect of moment and axial force
Under the combined axial force and bending moment, section strength as governed by material
and member strength as governed by buckling failure shall be checked with the following
equations, In this combination also compression axial force is primary objective:

For Plastic and compact sections:

(6.3)

For more conservative design we can also use the following equation

(6.4)

Where,
My,Mz = factored applied moments about the minor and major axis of the cross section
respectively
Mndy,Mndz = design reduced flexural strength under combined axial force and the respective
uniaxial moment acting alone
N = factored applied axial force
Nd = design strength in compression due to yielding
= Agfy/mo
Mdy,Mdz = design strength under corresponding moment acting alone
Ag = gross area of the cross section
α1,α2 =constants (for I sections α1=5n≥1; α1=2)
mo = partial safety factor in yielding
For plastic and compact sections without bolts holes, the following approximations can be used
for evaluating Mndy and Mndz:

66
 (6.5)

For Semi-compact sections:

When there isn’t high shear force, semi-compact section design is satisfactory under combined
axial force and bending, if the maximum longitudinal stress under combined axial and bending.
For the cross section without holes, the above criteria reduce to,

(6.6)

Overall member strength:

Members subjected to combined bending moment and axial force has to e checked for overall
buckling failure as well.

(6.7)

67
Where,
Cmy,Cmz = equivalent uniform moment factor as per Table 7.2
P = applied axial compression under factored load;
My,Mz = maximum factored applied bending moments about y and z-axis of the member
respectively
Mdy,Mdz = design bending strength about y (minor) or z (major) axis considering laterally
unsupported length of the cross section

(6.8)

Where,
ny,nz = ratio of actual applied force to the design axial strength for buckling about the y
and z axis respectively
CmLT = equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral torsional buckling corresponding
to actual moment gradient between lateral supports against torsional
deformation in the critical region under consideration.

68
 CHAPTER 5

DESIGN OF PEB WITH STAAD

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Pre-engineered buildings are advantageous because it allows us to create large column free
enclosures. Moreover, this also offers more economic structure compared to other alternatives.
Hence the most challenging part is the design because we shall have to develop frames with large
column free area and ensure that all the loads are safely transferred to the foundation.

Figure.5.1; A typical Pre-engineered building in 3D view

As the clear span between the columns increase, more wider the sections become, dead load and
live load itself acts as most effecting load in most cases as all this load has to be transferred from
all of the structure to the columns and hence optimum placement of columns is also an important
task as it acts as the trade of between cost of the structure and column free space,

69
5.2 Guidelines for Design of PEB
The guidelines for PEB design are based on the Metal Building Manufacturers Association
standards, which were developed for the promoting metal buildings. The guidelines for design and
standard dimensions of section used in PEB are as follows:
 Web Depth (dw) = Width of RF/28 (increase in multiples of 50)
 Flange Width (bf) = dw/5 (130, 150, 180)- these thickness steel come in coils,

(200, 225, 250, multiples of 25mm are made from sheets)

 Flange Thickness (tf) = bf/23 (6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20…)
 Web Thickness (tw) = dw/150 (4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16…) for Rafters

= dw/107 for Columns

 Ratio of thickness of flange to web is less than 2.5 (tf/tw ≤ 2.5).

5.3 Types of Frames

Bases on the placing of columns in the structure and slope of the rafter they are wide classification
of frames, the most important of them are
 Clear span frame
 Clear span single slope frame
 Clear span tapered frame
 Multi span frame
 Multi span single slope frame
 Rigid frame

70
 Figure 5.2 Different types of PEB frames

Based on support conditions and restraints for movement in different direction there are few other
types like braced frame, pin ended frame, fixed ended frame... and for carrying large loads there
are crane frames.

71
5.4 Problem:

5.4.1 Problem statement:

Design a multi span PEB with 1 middle column and following requirements

Width = 52m (26m+26m)

Length = 75m

Height = 6m

Roof Slope - 1:10

Bay Spacing - 7.5 m

Job Site - Chennai (Wind Speed = 50 m/s)

Openings:
Doors - 4m x 4m – 3 No’s
Windows - 2m x 2m – 6No’s
We also wanted to design centre column to take only compression and the section is designed to
be semi-compact, end column to be compact and they take both moment and axial load and the
members in rafter are designed in slender region.
Calculations:
Dead Load: Dead load consists of two types
1. Self-weight

2. Load due to Sheeting and Purlins

Loading due to sheeting is taken as 0.05 kN/m2

Loading due to purlins is taken as 0.05 kN/m2
Total Dead load = 0.1 kN/ m2 x Bay Spacing = 0.1 x 7.5 = 0.75 kN/m
Live Load: Live load is considered to be 0.75 kN/m2
Total Live load = 0.75 kN/m2 x Bay Spacing = 0.75 x 7.5 = 5.625 kN/m
Wind Load Calculations (As per IS 875):

72
Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3 k4
Wind data:
k1 = Probability Factor = 1
k2 = Terrain Factor = 1
k3 = Topography Factor = 1
k4 = Importance factor = 1 .15 (as it is in cyclonic region)
Wind speed:
Vz = 50*1*1*1*1.15= 57.5 m/s
Design Wind pressure:
Pz = 0.6 Vz2 = 0.6 x 57.52 = 1.98375 kPa
Pd = kd ka kc Pz
kd = Wind Directionality Factor = 1(cyclonic region)
kc = Combination Factor = 0.90
Tributary area calculations:
For columns:
End column: 22.5m2 ; Hence Ka = 0.9167
Mid column: 45m2 ; Hence Ka = 0.8733
For roof: 390m2 ; Hence Ka = 0.8
For walls: 310.2m2 ; Hence Ka = 0.8
Hence design wind pressures are:
Pd = 1 x 0.9 x Ka x Pz = 0.9 x Ka x Pz
Here if 0.9 x Ka is less than 0.7 then we should take 0.7 x Pz for design pressure.
For columns:
End column: Pd: =1.6356KPa
Mid column: Pd = 1.535168KPa
For roof: Pd =1.4283KPa
For walls: Pd =1.4283KPa
Coefficients calculations:
Surface area = 2Hc (L + w) +0.5 a*b
= 2*6(75+56) +0.5*56*2 = 1628 m2
Opening area = 4*4*3 + 2*2*6 = 72 m2

73
% of openings area = (opening area/surface area) x 100 = 72/1628 x 100 = 4.43%
is less than 5%. Therefore Internal Coefficient Cpi = +0.2, -0.2
Load on a member = (Cpi - Cpe) * Bay Spacing * Pd
We shall calculate loads on Mid frame and design the 3D model with these sections
h/w = 6/52 < 0.5; l/w = 75/52= 3.75 < 3/2
Wind Angle θ = 0: (Cpi = -0.2)
Load on Member A = 0.5 x 7.5 x 1.535= 5.757 kN/m
Load on Member B = -0.4 x 7.5 x 1.535 = -4.606 kN/m
Load on Member F = -1.142x 7.5 x 1.4283 = -12.233 kN/m
Load on Member H = -0.6 x 7.5 x 1.4283 = -6.427 kN/m
Wind Angle θ = 0: (Cpi = +0.2)
Load on Member A = 0.9 x 7.5 x 1.535 = 10.363 kN/m
Load on Member B = 0 x 7.5 x 1.535 = 0 kN/m
Load on Member F = -0.742 x 7.5 x 1.4283 = -7.948 kN/m
Load on Member H = -0.2 x 7.5 x 1.4283 = -2.142 kN/m

Note: For θ = 180o, Mirror image values for that of θ = 0o are taken.

Wind Angle θ = 90o: (Cpi = -0.2)

Load on Member A = -0.7 x 7.5 x 1.535 = -8.060 kN/m
Load on Member B = -0.7 x 7.5 x 1.535 = -8.060 kN/m
Load on Member F & H = -1 x 7.5 x1.4283 = -10.712 kN/m
Wind Angle θ = 90o: (Cpi = +0.2)
Load on Member A = -0.3 x 7.5 x 1.559 = -3.454
Load on Member B = -0.3 x 7.5 x 1.559 = -3.454
Load on Member F & H= -0.3 x 7.5 x 1.4283 = -6.427 kN/m
Note: For θ = 270o, Mirror image values for that of θ = 90o are taken.

74
Figure 5.3: wind load 0 -ve

75
 Figure 5.4: wind load 0 +ve

Figure 5.5: wind load 90 -ve

Fig 5.6: wind load 90 +ve

76
 Fig 5.7: wind load 180 -ve

Figure 5.8: wind load 180 +ve

77
For a multi span frame the spacing between each column is 26m = 26000mm
Calculation of Sectional Properties:
d = 26000/28 = 928mm = 950mm (taken)
bf = 950/5 = 190mm
tf = 190/23 = 8.2mm hence nearest thickness which is 8mm is choosen;
tw = 950/150 = 6.33mm for Rafter
= 950/107 = 8.87mm so we will take 8mm for Column.

These dimensions are for estimating the dimensions of sections nearly.

 For columns when d < 1000mm then min depth at tapered end should be 250mm
 For columns when 1000 < d < 1300mm, the minimum depth at the tapered end should be
350mm.
 There are deflection limits as well.
 The following dimensions are given to the mid frame.

Member no d1 tw d2 bf tf
1 2 TAPERED 250 16 950 200 12
10 25 TAPERED 950 8 900 250 14
11 24 TAPERED 900 6 850 250 14
12 23 TAPERED 878 6 800 250 14
13 22 TAPERED 800 6 750 250 14
14 21 TAPERED 750 6 600 250 12
15 20 TAPERED 600 5 550 250 14
16 19 TAPERED 550 5 550 250 14
17 18 TAPERED 550 6 850 300 14
3 TAPERED 220 6 220 200 12
Here d1 is depth at start node, d2 is depth at end node, tw is thickness of web, bf is width of the
flange, tf is thickness of the flange.

78
Figure 5.9; mid frame showing member numbers

Figure 5.10: Values after unity check for mid frame

79
Section properties for 3D structure:
For 3D structure loadings have been same for mid frames and for end frames loads are calculated
separately and are assigned.
For wind columns on wall side C and D loads had been calculated and assigned to all the members
facing that direction.
But same section dimensions are used for end frames as well, since even if there is case of
extension in future there is no need for removal of material.
For purlins Z-section had been used and for bracings angle section are assigned.
Wind columns are given I section and are given hinge supports at bottom
For wind columns vertical loads are not transferred and it is released.
mid column moments are not transferred.

Figure 5.11: 3D structure with bracings, purlins and wind columns

80
CHECK THE ADEQUACY OF RAFTER:
For the adequacy of the rafter , following check should be necessary-
a) Check for tension
b) Check for compression
c) Check for bending
d) Check for shear buckling
e) Check for combined resistance of cross section
f) Check for combined bending and axial tension
g) Check for combined bending and axial compression for buckling resistance.

For a example, adequacy of rafter no. 14 is checked by the following manner -

From staad.pro analysis for the Member 10 (between nodes 3 and 6)
Moment Mz = 394 kNm
Shear force Vz = 117 kN
Axial force Pz = 74.7 kN
At node 6
Moment Mz = 31.4 kNm
Shear force Vz = 62.4 kN
Axial force Pz = 75.2 kN

SECTION PROPERTIES
BEAM SECTION PROPERTIES
Top flange : 200 mm x 12 mm
Web size : 750 (at node 3) – 600(at node 6) mm x 6 mm
Bottom flange: 200 mm x 12 mm
Area : 9300 mm2 (at node 3), 8400 mm2 (at node 6)
Total depth : 774 mm (at node 3), 624 mm (at node 6)
Izz = 90.77x107 mm4 (at node 3), 55.75x107 mm4 (at node 6)
Iyy = 16.0135x106 mm4 (at node 3), 16.0108x106 mm4 (at node 6)

81
SECTION CLASSIFICATION:
Fy = 345MPa {see Table 2 of IS 800:2007)
ε = √250÷𝐹𝑦 = Sqrt (250/345) = 0.8513
At node 3
b/tf of the flange of the I beam = (200 – 6)/ (2x12) = 8.08 < 13.6 ε (Semi Compact section)
d/tw of the web of the I section = 750/6 = 125 > 126 ε (Slender section)
Hence the section is SLENDER.
At node 6
b/tf of the flange of the I beam = (200 – 6)/ (2x12) = 8.08 < 13.6 ε (Semi compact section)
d/tw of the web of the I section = 600/6 = 100 < 126 ε (Semi Compact section)
Hence the section is SEMI-COMPACT.

a) CHECK FOR TENSION CAPACITY:

From staad.pro analysis
Axial tension in the member Ta = 110.14 kN {for load case 112}
Design strength due to yielding of gross section {see clause 6.2 of IS800:2007}

Hence the section is safe tension.

b) MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE IN COMPRESSION:

Actual compression from staad.pro analysis = 78.573 kN {for load case 101}
At node 6
For major axis buckling resistance, from Table 10 of IS 800:2007
Buckling class ‘b’ for tf < 40 mm, as per table Table 9 (b) of IS 800:2007
For KLz/rz = 10000/257.621 = 38.816, fy =345Mpa, then, fcd = 272 Mpa.
Pd,z = 272 x8400/1000 = 2284 kN > 78.573 kN
For minor axis buckling resistance, from Table 10 of IS 800:2007
Buckling class ‘c’ for tf < 40 mm, {as per table Table 9 (c) of IS 800:2007}
For KLy/ry = 1500/43.658 = 34.357, fy =345Mpa,
fcc= (π2E)/ (KL/ry) 2 = π2x2x105/34.3572 = 1672.242MPa cc f

82
Hence, the section is safe.
At node 3
For major axis buckling resistance, from Table 10 of IS 800:2007
Buckling class ‘b’ for tf < 40 mm, as per table Table 9 (b) of IS 800:2007
For KLz/rz = 10000/312.43 = 32, fy =345Mpa, then, fcd = 283.6 Mpa.
Pd,z = 283.6 x9300/1000 = 2637.48 kN > 78.573 kN
For minor axis buckling resistance, from Table 10 of IS 800:2007
Buckling class ‘c’ for tf < 40 mm, {as per table Table 9 (c) of IS 800:2007}
For KLy/ry = 1500/41.5 = 36.14, fy =345Mpa,
For KLy/ry = 36.14, fy =345Mpa, then, fcd = 264.492 Mpa.
Pd,y = 264.492 x 9300/1000 = 2459.77 kN > 78.573 kN
Hence, the section is safe.

c) CHECK FOR THE MOMENT CAPACITY:

From staad.pro analysis {for the load case 108}
At node 3
Actual moment Mz =394 kNm
As per IS 800:2007 (Clause 8.2.2), the bending strength 68
Md = βbZpfbd
Where βb =Ze/Zp for Semi-compact sections
hf = 750 + 2x6 = 762 mm
KL = 1500 mm

83
E = 2x105MPa
tf = 12mm
d/tw= 750/6= 125> 67ε
so that web will be ignored.
A = 2x 200x 12= 4800 mm2
Izz = {200*123/12 +(200*12*3812)}x 2 = 6.96 x 108 mm4
Zez= 6.96 x 108/381 = 1.829 x 106 mm3
Iyy= (12 x 2003)/12= 1.6 x 107 mm4
Ry = sqrt ( 1.6 x 107/4800)= 57.735mm
According to clause 8.2.2.1 of (IS 800), elastic lateral buckling moment

ψ= M2/M1 = 31.4/394 = 0.08 (assume k =1, from Table 42)

C1 =1.22 (arrived from interpolating between ψ=0.25 & ψ=0)
Mcr = 1.22x {π2x2x105x1.601x107x774/ (2x15002)} x {1+ [(1500/41.5)/ (762/12)]2/20}0.5
= 6517 kNm

= Sqrt {1.836 x 106x345/6517x106} =0.31 < 0.4

Laterally supported case
Along the Z – direction
Mdz = βbZpfbd
Mdz = Zefbd = 1.829 x106x345/1.1 = 573 kNm > 394 kNm
Hence the beam is satisfactory.
At node 6
Actual moment Mz =31.4kNm {for the load case 108}
As per IS 800:2007 (Clause 8.2.2), the bending strength
Md = βbZpfbd
Where βb =Ze/Zp for Semi-compact sections
hf = 600 + 2x6 = 612 mm
KL = 1500 mm

84
E = 2x105MPa
tf = 12 mm
d/tw= 600/6= 125> 67ε
so that web will be ignored.
A = 2x 200x 12= 4800 mm2
Izz = {200*123/12 +(200*12*3812)}x 2 = 6.96 x 108 mm4
Zez= 6.96 x 108/606 = 1.148 x 106 mm3
Iyy= (12 x 2003)/12 = 1.6 x 107 mm4
Ry = sqrt ( 1.6 x 107/4800)= 57.735mm
According to clause 8.2.2.1 of (IS 800), elastic lateral buckling moment

ψ= M2/M1 = 31.4/394 = 0.08, (assume k =1, from Table 42)

C1 =1.22 (arrived from interpolating between ψ=0.25 & ψ=0)
Mcr = 1.22x {π2x2x105x1.601x107x612/ (2x15002)}x{1+[(1500/57.735)/(612/12)]2/20}0.5
= 5268 kNm

Since b =Ze/Zp For semi-compact section

= Sqrt {(1.148x106x345/7599.63x106} =0.274 < 0.4
Hence, it is laterally supported case.
Along the Z – direction
Md = b Z p fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0
Mdz = Zefy/ m0 = 1.148x106x345/1.1 = 360 kNm > 31.4 kNm
Hence the section is safe.

d) CHECK FOR RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTION:

The maximum axial force (for the load case 108) given by staad.pro analysis
N = 74.72 kN
Mz = 394 kNm
For combined axial force and bending moment affects,

85
The interaction equation is,

Nd =Ag fy /m0 =9300x345/1.1 = 2916.82 kN at node 3

=8400x345/1.1 = 2634.545 kN at node 6
Thus, Mdz = Zefbd
(74.72/2916.82) + (394/573) + 0(My) = 0.026 + 0.685 + 0 = 0.721 < 1.0 at node 3
(74.72/2634.545) + (31.4/360) + 0(My) = 0.028 + 0.087 + 0 = 0.115 < 1.0 at node6
Hence, the section is safe.

e) CHECK FOR SHEAR CAPACITY:

At node 3
Actual shear from staad.pro analysis
VZ = 117kN {for load case 108}
AV = dtw = 750*6 = 4500 mm2
d/tw = 750/6 = 125 > 67 ε (see 8.4.2 of IS 800:2007)
Hence, shear buckling governs
Then Vn =Vcr = Shear force corresponding to web buckling
Vcr = Av b 
The elastic critical shear stress of the web, cr is given by:
kv =5.35, μ = 0.3

The maximum shear force is 117kN, which is less than 0.6Vd = 0.6x278.235 =166.941kN
Hence, no reduction in moment capacity.

86
At node 6
VZ = 62.4kN
AV = dtw = 600x6 = 3600 mm2
d/tw = 600/6 = 100 > 67 ε (see 8.4.2 of IS 800:2007)
Hence, shear buckling governs
Then Vn =Vcr = Shear force corresponding to web buckling
Vcr = Av b 
The elastic critical shear stress of the web, cr is given by:
kv =5.35, μ = 0.3

= 5.35x π2x2x105/ [12x (1 – 0.32) x1002] = 96.61MPa

 = web slenderness ratio

The maximum shear force is 62.4kN, which is less than 0.6Vd = 0.6x347.796 =208.67kN
Hence, no reduction in moment capacity

f) CHECK FOR COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL TENSION:

At node 3
The reduced effective moment, (Clause 9.3.2.1)
The maximum moment and tension forces as per staad.pro analysis
M = 394 kNm
T = 75.2 kN
Zec= 2.346x 106 mm3
A = 9300 mm2
y = 1.0

87
Md = lateral torsional buckling moment =573 kNm
Meff = 375.03 kNm < Md
Hence, the section is satisfied.
At node 6
The reduced effective moment, (Clause 9.3.2.1)
M = 31.4 kNm
T = 75.2 kN
Zec= 1.822 x106 mm3
A = 8400 mm2
y = 1.0
Md = lateral torsional buckling moment = 360 kNm
Meff = 15.088 kNm < Md
Hence, the section is satisfied.

g) MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE IN COMBINED BENDING

AND AXIAL COMPRESSION:
From staad.pro analysis
Axial compression P = 78.6 kN {for the load combination of 101}
Moment M1 = 343 kNm
M2 = 39.2 kNm
f = (π2E)/ (KL/r) 2 = π2x2x105/38.8162 = 1308.78 MPa

88
Thus,
(78.6/2284) + (1.01x0.9x343/570) =0.034+0.547 = 0.581 < 1.0 at node 3
(78.6/2284) + (1.01x0.9x39.2/570) =0.034+0.0625 = 0.096 < 1.0 at node 6
And,

ψ = M2/M1 = 39.2/343 = 0.114

CmLT = 0.6+0.4 Ψ = 0.6456 >0.4
KLT =1 – {(0.1x0.287x0.034)/ (0.6456 – 0.25)} = 0.9975 > 0.9926
Since My = 0, and the governing unity equation is
Thus,
(78.6/2284) + (0.9975x343/570) =0.0342 + 0.60 = 0.634 < 1.0 at node 3
(78.6/2284) + (0.9975x39.2/570) =0.0342 + 0.0686 = 0.1026 < 1.0 at node 6
Hence, section is safe against combined axial force and bending moment.

h) CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY OF THE WEB:

When transverse stiffeners are not provided, {see 8.6.1.1 of IS 800:2007}
d/tw  200= (750/6) = 125 < 200x0.852=170.2
Web is adequate for serviceability.

i) CHECK FOR FLANGE BUCKLING IN TO WEB:

When transverse stiffeners are not provided, {see 8.6.1.2 of IS 800:2007}

Hence, the web is adequate to avoid flange buckling into the web

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 CONCLUSIONS

 According to Indian standard steel code IS: 800-2007, when a member is designed for bending,
shear and compression then non-dimensional slenderness ratio λLT, λw, λ respectively is
defined for each case.
 In each case, non- dimensional slenderness ratio is defined as a square root ratio of yield
strength to critical stress.
 For lateral torsional buckling effect, if we design at λLT = 0.4, we get more economic sections,
since it is the optimum length to ensure it as laterally supported beam.
 In case of shear, when λw<0.8, 0.8< λw<1.2, λw>1.2 then strength is calculated by different
formulas according to IS:800-2007.
 The buckling curves used for compression capacity calculations intersect at λ =0.21, and closer
we design to this ratio we get more economic sections
 In case of pure compression section classification are semi compact & slender. In case of pure
compression if depth to thickness ratio of web exceeds 42ε, it is considered as slender section.
 In case of member subjected to both compression and bending to fall into slender region depth
to thickness ratio of web, varies with equation (126ε)/(1+2r2), minimum 42ε and maximum
(126ε)/(1+2r2).
 In case of tension minimum limit is 126ε as r2 is negative for tension and the maximum limit
is governed by the minimum thickness of the web criteria i.e., 200ε.

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 REFERENCES

 Lateral Torsional Buckling of I-Beams - Master of Science Thesis, Department of Civil

and Environmental Engineering, Division of Structural Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology.
 Design of Steel Structures by Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar,Indian
Institute of Technology Madras.
 Lateral torsional buckling and Slenderness by Mary Brettle, Senior Engineer at the Steel
Construction Institute.
 Lateral Torsional Buckling Test, Civil Engineering RWTH Aachen University.
 Trahair N.S. – Flexural Buckling of Structures.
 Steel Structures – Design and Practice by N.Subramanian.
 General construction in Steel – Code of practice IS 800: 2007.
 Structural use of steel work in building BS 5950: Part-1.
 Design for wind loads-IS 875 (Part3)
 Theory of Elastic Stability. S., TIMOSHENKO, NewYork : MacGraw-Hill, 1936.
 Euro code 03-DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

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Name - Bhukya Veeralaxmi
Email – bhukyaveeru9963@gmail.com

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