Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

SUBJECT NAME : Statistics

MATERIAL NAME : Formula & Problems
MATERIAL CODE : JM08AM1003

Name of the Student: Branch:

UNIT – I (Testing of Hypothesis)

1. Write the application of ‘F’ - test and – test and ‘t’ – test.

Application of – test
i) To test the goodness of fit.
ii) To test the “independence of attributes”.
iii) To test the significance of discrepancy between experimental values and the
theoretical values.

Application of ‘F’ – test

i) To test whether there is any significant difference between two estimates of
population variance.
ii) To test if the two samples have come from the same population.

Application of ‘t’ – test

i) Test of Hypothesis about the population mean.
ii) Test of Hypothesis about the difference between two means.
iii) Test of Hypothesis about the difference between two means with dependent
samples.
iv) Test of Hypothesis about the observed sample correlation coefficient and sample
regression coefficient.

2. Define Type – I and Type – II errors and critical region.

Type – I Error
The hypothesis is true but our test rejects it.
Type – II Error
The hypothesis is false but our test accepts it.
Critical region
A region in the sample space which amounts to rejection of H0 is termed as
critical region or rejection.

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3. Define F – variate.

Greater Variance
F
Smaller Variance
  x  x  y  y
2 2

S1 
2
and S22  Here S12 and S 22 are Variance
n1  1 n2  1
and S 1 and S 2 are S.D.
4. Write down any two properties of chi – Square distribution.
i) The mean and variance of the chi – Square distribution are n and 2n respectively.
ii) As n → , Chi – Square distribution approaches a normal distribution.
iii) The sum of independent Chi – Square variates is also a Chi – Square variate.

5. What are the assumptions for Student’s ‘t’ test?

i) The parent population from which the sample drawn is normal.
ii) The sample observations are independent.
iii) The population standard deviation is unknown.

UNIT – I (Testing of Hypothesis)

There are two types of samples in Testing of Hypothesis

i) Small Sample (n <30)

ii) Large Sample (n >30)

Small Sample: (n <30)

Type 1 Student’s ‘t’ test

 Single Mean (S.D given directly)

 Single Mean (S.D is not given directly)
 Difference of Means

Type 2 F – test

Type 3 – test

 Goodness of fit
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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

 Independence of attributes

Large Sample: (n >30)

Type 1 Single Mean

Type 2 Single Proportion

Type 3 Difference of Mean

Type 4 Difference of Proportion

Small Sample: (n <30)

Student’s ‘t’ test:

 Single Mean (S.D given directly)

√
Where ̅ Sample Mean
Population
n Sample size
S.D Standard deviation
Degree of freedom = n – 1
 Single Mean (S.D is not given directly)

√
∑( ̅)
Where Degree of freedom = n – 1

 Difference of Means

̅ ̅

Where

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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

[∑( ̅) ∑( ̅) ]

(or)
n1 s12  n2 s22
Where s 2 
n1  n2  2
Degrees of freedom  n1  n2  2
F - test:
Greater Variance
F
Smaller Variance
 x  x  y  y
2 2

S2
 and S 2
 Here S12 and S 22 are Variance and
1
n1  1 n2  1
2

S 1 and S 2 are S.D. (Capital S mention Population S.D and Small s mention Sample S.D)

Chi – Square test :

 Goodness of fit:
 O  E
2

 
2

Where O – Observed frequency

E – Expected frequency, Degree of freedom  n  1
 Independence of attributes:

a b a+b

c d c+d

a+c b+d N

The expected frequencies are given by

( )( ) ( )( ) a+b

( )( ) ( )( ) c+d

a+c b+d N

Degree of freedom   r  1 s  1

Where r – number of rows

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S – number of columns

Large Sample: (n >30)

x x
 Single Mean z (or)
 s
n n

x1  x2 x1  x2
 Difference of Mean z (or)
 12  22 s12 s22
 
n1 n2 n1 n2
 Single Proportion

p P
z where p – Sample proportion, P – Population proportion, Q = 1 – P
PQ
n

 Difference of Proportion
p1  p2 n p  n2 p2
z where p  1 1 and q  1  p
 1 1  n1  n2
pq   
 n1 n2 

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