IAS4Sure Value Addition Material For Mains 2020 Vol 1

Your Preparation Partner
Value Addition Material Vol 1

for
Mains 2020
Contains:
 Contains Diagrams and generic content to improve answers

 Sample diagrams for value addition in GS answers
 Tells you how to create good quality content
 Examples and Case Studies for Ethics
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IAS4Sure Mains Value Addition - Vol 1
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Contents
Basic Content................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Constitution...........................................................................................................................................................2
UN Human Rights.................................................................................................................................................. 4
Landmark judgments............................................................................................................................................ 5
Value Addition Through Diagrams.....................................................................................................9
Venn Diagram........................................................................................................................................................9
Cause and Affect Relation...................................................................................................................................11
Locations............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Comparison Diagrams......................................................................................................................................... 13
Sun Ray Diagram................................................................................................................................................. 14
Life Cycle Diagrams............................................................................................................................................. 18
Input and Outcome diagrams............................................................................................................................. 19
Entity and its component....................................................................................................................................19
Cycle Diagrams.................................................................................................................................................... 20
Component Diagram...........................................................................................................................................21
Definition Diagram.............................................................................................................................................. 22
Complex Diagrams.............................................................................................................................................. 23
Ethics............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Basic Content
Introduction
Every extra mark you get in UPSC makes a hell lot of difference. That extra one mark may be
helpful in getting you in the list or it may help you get your preferred service or cadre. The purpose
of this module is to
 Ensure that you score that one extra mark wherever possible
 Add value to your answer
 Maximize your marks in each paper
If we see paper wise we write following number of answers:

1. GS – I : 20/25
2. GS – II : 20/25
3. GS – III : 20/25
4. GS – IV : 15/20
5. Optional: 35/40
So in totality we write around 110 – 135 questions. If we try to add value to each of these questions
and try to increase marks by ½ or 1 then it will make a substantial difference. However it is not as
easy as it sounds. Nevertheless if from now onwards we develop such approach it can be very
fruitful.
Requirements:
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_______________________________________________________________
1. Know your syllabus: One must be well versed with syllabus. Whenever you are going
through newspaper or any article and you come across anything interesting which can be
any data/ figure/case study /SC-HC judgement/quote etc. you must note it down and think
about which topic and type of question it can be used in.
2. Go through Previous year Question Paper: One must be thorough with various type
of question being asked. It will help you in picking right kind of information from various
news.
3. Note making and Revision: Note down the information in your notes and integrate it
with the topic/issue. Revise it again and again so that you remember it properly and
reproduce it in the examination.
4. Practice: Always try to add value to your answer whenever you are writing answer whether
it is at home or in test series.
Dos and Don’ts

1. Analyze more, Think more: We can provide only limited amount of readymade material.
Onus lies on you to orient yourself and think on your own to extract more and more
information so that it brings out better result.
2. Reuse information: Most of the time we can use same information in many topics but
generally, we tend to restrict ourselves and use it in only one topic for ex. any data related to
women literacy can be used in topics such as women empowerment, literacy/education in
India, economic development, SHGs etc.
3. Ensure Relevance: Whenever you are using any value added component it must be
ensured that it is relevant to the demand of question. Do not write for the sake of inserting
some fact or case study. Whatever is being added must be to the point and relevant to the
question. That is why more coverage along with revision and practice will help.
In this module, we have extracted some of the facts/ case studies/ examples from IAS4Sure notes /
Toppers Notes which you can use in your answers. This value addition is an art and thus more you
practice, more you will be able to improve your answers. So start using these facts in your answers
from today itself.
These notes are just a sample and their purpose is to give you an idea about how you can use
facts/examples / diagrams to improve quality of answers and how same fact can be used in
multiple topics.
You can access all our notes by subscribing here http://www.ias4sure.com/subscribe/
Constitution
Our constitution provides us with great content which can be used as fillers in our answer and it
will always be most authentic way to improve quality of our answers.
Fundamental Duties:
Almost everything can be linked to Fundamental duties like corruption, crime, hate against women,
communal riots , RTE, illiteracy etc. etc. So, try to use them in your answers. Read them again and
again. You don't need to quote entire statement. Just mention as "eradicating illiteracy is also a
fundamental duty as per our constitution." or "maintaining high standard for safety for women is a
fundamental duty of each Indian as per our constitution."
_______________________________________________________________
Fundamental Duties:
 Respect National Symbols: To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and
institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
 Respect ideas of our forefathers: To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired
our national struggle for freedom;
 Do our bit for country: To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
 Duty to serve: To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
 Maintain harmony and respect others: To promote harmony and the spirit of common
brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
 Preserve our culture: To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
 Preserve environment: To protect and improve the natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
 Be rational: To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
 Non-Violence: To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
 Strive towards perfection: To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and
collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and
achievement;
 Fight against illiteracy: Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for
education to his child or ward, as the case may be, between the age of six to fourteen years
In your notes, note down if any of the above duty can be applied. For ex. in your notes on literacy,
write down that it is every citizens duty to fight against illiteracy.
Fundamental Rights
You should mention the rights guaranteed by our constitution wherever you can. It is better if you
mention specific article number like : Restricting temple entry of women is against their right of
equality (A 15) as guaranteed to them by Indian Constitution.
So, read them again and again and try to interlink them with current issues.
 Right to Equality (A 14 to A 18)

 Right to Freedom (A 19 to A 22)
 Right against Exploitation (A 23 to A 24)
 Right to Freedom of Religion ( A 25 to A 28)
 Cultural and Educational Rights ( A 29 to A 30)
 Right to Constitutional Remedies (A 32)
You can link almost every current issues with some article in FRs. Like
 Child Labour (A 24)
 Child Education (A 21)
 Undertrials (A 21)
 Environment (A 21)
 Street Vendors (A 19) etc.
Again, you won't be able to do that it in exam hall. It is better to do this thinking task while you are
preparing. Note down all related FRs in your topic wise notes right now and start using them in
your answers.
Directive Principle of State Policy
_______________________________________________________________
It is the most ignored part and the irony is it is also the most useful part from the point of view of
mains answers as everything government does can be linked to DPSPs like employment generation,
land reforms, environmental protection etc.
So, again try to read them and link them with current issues.
 A 39 : Adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; equal pay for equal work; Proper working
conditions; equal distribution of resources
 A 40 : Panchayat; Link all local governance answers to A 40
 A 41 : Right to work; Assistance to old, sick, disabled;
 A 42 : Humane condition of work; Maternity relief; Link it with Vishakha case i.e. sexual
harassment at workplace
 A 43 : Living wages; Social and Cultural opportunities; Link it with inflation and low salaries
 A 44 : Uniform Civil Code
 A 45 : Education
 A 46 : SC/ST and weaker sections
 A 47 : Nutrition; Standard of living; Ban on Alcohol; Link it with mal nutrition issue
 A 48 : Agriculture and Animal husbandry;
 A 49 : Protection of monuments and place of importance; Link it with tourism
 A 50 : Separation of Judiciary and Executive; Link it with NJAC issue and judicial
appointments.
Preamble
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly

resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and
to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and
worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual
and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do
HEREBY ADOPT,
ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
See keywords like Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Justice (Social, Economic, Political),
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity etc. You can mention these keywords in your answers like "This is
against the dignity of individual as specified in preamble of our constitution and guaranteed by A
21."
UN Human Rights
Why read them?

These are basic rules which govern our society. Whatever happens, can be explained from the
point of views these rights. So, these rights can be mentioned in your answers when you are
lacking content. You can analyse the topic from the point of view of these rights.
For ex. A question on Khap came in 2015. Even if you didn't know the specific answer to that
question, you can write that Khaps violate basic human rights as defined by UN declaration of
Human Rights like Right to Freedom, Right to a fair trial, Freedom of speech, Freedom of
movement etc. In this way you can generate good content.
_______________________________________________________________
Other way (Bad way) of writing it is :

"Khaps are evil. They are menace to the society. They should be stopped. They are against the basic
freedom of humans etc. etc. ". And, in the exam, when you are racing against time, this kind of shit
happens :). So, prepare some readymade generic content which can be used as a filler in such
questions where you have less content.
Keywords
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights : All human rights were declared and this declaration
was adopted by almost all countries in world.
 Basic rights:
o Right to life
o Freedom from torture
o Freedom from slavery
o Right to fair trial
o Freedom of speech
o Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
o Freedom of movement
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Landmark judgments
 Berubari Union case (1960):

o Supreme Court specifically opined that Preamble is not a part of the Constitution.
 Golaknath Vs State for Punjab (1967):

o Supreme Court ruled that Parliament could not curtail any of the Fundamental Rights
of individuals mentioned in the Constitution.
 RC Cooper vs. Union of India(1970)

o Supreme Court while examining the constitutionality of the Banking Companies
Ordinance, 1969 which sought to nationalize 14 of India's largest commercial banks,
held that the President's decision can be challenged on the grounds that 'immediate
action' was not required and the ordinance was passed primarily to by-pass the debate
and discussion in legislature.
 Kesavananda Bharati case (1973):

o Propounded doctrine of Basic Structure
o The Supreme Court rejected the earlier opinion and held that Preamble is a part of the
Constitution. It observed that the Preamble is of extreme importance and the
_______________________________________________________________
Constitution should be read and interpreted in the light of the grand and noble vision
expressed in the Preamble.
 Raj Narain vs State of UP (1975) :

o Case led to the imposition of emergency in India
o Case was related to election disputes.
o As early as in 1976, the Supreme Court said in the case of Raj Narain vs State of UP,
that people cannot speak or express themselves unless they know. Therefore, right to
information is embedded in article 19 and is a fundamental right. In the same case,
Supreme Court further said that India is a democracy. People are the masters. Therefore,
the masters have a right to know how the governments, meant to serve them, are
functioning. Further, every citizen pays taxes. The citizens therefore, have a right to
know how their money was being spent. These three principles were laid down by the
Supreme Court while saying that RTI is a fundamental right of the people of India.
 ADM Jabalpur v Shivakant Shukla Case (1976) :

o Widely considered a violation of Fundamental Rights
o In this landmark judgment, the Supreme Court declared that the rights of citizens to
move the court for violation of Articles 14, 21 and 22 would remain suspended during
emergencies.
 Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978)

o Triumph of individual liberty
o SC held that – ‘Procedure established by law’ within the meaning of article 21 must be
‘right and just and fair’ and ‘not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive’ otherwise, it would be
no procedure at all and the requirement of Article 21 would not be satisfied. Thus, the
‘procedure established by law’ has acquired the same significance in India as the ‘due
process of law’ clause in America.
 Minerva Mills case (1980)

o Applied and evolved the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution, unanimously
ruling that Parliament cannot exercise unlimited power to alter this basic structure or
tread upon the fundamental rights of individuals, including the right to liberty and
equality
o Two changes which were made earlier by the 42nd Amendment Act were declared as
null and void by the Supreme Court in this particular case
 SP Gupta vs Union of India, 1981 :

o The Court has to innovate new methods and strategies to provide access to justice to
large masses of people who are denied basic human rights, to whom freedom and liberty
have no meaning.
— Justice PN Bhagwati (PIL started from it)
 Waman Rao vs Union of India (1981)

o SC ruled that Parliament had transgressed its power of constitutional amendment.
o This case was a landmark decision in the constitutional jurisprudence of India. This case
has helped in determining a satisfactory method of addressing grievances pertaining to
the violation of fundamental rights by creating a fine line of determination between the
Acts prior to and after the Keshavananda Bharati case
 Sheela Barse vs State of Maharashtra (February 15, 1983) :
_______________________________________________________________
o This was a historic judgment that dealt with the issue of custodial violence against
women in prisons. This resulted in an order facilitating separate police lockups for
women convicts in order to shield them from further trauma and brutality.
 Shah Bano case (1985)

o Shah Bano won the right to get alimony from her husband.
o The petitioner challenged the Muslim personal law. The Supreme Court ruled in favour
of Shah Bano and granted her alimony. Most favoured it as a secular judgment but it
also invoked a strong reaction from the Muslim community, which felt that the
judgment was an encroachment on Muslim Sharia law and hence led to the formation of
the All India Muslim Personal Law Board in 1973
NOTE: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to women.
 MC Mehta vs Union of India (Pollution in the Ganga) (1986)

o This judgement delivered on January 12, 1988, lashed out at civic authorities for
allowing untreated sewage from Kanpur’s tanneries making its way into the Ganges. It
was the beginning of green litigation in India.
o In 1996, environmentalist M C Mehta’s PIL, (M C Mehta vs Union of India on December
30, 1996) resulted in stringent orders against Mathura refineries for polluting the
ambient air around the Taj Mahal.
o Yet another PIL by M C Mehta resulted in the CNG verdict (July 28, 1998) that forced
the vehicles in the capital to switch to a different fuel in order to keep a check on
vehicular pollution.
Note: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to Environment.
 Indira Sawhney judgment (1992) :

o On November 16, 1992, the Supreme Court responded to a PIL filed by lawyer Indira
Sawhney and introduced 27% reservation for backward classes in posts and services
under the Government of India. Citing the age old Varna system, the court justified its
reason for reservation. The court also spelled out that such a system should not exceed a
tenure of ten years once a particular section is adequately represented in society.
Note: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to Caste System.
 SR Bommai v Union of India - 1994

o Persecution of state governments stalled.
o This landmark case had major implications on Center-State relations. Post this case the
Supreme Court clearly detailed the limitations within which Article 356 has to function
Note: Mention in answers related to Centre-State relations, Federalism, Governor etc.
 LIC of India case (1995):

o The Supreme Court again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution.
 Vishaka v State of Rajasthan - 1997

o Definition of sexual harrassment and guidelines to deal with it laid down.
o In this case Vishakha and other women groups filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
against State of Rajasthan and Union of India to enforce fundamental rights for working
women under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution. This resulted in the introduction
of Vishaka Guidelines. The judgment of August 1997 also provided basic definitions of
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sexual harassment at the workplace and provided guidelines to deal with it. Hence the
importance of the case as a landmark judgment.
 State of Tamil Nadu V Suhas Katti - November 2004

o Short conviction time of seven months.
o This was notable for being the first case involving conviction under the Information
Technology Act, 2000. A family friend of a divorced woman was accused of posting her
number online on messenger groups which led to her being harassed by multiple lewd
messages. The accused was later convicted and sentenced.
Note: Mention in answers related to cyber security, privacy vs digital access.
 Jessica Lal Murder Case - December 2006

o Civil society makes big gains. Can be written in Role of Civil Society
o A model in New Delhi working as a bartender was shot dead and the prime accused
Manu Sharma, son of Congress MP Vinod Sharma who was initially acquitted in
February 2006 was later sentenced to life imprisonment in December 2006 by a fast
track hearing by the Delhi High Court. On 19 April 2010, the Supreme Court of India
approved the sentence.
Note: Must be mentioned in answers related to Role of civil society.
 Section 377 case (Naz Foundation v Govt of NCT of Delhi) - July 2009
o Cause for rejoicing for homosexuals.
o In 2009 the Supreme Court declared Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 as
unconstitutional. The said section earlier criminalised sexual activities “against the
order of nature” which included homosexual acts. This judgment however, was
overturned by the Supreme in December, 2013
 Illegalising convicted MPs and MLAs (Lily Thomas v Union Of India) - July 2013
o Effected much-needed cleansing of legislative bodies.
o The Supreme Court of India, in this judgment, ruled that any member of Parliament
(MP), member of the legislative assembly (MLA) or member of a legislative council
(MLC) who was convicted of a crime and awarded a minimum of two-year
imprisonment, would lose membership of the House with immediate effect.
 Recognising the Third gender (National Legal Services Authority v Union of

India) - April 2014
o Third gender acknowledged as citizens with rights.
o In a landmark judgment the Supreme Court in April, 2014 recognised transgender
persons as a third gender and ordered the government to treat them as minorities and
extend reservations in jobs, education and other amenities.
 Section 66A revised (Shreya Singhal v Union of India) - March 2015

o Cracking down on "offensive" online content not easy.
o Controversial section 66A of the Information Technology Act which allowed arrests for
objectionable content posted on the internet was struck down as unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court in March 2015.
Note: Can be used in Cyber Security answers.
 Shabnam Hashmi case refers to right guaranteed by Indian law to adopt child with all
legal rights.
_______________________________________________________________
 SC in Mathura Ahir case reiterated that personal law are not law under article 13 i.e. They
are not immutable.
 Supreme Court in cases like MP Sharma and Kharak Singh case have mentioned that
Right to Privacy is implicit in Preamble and Article 21.
 SC in P. Rathinam case for decriminalizing suicide stated that former should include also
the "right not to live a forced life" or "right to die".
 Madras High Court judgement that the freedom of expressions of artists and authors
should be protected and instead of asking them not to publish/display their work by citing
reasons of law and order, the state should focus on maintaining law and order
Value Addition Through Diagrams
Venn Diagram
(1). Showing Common/Overlapping features: You can use Venn Diagrams to show
overlapping features of two or more entities. For instance if you are writing about India and Israel
relations, you can draw two overlapping circles to show common area of interest in overlapped
part. Or if you are writing about two schemes say Smart City Mission and Urban Housing scheme,
you can draw two overlapping circles to show that housing component is same among the two. One
Example is given below.
(2). Showing different component of an entity: You can show different component of a
scheme, a phenomenon, a process using simple circles as shown below.
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
Cause and Affect Relation
You can present cause and affect relation effectively using a diagram in below format. Example
shows a relation between poverty and illiteracy and need of government intervention to break this
vicious cycle.
Locations
Making map of entire India needs lots of practice and time. What you can do is, make map of area
which is in focus. For instance, if you are writing about Oil Refineries in India than there is no
need to draw northern India's map. Similarly, if you are writing about Heat Island effect in Delhi,
than you can only draw Western Indian Diagram. Examples are given below.
(1). North India
(2). South India

_______________________________________________________________
(3). East India
_______________________________________________________________
(4). West India
Comparison Diagrams
Comparison diagrams can be made in different ways. Some of the most common methods are
given below.
(1). Comparing with Circles. Size of Circles can be used to show the broad difference. For Ex.
in below example, economy of India and China is being compared and Chinese circle is made
bigger intentionally.
(2). Comparison via Tree Method
_______________________________________________________________
(3). Comparison via charts
Sun Ray Diagram
This type of diagram is most common. You can draw a circle, write an entity's name inside it, and
then draw lines radiating out of the circle. These lines can be used to show various component of
that entity, or various outcome due to that entity. Examples given below.
(1). Example showing Green Economy and its component:
_______________________________________________________________
(2). Example showing Citizen Charter and its component:
(3). Example showing SHG and its features: After making this diagram, you do not need to
explain these things in your answer. Simply focus on other aspects like why SHGs are failing etc.
_______________________________________________________________
(4). Example showing MGNREGA and its features: Similarly, you do not need to explain all
these features and waste your time and space. Focus on stuff like impact of MGNREGA, its future,
government policy wrt MGRENA etc.
(5). Example showing Security issues related to social media: If you have paucity of time,
you can write your answer in this format. Notice examples in front of each point. Thus, this
_______________________________________________________________
improves presentation in less time. In any case, examiner is looking for these keywords and
examples in your text.
(6). Example showing changes done post liberalisation: You can mention various steps
taken by government in this fashion instead of writing them in points and writing full statements.
_______________________________________________________________
Life Cycle Diagrams
_______________________________________________________________
Input and Outcome diagrams
You can depict outcomes of various efforts in below format instead of explaining them in long
sentences.
Entity and its component
Another way of depicting components of an entity is as below apart from Sun Ray Diagram
_______________________________________________________________
Cycle Diagrams
You can depict cycles using diagram as below. For instance cycle of inflation and unemployment or
cycle of corruption and weak enforcement of laws..
_______________________________________________________________
Component Diagram
You can also depict component of an entity by using corners of a geometrical shape i.e. if an entity
has 3 component use a triangle corner or if it has 4 component use a quadrilateral corners and so
on.
_______________________________________________________________
Definition Diagram
Instead of writing definition, you can also depict it in the form of diagram as below. This diagram
explains EIA and its component.
_______________________________________________________________
Complex Diagrams
Diagrams can be used to explain a process. This art comes with experience but it is useful as it
makes your answers different from others.
(1). Everyone knows what Development is but the way it is written below is quite unique and
different.
(2). Growth drivers of Agriculture. Instead of writing all this in paragraph or points, use below
diagram. You can prepare your notes in this format only i.e. Diagrammatic, with keywords and
examples. This will help you replicate them in exams.
_______________________________________________________________
(3). Food Security: This diagram replaces at least 1 page of your text and this can be drawn in 2
minutes thus saving 3-4 minutes of your time.
(4). Disaster Management: This is a complex diagram. You can extract such diagrams for reports of
government, UN, WB etc. Google the term and search images of the topic. Make a repository of
them and use them in your answers from now onwards.
_______________________________________________________________
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Ethics
Frequent transfers due to honesty:

 Ashok Khemka
 Durga Shakti Nagpal
 Tukaram Munde
TN Sheshan:
 Electoral Reforms despite opposition
 Honesty and integrity
Shreedharan:
 Metro Man
 Developed world class infrastructure with government staff.
Narendra Kumar IPS, Bihar:

 Mining Mafia killed him by running over truck.
Ajit Doval:
 Stayed in Pak as undercover
 Bravery and dedication
Satyendra Dube, IES:

 Whistleblower
 Exposed financial irregularities in NHAI
 Killed
Armstrong Pame, IAS Manipur:

 Called "Miracle Man by Villagers"
 Built 100km road in hills without government support
Shivdeep Lande, IPS Bihar:

 Against Eve teasing
 Crime rate in Patna dropped significantly
Hasmukh Adhia
_______________________________________________________________
 Instrumental in Goods and Services Tax Act

 Examples of Tact and Diligence
Aruna Sundararajan
 Instrumental in Digital India campaign
S. Jaishankar
 Who placed India on the global map
 Example of Tact and Ethics in IR
Anil Swarup
 Led coal auctions
 Example of Integrity and Transparency
Procedure vs Objective Example:

Process should not be compromised to achieve objective Ex. Sanjay Gandhi Population control
drive in 1975 failed.
Leadership Example:
 Anna Hazare : No Authority but still carry huge influence.
 R. Anand kumar - Erode collector sends his daughter to Govt school.
 President Kovind - Replaced all plastic bottles in his office by glass bottles.
 Satish Dhawan was the chairman of ISRO during the first launch of SLV, which was a failed
mission. He took the responsibility for failure. In the next attempt, when the launch was
successful, he gave full credit to the team that had worked for it.
Attitude Example:
 Balbir Seechewal : Cleaned 160 KM of Beas River using local help
 Armstrong Pame : Built 100 KM road by mobilizing public contribution
 Stephen Hawkings : Renowned Physicist despite completely paralysed,
Aptitude Example:
 New recruited Civil Servants may not have skills for their job but they have aptitude to learn
them.
 Both SachinTendukar and Vinod Kambli had inbuilt aptitude for cricket but attitude made
difference in their success.
Conflict of Interest Example:

 MPLAD Scheme - assigns to legislators functions that are otherwise performed by executive.
Empathy Example:
 Mother Teresa
 Baba Amte
 Vinoba Bhave
Social Responsibility Example:

 Community Policing - Successful because it instill sense of accomplishment leading to
increase in trust
Ethical Vs Illegal Example:

 Child stealing to help his mother : He is the victim of the apathetic state. He is a child who
doesn’t have a criminal mind.
_______________________________________________________________
Ethical Dilemma Example:

 Whistleblowers: As their disclosure is against service rules.
 If a physician, who is absolutely against the idea of abortion, comes across a patient for whom
pregnancy can avoid death, an ethical dilemma for the medical practitioner is inevitable
Effort Example:
 A civil servant should work as hard as he can even though if such work is not recognised by
others and may not lead to personal benefits to him
Ethics Vs Morals Example:

 Defence Lawyer for Terrorist
 Doctor operating on criminal
Work Ethics:
 More than Karya (work), Karya Sanskriti (work attitude) of the Government is important :
Modi
Dedication Example:
 Sreedharan, Metro Man, was made MD of DMRC at the age of 65. He completed the project
within/before the time and within the allocated budget.
Objectivity Example:
 A judicial magistrate with objectivity would go by the merits of a robbery case rather than
being influenced by the public perception of the culprit.
 A judge imposing same fine on a rich and poor man when both have done same crime may be
objective but not fair
Strength of Character Example:

 Saying no to illegal demands of seniors
 Passing tenders fairly when there is threat to life
 Satyendra Dubey
Courage Example:
 Durga Shakti Nagpal : Standing against Sand Mafia
 Edward Snowdown : Loosing his freedom for Transparency
 Vinoba Bhave : Fighting for Women rights against societal pressure
 D.Roopa IPS whistle blower against preferential treatment meted out to Jayalalitha.
 Satyendranath Dubey exposed corruption in NHAI despite death threats. He was killed
ultimately.
Efficiency Example:
 Armstrong Pame : Built road at minimal cost with public participation
 ISRO : Built satellite at a fraction of cost of NASA
Diligence Example:
 Passage of GST Act : All possible scenarios were kept in mind. Hence successful.
 Farmers Reforms : Protests because due diligence is not done.
 ISRO : Successful because due diligence is done
 Sreedharan : Successful and efficient because he is diligent. Always ready for all possibilities.
Intuition Examples:
 DM applies Section 144 based on intuition of possible riots
_______________________________________________________________
 Gandhiji started Salt Satyagrah based on intuition
Perseverance Example:
 Dashrath Manji : Constructed road by breaking a mountain to reduce distance between
villages.
 Einstein : Success after 100s of failed experiments
Integrity Example:
 Resignation of minister taking responsibility of accidents.
 Sir M. Visvesvrayya, then Dewan of Mysore state, used Government vehicle while he went to
tender his resignation. After tendering his resignation, he drove back by his private vehicle.
Apathy Example:
 Coming late to office even when there is huge pendency of work.
Social Accountability Example:

 Casting Vote
 Participating in Social Audit
 Participating in Gram Sabha
 Compassionate Kozhikode: Partnership with civil society, Government agencies and citizens,
who volunteer to make Kozhikode an authentic and inspirational destination for them to live
and invite others to visit and experience it.
 #Giveitup campaign, LPG subsidy
Humility Example:
 A P J Abdul Kalam : Refuses to sit on a big chair
 Narayan Murthy : Cleans his toilet himself
 YV reddy, previous RBI governor, used to travel in metro
Reliability Example:
 Ajit Dhoval : Trusted by government for handling all critical operations
Empathy Example:
 Alexander Fleming did not patent his penicillin drug in order to increase its affordability. This
shows compassion towards poor and lack of greed.
Transparency Example:
 Self Declaration of Assets by PM and ministers
Prudence Example:
 Gandhi stopping non-cooperation in the wake of movement getting out of hand with the
Chauri-Chaura incident.
Work Ethics Example:

 Many work at higher ages because of their love towards work. Ex: Ram Jatmalani at age of 90
still practises at supreme court.
 Sridharan at age of 75 is still busy working for developing metros.
Teacher Student Example:

 Sachin Tendulkar and Ramakant Achrekar
 Sania Nehwal and Pullela Gopichand
Ethics in Corporate:
_______________________________________________________________
 Tata : Ethical companies are profitable in long run
Corruption:
 Bihar topper scam, Tooper Ruby Rai, Political science,cooking
Failure of affirmative action:

 Rohit Vermula suicide, Dalit Student
Intolerance Example
 Dadri lynching, Mohammad Akhalaq
Animal cruelty:
 Jallikattu, bull taming
M S Dhoni
 Patience, Leadership
IAS4Sure Notes
 Topicwise Arranged notes
 Shared via Onenote / Evernote
 Daily updated
 Loaded with Facts / Examples
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IAS4Sure Value Addition Material For Mains 2020 Vol 1

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Value Addition Material Vol 1

 Contains Diagrams and generic content to improve answers

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If we see paper wise we write following number of answers:

Dos and Don’ts

You can access all our notes by subscribing here http://www.ias4sure.com/subscribe/

 Right to Equality (A 14 to A 18)

Directive Principle of State Policy

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly

Why read them?

Other way (Bad way) of writing it is :

IAS4Sure MCQ Factory

 Berubari Union case (1960):

 Golaknath Vs State for Punjab (1967):

 RC Cooper vs. Union of India(1970)

 Kesavananda Bharati case (1973):

 Raj Narain vs State of UP (1975) :

 ADM Jabalpur v Shivakant Shukla Case (1976) :

 Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978)

 Minerva Mills case (1980)

 SP Gupta vs Union of India, 1981 :

 Waman Rao vs Union of India (1981)

 Sheela Barse vs State of Maharashtra (February 15, 1983) :

 Shah Bano case (1985)

 MC Mehta vs Union of India (Pollution in the Ganga) (1986)

 Indira Sawhney judgment (1992) :

 SR Bommai v Union of India - 1994

Note: Mention in answers related to Centre-State relations, Federalism, Governor etc.

 LIC of India case (1995):

 Vishaka v State of Rajasthan - 1997

 State of Tamil Nadu V Suhas Katti - November 2004

Note: Mention in answers related to cyber security, privacy vs digital access.

 Jessica Lal Murder Case - December 2006

Note: Must be mentioned in answers related to Role of civil society.

 Recognising the Third gender (National Legal Services Authority v Union of

 Section 66A revised (Shreya Singhal v Union of India) - March 2015

Note: Can be used in Cyber Security answers.

Value Addition Through Diagrams

Cause and Affect Relation

(1). North India

(2). South India

(3). East India

(4). West India

(2). Comparison via Tree Method

(3). Comparison via charts

Sun Ray Diagram

(1). Example showing Green Economy and its component:

(2). Example showing Citizen Charter and its component:

Life Cycle Diagrams

Input and Outcome diagrams

Entity and its component

IAS4Sure MCQ Factory

Frequent transfers due to honesty:

Narendra Kumar IPS, Bihar:

Satyendra Dube, IES:

Armstrong Pame, IAS Manipur:

Shivdeep Lande, IPS Bihar:

 Instrumental in Goods and Services Tax Act

Procedure vs Objective Example:

Conflict of Interest Example:

Social Responsibility Example: