Plumbing Lab Guide Sample

Plumbing
REY SERENIO MARTE

LM-Plumbing
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Course Number
Course Code
Descriptive Title Plumbing
Credit Units 3
School AY 2020-2021/2st Semester
Year/Term
Mode of Delivery Online/Offline Learning
Course This course is designed to equip individual with operation skills in
Description plumbing, such as prepare plumbing layout, make piping joints
and connections and install assemble single plumbing unit.
Course Outcome At the end of the module, you must have:
Identify the different tools used in plumbing
Explain the theories of house plumbing and their application in
septic tanks, bathrooms and kitchen water connections
Follow the correct installation techniques and steps in plumbing
Explain the importance of the standards of the national plumbing
code
SLSU Vision A high-quality corporate University of Science, Technology and
Innovation.
SLSU Mission SLSU will develop science, technology and innovation leaders and
professionals; produce high-impact technologies from research
and innovations; contribute to sustainable development through
responsive community engagement programs; and generate
revenues to be self-sufficient and financially viable.
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MODULE GUIDE
The modules are designed in order to address the flexible learning modalities in
higher education as instructed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). The course
module on Plumbing consists of four modules with three topics in each. The presentation of
information was carefully planned so that optimum learning shall take place given the
modalities we have today.
To start the course module, you need to complete the pre-test structured by the
author of this module. The pre-test covered all topics of the course. You don’t need to worry
because pre-test will not be graded, just answer the test in order to determine the level of
understanding or prior knowledge to the subject.
Course module is divided into two terms, two modules for midterm and another two
for the final term. A separate examination shall be given to you to assess the knowledge
gained from the modules. Dates on the examination will be announced accordingly.
Every topic contains learning outcomes that you must accomplished one in a while.
The presentation of topics used CBLM Model to ensure a learner centered approach. You
must complete every activity provided to help yourself understand the topic easily.
Once done with the course module, a separate parallel post-test will be accomplished
by you to further evaluate the learning and the module itself. References are provided for
further research on your end.
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PRE-TEST
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the following questions carefully and write the letter that
best describes the statement.
1. Plumber wants to tighten and loosen pipes. What tool is appropriate?

A. Pipe Cutter C. Pipe Wrench
B. Flux D. Drywall Knife
2. A plumber wants to cut metal pipe. Which tool is appropriate?

A. Hacksaw C. Handsaw
B. Backsaw D. Drywall Knife
3. Metal with semi-rigid auger whose end is usually fitted with a hook or corkscrew is
called _______________________.
A. Plumber’s Snake C. Valve
B. Plunger D. Bushing
4. If your toilet has trouble, you use rubber funnel-shape instrument attached to the end
of the handle for unblocking. What is this tool?
A. Plumber’s Snake C. Plunger
B. Valve D. Bushing
5. Which plumbing tool is used for gripping large pipes and irregular objects?
A. Monkey Wrench C. Yoke Vise
B. Chain Wrench D. Pipe Wrench
6. A plumber wants to create thread outside pipe by hand. Which tool is appropriate?
A. Pipe Cutter C. Yoke Vise
B. Pipe Threader D. Pipe Wrench
7. A plumber wants to cut pipes. Which holding tool is needed?

A. Vise Grip C. Yoke Vise
8. A plumber wants to hold pipe by hand. What tool is needed?

9. The following are good plumbing practice EXCEPT _________________.

A. Rainwater Harvesting C. Gray Water Recycling
B. Water Conservation D. Excessive Water Consumption
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10. Water contaminants are being forced back into the water piping system. Which term
is referred to?
A. Water Flow C. Pressure
B. Back Flow D. Harvesting
11. The following are examples of plumbing fixtures EXCEPT __________________.

A. Water Closet C. Shower
B. Drainage D. Urinals
12. Which statement is NOT true about plumbing standards based on Republic Act 1378
which is known as Plumbing Law?
A. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a
water-sealed trap.
B. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the maximum quantity of water
consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
C. Water closet must be located in a room which is proper lighted and ventilated>
D. No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes
or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage disposal process shall be allowed to
enter the building drainage system.
13. A compartment that receives solid or liquid waste, located below the normal grade
of the gravity system is called________________.
A. Septic C. Trap
B. Sump D. Interceptor
14. Which is true toxic substance?

A. Hazardous to human health
B. A fixture drain for a laboratory
C. Not hazardous to human health
D. Bedpan washer and sterilizer drain
15. Water that is safe for drinking, cooking, and personal use is _______________.
A. Potable C. Clean
B. Purified D. Healthy
16. Which among the flowing best describes a toilet bowl?

A. A room or booth containing a toilet
B. The box type compartment holding water for flushing the toilet
C. An opening in the wall or ceiling near the fixture that allows access for servicing the
plumbing system.
D. The device that provides a supply of water and/or its disposal, e.g., sink, tubs, toilets
17. Plumbing ventilation means to _________________.

A. Carry sewer gas out relieve pressure of the drainage system
B. Discourage corrosion in the drainage piping
C. Maintain the tram seals
D. Give pressure differentials in the public sewer
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18. Rainwater from the roof down to the ground passes through what pipe?
A. Down Spout C. Gutter
B. Conductor D. Vent
19. A pipe that conveys only liquid waste is called ____________.

A. Vent Pipe C. Main Pipe
B. Soil Pipe D. Waste Pipe
20. If you install water inside the building, what is the diameter of pipes needed?
A. 4 inches C. 0.75 inch
B. 1 inch D. 0.5 inch
21. In which type of pipes does portable water travel?

A. ABS pipes C. Cast Iron Pipes
B. Galvanized Pipes D. PVC Pipes
22. If your water system has leak, where can you shut off the flow of water?
A. Gate Valve C. Check Valve
B. Galvanized Valve D. PVC Pipes
23. A plumber wants to install a liquid seal to prevent sewer gasses from entering the
building. What device is needed?
A. Union C. Backflow Prevent
B. Trap D. Pump
24. A plumber wants to shut off the flow of water just 90 degrees turn. Which valve is
appropriate?
B. Globe Valve D. Angle Valve
25. What do you call those flexible waterproof ribbon for covering threaded pipes joints
to prevent leakage?
A. Rubber Bond C. Teflon Tape
B. Masking Tape D. Tape
26. If the end of a PVC pipe a fitted with a male adopter, what fitting will be used to stop
the flow of the water?
A. Elbow C. Cap
B. Coupling D. Plug
27. How many PVC pipes can be installed in a 7.50meter distance?

A. 2pcs. C. 3 Pcs.
B. 2.5Pcs. D. 3.5 Pcs.
28. If the end of a PVC pipe is fitted with a female adopter, what fitting will be used to
stop the flow of the water?
A. Elbow C. Cap
B. Coupling D. Plug
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29. A plumber wants to connect two length of pipes. Which fitting is necessary?
A. Coupling C. Tee
B. Elbow D. Pipe Wrench
30. If there is leaking in the water supply of lavatory, sink, and water closet, which vale
are you going to shut off?
31. I you install a soil pipe, what is the standard pitch or slope?
A. 5% C. 2%
B. 10% D. 1%
32. If you put source of potable water, what is the minimum safe distance from the
septic tank?
A. 15 meters C. 5 meters
B. 10 meters D. 20 meters
33. No cesspool, septic tank or drain fields shall be located within how many meters
radius from the wall?
A. 15 meters C. 50meters
34. If you plan to drill for a well that can supply water for public use, what is the
minimum meter radius from a well to the residences?
A. 150meters C. 50meteres
B. 100meters D. 200meters
35. Every trap for bath tubs, lavatories, sink, and similar fixture shall be ______________.
A. Self-Regulation C. Fix
B. Tight D. Self-Cleaning
36. There should be no concrete sanitary sewers existing within how many meters
radius from the well?
A. 15meters C. 50meters
37. The standard length of PVC pipe is _______________.

A. 12ft. C. 6.0 m
B. 2.0 m D. 10 ft.
38. If you want to estimate the number of G.I. pipes needed from your house to the main
supply, what is the standard length of a G.I. pipe that you are going to use?
A. 20.0 m C. 3.0 m
B. 6 ft. D. 20 ft.
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39. If you want to estimate the number of PVC pipes needed from your house to the
main supply, what is the standard length of a PVC pipe that you are going to use?
A. 20.0 m C. 3.0 m
B. 6 ft. D. 20 ft.
40. All plumbing fixture must have P-trap EXCEPT ________.

A. Lavatory C. Sink
B. Water Closet D. Bath Tub
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INFORMATION SHEET 1
PREPARE PLUMBING MATERIALS AND TOOLS
Learning objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Identify the different types of pipes

2. Identify and discuss the tools used in plumbing
3. Value the importance of plumbing tools.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Pipe a long hollow cylinder used chiefly to convey fluid.
Material the stuff from which a thing is made of or consisting of matter.
Requisition form a form requesting materials and supplies needed for making a
project
.
Specification is the description involving measurements like volume, board
feet, quality, trademark manufacturer etc.
Tools is anything which is held by hands and assists a person to do

manual work.
PLUMBING MATERIALS AND TOOLS
1. Plumbing Materials
Steel Pipe Characteristics
Steel piping is designed for a long list of applications. Steel piping has gained
popularity in the petroleum, oil, automobile, shipping and food industries because of its
durability and versatility. Schools, hospitals and refineries also widely employ steel
piping.
1. Facts
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Steel piping can be engineered to any height and strength and is easily modified
on-site. There remains a variety of types of steel piping on the market. Common types of
steel pipe include standard steel pipe, line steel pipe, structural steel pipe and plumbing
tubes. Steel is ductile, bending rather than breaking in the presence of excessive stress.
Steel will not morph or lose its strength as time passes. Also, steel is naturally resistant
to rot.
Applications
Line steel pipes are used to transport liquids and gases that are combustible.
Standard steel pipes are used for transporting water, natural gas or steam. Structural
steel pipes are often used for drainage piping. Plumbing tubes made of steel are used to
move potable water or waterborne waste removal.
Properties
Line steel pipes are galvanized, giving the piping corrosion-resistant properties.
Standard steel pipes are fabricated to a diameter no greater than 16 inches, according to
Steel Pipes & Tubing. Structural steel tubes are constructed into either square or
circular shapes. Plumbing tubes are often fabricated thinner than other types of steel
pipes to allow for easier soldering.
Different Types of Pipes
PVC PIPE -refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride Plastic material. This is the most common pipe
for plumbing system.
PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic material intended for long span water system
installation.
CI PIPE -is a heavy metal made of casting on molds to make fixtures. such as sink, tubs
and lavatories, covered with a porcelain enamel coating.
GI PIPE -is a galvanized iron pipe which is better fitted for plumbing installation than
steel pipe. It is constructed of rough iron, dipped in molten zinc and maybe identified
by its dull grayish color.
SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually used externally.
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TEFLON TAPE -is specifically used for attachment threaded pipe on fittings.
ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an adhesive material used by a plumber when working
with ABS pipes.
FITTINGS -are made in different forms that are intended for plumbing joints and
connections.
FAUCET -is a point of installation system where flow of water or gas could be
manipulated.
MSS-refers to Manufacturer’s Standardization Society.
NIPPLE -is a short length of pipe installed between couplings or other fittings.
ADAPTOR/ADAPTER-is fittings that joints two different types of pipes together, such
as ABS to cast iron or threaded to non-threaded.
2. FITTINGS – are any pipe part used to join two sections of pipes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STAINLESS-STEEL PIPE FITTINGS
Stainless steel pipe fittings is an alloy based on iron, which combines together the
mechanical properties of steels and some specific features of corrosion resistance.
These alloys are also liable to tarnish.
This means that they have the possibility to passivate, that means to get covered
with an invisible layer of oxides that protects the underlying metal from corrosive
attacks. stainless steel pipe fittings are the name given to a type of steel with high
chromium contents that thanks to this feature does not rust when exposed to water and
air. They are a very important class of steels, used in countless applications. In fact,
nowadays both stainless steel pipe fittings furniture and construction machinery are
very popular.
The discovery of this type of steel is due to Harry Brearley, who while was
experimenting with various types of alloys for the reeds of guns, noticed that a type of
steel with a certain percentage of chromium did not get rusted when exposed to the
atmosphere. Later this property was explained by the passivation of chromium, which
forms a very thin oxide film on the surface, continuous and stable. The following
progresses in metallurgy between the forty and the sixty have extended their
development and their applications. They are still refined and adapted to the demands
of various industries such as oil/petrochemical, mining, energy, nuclear and food
industries. Stainless steel pipe fittings is still refined and adapted to the demands of
various industries like petroleum, petrochemical, mining, energy, nuclear, food and
obviously building. A lot of machines are built with parts made of steel, from pipes to
sheet to steel trolleys.
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Types of Fittings
Copper Supply
Galvanized Supply
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Plastic Supply
Polyethylene PE and Spigot Fitting
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FIXTURES
Plumbing Fixture
A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to an

existing plumbing system to deliver and drain away water but which is also configured
to enable a particular use.
The most common plumbing fixtures are:
• Bathtubs
• Bidets
Channel drains (also called trench drains)
• Drinking fountains
• Hose bibbs (connections for water hoses)
• Kitchen sinks
• Lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)
• Showers
• Tapware - an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing fixtures
consisting of tap valves, also called water taps or faucets and their accessories,
such as water spouts and shower heads.
• Terminal valves for dishwashers, ice makers, humidifiers, etc.
• Urinals
• Utility sinks
• Water closets- (known as toilets in the USA, loos, flush toilets or lavatories in
Britain)
Outlets and drains

Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more
water outlets and a drain. In some cases, the drain has a
device that can be manipulated to block the drain to fill the
basin of the fixture. Each fixture also has a flood rim, or level
at which water will begin to overflow. Most fixtures also
have an overflow, which is a conduit for water to drain away,
when the regular drain is plugged, before the water actually
overflows at the flood rim level. However, water closets and
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showers (that are not in bathtubs) usually lack this feature because their drains
normally cannot be stopped.
Each fixture usually has a characteristic means of connection. Normal plumbing
practice is to install a valve on each water supply line before the fixture, and this is most
commonly termed a stop or "service valve". The water supply to some fixtures is cold
water only (such as water closets and urinals). Most fixtures also have a hot water
supply. In some occasional cases, a sink may have both a potable (drinkable) and a
nonportable water supply.
Traps and vents

This drain cover has a
container underneath (which
can be taken out for cleaning
and revealing another
container below) acting as a
trap. Water inside the container
forms a seal when the cover is
in place.
Positive air pressure
will push the cover up, acting as
an early warning device. The
underside of the cover (center
image) is kept moist by
condensation occurring and
insects that go back up the
drain pipe get stuck to the walls
of the cover.
All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains; these traps are either internal or
external to the fixtures. Traps are pipes which curve down then back up; they 'trap' a
small amount of water to create a water seal between the ambient air space and the
inside of the drain system. This prevents sewer gas from entering buildings.
Most water closets, bidets, and many urinals have the trap integral with the
fixture itself. The visible water surface in a toilet is the top of the trap's water seal.
Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so that negative air pressure
in the drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the sewer
from forcing gases past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gas buildup.
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Drains
The actual initial
drain part in a lavatory or
sink is termed a strainer. If
there is a removable strainer
device that fits into the fixed
strainer, it is termed a
strainer basket. The initial
pipe that leads from the
strainer to the trap is termed
the tailpiece.
Floor-mounted water
closets seal to the toilet
flange of the drain pipe by
means of a wax ring. These
are traditionally made out of
beeswax. However,
their proper sealing depends on proper seating of the water closet, on a firm
and secure base (floor), and on proper installation of the closet bolts which secure
the closet to the flange, which is in turn supposed to be securely fastened to the floor.
PLUMBING TOOLS
MEASURING TOOLS- is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of
real-world objects and events. Established standard objects and events are used as
units, and the process of measurement gives a number relating the item under study
and the referenced unit of measurement.
L-SQUARE/STEEL SQUARE TRY SQUARE PUSH-PULL RULE
CUTTING TOOLS- is any tool that is used to remove material from the workpiece by
means of shear deformation. Cutting may be accomplished by single-point or multipoint
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tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping, plaining and similar operations,
and remove material by means of one cutting edge. Milling and drilling tools are often
multipoint tools. Grinding tools are also multipoint tools.
HACK SAW CROSS CUT SAW PIPE REAMER
PIPE CUTTER PIPE THREADER
BORING TOOLS-boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled
(or cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool, for example as in boring a cannon
barrel. Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be
used to cut a tapered hole.
ELECTRICAL
HAMMER DRILL DRILL AUGER BRACE WITH BITS
TESTING TOOLS-used in finding out how well the finished work.
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SPIRIT LEVEL
PLUMB BOB
HORSE LEVEL
DRIVING TOOLS-driving tools help hand tools and power tools work together,
especially important for the variety of drilling tasks that get done in woodworking.
S L E D G E R H A M M E
| C L A W H A M M E R |
CROW BAR
DRILL PRESS SCREW DRIVER
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HOLDING TOOLS-Tool for holding firmly any material that has to be cut.
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH CLAMP BENCH VISE
PIPE VISE ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
SELF-CHECK-1
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DISCUSSION
Your answer will be rated using the rubric below
1. Select 10 basic tools, utensils and equipment and discuss its functions/uses in
plumbing.
Content 5
Organization 3
Grammar 2
Total 10
2. List down the materials and tools required by the following task.
1. repair of defective faucet
2. replacement of damaged gate valve
3. repair of fitting with leakage
4. installation of additional faucet
4. changing G.I. pipes with PVC pipes.
4. Make a slogan on how to value plumbing tools.
SCORE CRITERIA
5 Creatively and neatly done showing much relevance to the given topic
4 Creatively done and neat enough with relevance to the given topic
3 Creatively done and neat enough but no relevance to the given topic
2 Simply done and neat enough but not so relevant to the given topic
1 Poorly done with erasures and irrelevant to the given topic
INFORMATION SHEET 2
SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENT IN PLUMBING

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1. Identify the different types of measuring tools

2. Discuss the proper handling of measuring instruments.
Measuring Tools
Inside Caliper is used to measure the internal size of an object.
Outside Caliper is used to measure the external size of an object
Steel Square is a tool that carpenters and other tradesman use consisting of a large
arm and a smaller arm which meet at an angle 90˚.Today the steel square is more
commonly referred to as the framing square.
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TRY SQUARE is a wood working or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a
piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees)
tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining
surface.
PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure which is available in
lengths up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually considered adequate.
Most tapes have an automatic power return that is useful but not necessary.
Proper Handling of Measuring Instruments

How to Handle Measuring Tool
Each measuring tool has its specific way of handling. This must be followed by
every student user to maintain its usefulness. Listed below are some of the measuring
tools, there are also safety measures to be observed in handling each tool.
Measuring Tools
Inside Caliper is
adjusted by rotating
the screw to measure
holes and diameters
Avoid using tip of the
inside caliper to open the cover of any can. Avoid dropping it to maintain its accuracy in
taking measurements.
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Outside Caliper is a tool used to measure the external size of an object
Steel Square is a
tool that a
carpenter and
other tradesman
use. It consists of a
large arm and a
smaller arm which
meet at an angle of
90˚.Today the steel
square is more
commonly referred
to as the framing
square.
Hold the tool firmly and cautiously. See to it that it won’t drop. It has a sharp pointed
end and dangerous.
TRY SQUARE is a wood

working or a metal
working tool used for
marking/measuring a
piece of wood. It is
primarily used to
measure the accuracy of
right angle (90˚ degrees)
tried on any surface so as
to check its straightness
or correspondence to an adjoining surface.
Hold the try-square properly to maintain its straight edges which are used to get
the desired angle. Don’t use it for other purposes. Put it in its proper place.
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PULL PUSH RULE (Tape

Measure) is a flexible
tape measure available in
lengths up to 50 feet.
Other tapes that are 12 to
25 feet are usually
considered adequate.
Most tapes have an
automatic power return
that is useful but not
necessary.
Hold the tip of the pull push rule when removing it from its housing. Put it slowly to
avoid cut from the steel tape.
SELF-CHECK-2
DISCUSSION
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1. What are the different measuring tools, discuss its functions and importance in
plumbing.
Content 5
Organization 3
Grammar 2
Total 10
2. Explain how the following tools are handled properly.

1. pull push rule
2. try square
3. frame square
4. outside caliper
5. inside caliper
INFORMATION SHEET 3
PERFORM PIPING LAYOUT ROUGH-IN PROCEDURE
1. Identify and discuss the piping layout rough-in procedure
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The rough-in dimension of water closets is measured from the center line of the
outlet to the finish wall line. Different types of water closets come in different
measurements from the center lines of outlets.
Comfort rooms are generally made of concrete floors and walls. Therefore, the
rough- in of the water closet should be done prior to the pouring of concrete. The
following are tools and materials needed to perform roughing-in:
Tools and materials
Tape measure
Pencil
Auger bit and brace
Spirit level
Claw hammer
Drainage pipe
Water closet
Plywood concrete form
Common wire nails
Perform Piping Layout Rough-In Procedure In this activity the student will learn the
plumbing information and steps required to perform roughing in layout of a water
closet, and drainage system.
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Procedure
1. Determine the rough-in measurements of the water closet to be installed based on the
manufacturer’s manual of specifications.
2. Mark the center of the outlet on the plywood floor form for the proposed concrete
floor.
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3. From the mark on the plywood form, make a circular hole on the outside installation
diameter of the pipe to be used in the installation.
4. Cut pipe with a diameter equal to the hole made in the flooring form around 30
centimeters or 12 inches.
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5. Fit the cut pipe into the hole in the concrete form extending at least 4 inches below
the floor line.
6. Check the plumbness of the pipe using a spirit level
7. Secure the pipe properly by nailing short pieces of lumber underneath.
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8. Cover the top of the pipe to avoid entry of foreign objects.
9. While doing the concreting process, be careful not to damage the piping system.
SELF-CHECK-3
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DISCUSSION
1. What are the procedure in piping layout rough-in. Discuss each procedure.
Content 5
Organization 3
Grammar 2
Total 10
2. Agree or disagree to the following statements and justify your answer.

1. Cover the top of the pipe to avoid entry of foreign objects.
2. Comfort rooms are generally made of concrete floors and walls.
3. While doing the concreting process, be careful not to damage the piping
system.
INFORMATION SHEET 4
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MEASURING, CUTTING AND JOINING PIPES
1. Identify the steps in cutting and connecting pipes
2. Discuss the copper pipe working procedure
Cast Iron Pipe

For so many years, cast iron pipes had been used for all types of plumbing
installations. It was proven good and durable materials for house sewer, house drain,
soil, waste and vent pipe on various types of building.
The commercial length of cast iron pipe is 150 centimeters long with various
diameters ranging from 50 to 150 mm with the following types:
Cost is always associated with the kind of pipe to be used. Thus, it is important to know
Recommended Uses
1. The Standard Pipe is used for a well-fitted hub and
spigot connections.
2. The Single Hub is recommended when the length of a
pipe needed is more than 150 centimeters long wherein
cutting is not necessary.
3. The Double Hub is preferred when a piece of pipe
needed is shorter than 150 centimeters long. When the
pipe is cut, both ends have hub to serve as join
connector.
4. The Hub less Pipe is used in lieu of the single hub to
do away with caulking of joints. It is cheaper and easily connected using a neoprene
rubber sleeves.
Table 3-1 Weight of Soil Pipe 150 cm. long
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Size Single Hub Double Hub

mm. In. Kg. Kg.
50 2 12.50 13.0
75 3 21.60 22.0
100 4 29.50 30.0
125 5 38.50 39.0
150 6 45.50 46.0
Table 3-2 Effective Length of Cast Iron Pipe

Pipe Size Laying Length in Centimeter
mm In Pipe with Hub Hub less Pipe
50 2 143 150
75 3 143 150
100 4 142 150
125 5 142 150
150 6 142 150
Cutting and Connecting Pipes

The procedures in cutting cast iron pipes are as follows:
1. A chalk mark is drawn around the pipe
2. The pipe is laid on sand
3. With the use of hammer and cold chisel, the scored line around the pipe is stuck
gently at first round, then continue striking harder and harder all around, until the pipe
is cut or part off.
Determining the G.I. Pipe Diameter

The size of galvanized iron pipe is the diameter of its hole not the outside diameter. In
the absence of a measuring caliper, the inside diameter of a pipe can be known by
measuring the outside circumference of the pipe with a string.
Copper Pipe
Copper Pipe is classified into two types:
1. The Rigid type and Flexible type
Copper Pipe Working Procedure
1. In measuring length of a rigid or flexible copper pipe, the face-to-face methods is also
applied. The depth of the soldering hub is added to the clear face to face length of the
pipe.
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2. Cutting of copper pipes with a suitable rotary tube cutter will give the best and
satisfying result. In the absence of a rotary tube cutter, the hacksaw blade with 24 teeth
per inch is used on heavy pipes and the 32 teeth per inch for the thinner one.
3. Cutting is done through a gently light forward stroke. After cutting, the burns are
removed inside the pipe with a file or reamer.
4. Copper pipes are bent slowly on a wide radius to avoid kinking. Bending a pipe is
easily done with pipe bending machine to produce a very satisfactory result. Another
way of bending copper pipe is by using a steel spring inserted inside the pipe to
procedure a smooth clean curve.
Plastic Pipes
Plastic pipe is a new concept in plumbing for all types of
building. Plastic pipe has been accepted worldwide after it
has in many ways proven itself to be superior as sewer
and cold-water pipe line material. The simplest way of
joining plastic pipe is by cementing called solvent
welding. Solvent welding takes only about ¼ the time it
takes to assemble bell and spigot joints.
Working with Plastic Pipes

1. Measure the face-to-face distance of the fitting to be connected. Add the engagement
length before cutting the pipe.
2. Some plastic pipes can be cut with a sharp knife, but all can be cut with hacksaw or
handsaw. A rotary pipe cutter not in any manner be used in cutting plastic pipes.
3. Be sure to cut pipe ends square or at right angle with the axis of the pipe. Work on
one joint at a time. Solvent is very quick setting and unforgiving of mistakes. Once an
error is committed, the only remedy is to cut the pipe and have it replaced.
4. After cutting, remove the burrs inside the pipe, ream and clean the end portion of the
pipe until smooth to allow full contact with the fitting shoulder. Clean the pipe end with
methyl ethyl keton or simply acetone. However, depending upon the type of plastic
being used, there are solvent that needs no cleaning of the pipe before its application.
5. Apply solvent cement liberally using non-synthetic brush to the shoulder fitting and
butt end of the pipe.
6. Insert the pipe into the fitting and give it a quarter turn or ¼ turn. The span of time
from the cement application to the quarter turning should not be more than 30 seconds.
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LM-Plumbing
7. Do not disturb the pipe for several minutes after the quarter turn, wait for about 2
hours before testing the line under pressure. Drying of the cement must be far enough
advance from 15 to 20 hours to permit use of the line.
8. In the process of bending, plastic pipe is packed with sand then heated using a flame
torch or hot water. Apply pressure gently and gradually when the pipe is soft and ready
for bending. Continue bending until the desired curvature of the pipe is arrived at. A
metal spring for bending copper tube may be used to prevent flattering of the pipe.
9. Correction or repair of lines may be done by cutting the pipe at a reasonable distance
away from the side of the fitting then connect with coupling or socket.
SELF-CHECK-4
DISCUSSION
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LM-Plumbing
1. What are the procedures in cutting and connecting pipes? Discuss its importance in
plumbing.
Content 5
Organization 3
Grammar 2
Total 10 2. Agree or disagree to the following statements
and justify your answer.
1. Plastic pipe has been accepted worldwide after it has in many ways proven
itself to be superior as sewer and cold-water pipe line material.
2. Be sure to cut pipe ends square or at right angle with the axis of the pipe.
3. The size of galvanized iron pipe is the diameter of its hole not the outside
diameter.
4. Cast iron pipes had been used for all types of plumbing installations.
5. Correction or repair of lines may be done by cutting the pipe at a reasonable
distance away from the side of the fitting then connect with coupling or socket.
3. Discuss the difference between PVC and Cast-Iron Pipe in terms of:
a. Durability
b. Flexibility
c. Availability
d. Quality
e. Affordability
f. Easy to install
INFORMATION SHEET 5
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
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1. Identify the types of sewage disposal system
2. Discuss the two classifications of sanitary sewer
3. Value the importance of sewage disposal system
The collection and safe

disposal of human waste are among
the most critical problems of
environmental health. Recent
statistical reports revealed that
most of the water borne diseases
such as dysentery, typhoid, diarrhea
and other intestinal disorders are
prevalent in areas where there is no
proper and scientific sewage
disposal system.
It was reported that when
human wastes are deposited in a pit,
typhoid and dysentery causing
organisms do not travel horizontally in the soil. These harmful bacteria neither move by
themselves, they were carried in some way. These harmful are carried somewhere
through water flows, flies, rodents, cockroaches and other vermin which causes
contamination.
The daily average volume of human waste or excrete per capita is about 80 grams
of feces and 950 grams of urine. When diluted with water at the rate of 30 to 100
gallons per day to form sewage, the solid content becomes a very small portion
expressed in milligrams per liter.
Of the total sewage solids, about 50% is organic and are subject to rotting. Small as
it is in the sewage, and aa decomposition continues, it becomes odorous and dark in
color. And whether fresh or stale, it contains harmful organism that causes diseases.
It is therefore important not only to know the different types of sewage disposal
system, but also to understand the scientific value of the system.
Type of Sewage Disposal System

1. The Cesspool
2. The Privy
3. The Septic Tank
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LM-Plumbing
4. The Public Sewer Line

The Cesspool is a hole in the ground curbed with stones,
bricks, concrete hollow blocks, or other materials laid in
such a manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach
into the soil. The organic wastes accumulate and finally
disposed of by disintegration process.
The Privy is a concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter

constructed for the collection of raw sewage. The
disintegration of excrement is accomplished in the same
manner as n a cesspool. It is objectionable because of the
danger of contaminating the source of water supply.
The Septic Tank is a device or receptacle used to expedite

the decomposition of the elements contained in a raw
sewage waste. Raw sewage consists of water, and settleable
solid called organic materials that can be precipitated in a
septic tank in a very short time.
The Public Sewer Line is a public sewage system, operated

and maintained by the government consisting of a sewage
treatment plant that conveys the raw sewage from
buildings and houses to a disposal system.
Classifications of Public Sewer Line:

1. The Combination Public Sewer
2. The Sanitary Sewer
3. The Storm Drain
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The Combination Public Sewer is the oldest type of public sewer that conveys
both storm water and sanitary waste.
The Sanitary Sewer is a public sewer facility that carries regular sanitary waste
only. It terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant.
The Storm Drain is another kind of public sewer line that carries storm water. It
terminates in a natural drain such as canals, lakes, or rivers.
General Conditions in Constructing a Septic Tank

1. The concrete or masonry septic tank is usually constructed in a rectangular form. The
reason is to retard the even flow of the waste, that is necessary, to avoid disturbing the
decomposition processes inside the tank.
2. The minimum inside dimension of a septic tank is 90 centimeters wide by 150
centimeters long.
3. For effective decomposition of the organic materials inside the septic tank, a 120
centimeters depth of the liquid content is necessary. It is not impractical though, to
construct a tank of greater depth, provided, that the depth should not deeper than the
natural ground water table.
4. The inlet and outlet inverts of the septic tank shall be long turn sanitary tee. The
inverts are installed in the wall of the tank at least 120 centimeters from its bottom
floor equally spaced from both sides.
5. The invert is extended down the liquid of the tank not more than 30 centimeters. This
is to assure smooth delivery of the incoming sewage below the scum line. Scum refers
to the lighter organic materials that rises to the surface of the water.
6. The bottom of the digestion chamber should be sloped to one low point. The purpose
is to gather the settled organic materials into one mass to favor the propagation of the
anaerobic bacteria.
7. The septic tank, should be provided with a manhole, extended a few centimeters
above the surface of the soil to overcome infiltration of surface water. This manhole will
serve the purpose of cleaning, inspection and repair of the tank.
8. Septic tank for large plumbing installations are provided with suspended
compartment attached to the ceiling slab of the tank. The baffle plate is extended down
the bottom of the tank about 40 centimeters below the scum line. Each compartment of
the tank separated by baffle plate is provided with manhole.
9. The septic tank, should be constructed near the surface of the ground, because the
correction of the waste depends upon the extent of oxidation and the existence of
anaerobic bacteria. Another kind of bacteria that split and digest the effluent is the
aerobic bacteria. A kind of bacteria in the subsoil not more than 150 centimeters below
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LM-Plumbing
the surface. Oxidation of the effluent deeper than 150 cm. would become extremely
difficult.
Size of the Septic Tank
So far, there is no mathematic formula ever formulated to arrive in determining a
definite size of a septic tank. However, sanitary authorities agreed in principles that:
1. For a family of 6 persons, the minimum tank capacity should be approximately 1.3
cubic meters with a minimum size of 90 centimeters wide by 150 centimeters long and
120 centimeters depth.
2. A very large tank is not advisable, because the bacterial activities would be retarded.
The size of the tank is proportionally based on the number of persons expected to be
served. In other words, the volume of the tank has a rational proportion with the
volume of incoming waste for bacterial activities to be in favorable condition.
3. For residential installation, the practice is to allow 5 to 6 cubic feet of tank volume per
person. Thus, a septic tank that will serve a family of 12 persons must have a liquid
capacity of 6 x 12 =72 cubic feet or 538 gallons.
Technical data determining volume of septic tank
Minimum width 90cm.
Minimum length 150 cm.
Minimum depth 120cm.
For residential buildings to serves large number of people, allocate of liquid per person
=0.14 to 0.17 cu. M
For small residential house to serve up to 12 persons, the chamber should have a liquid
content of not more than= 2.0 cubic meters
For school, commercial and industrial establishment the volume of the septic tank
should be less than=.057cubic meters
More than=.086 cubic meters/person
SELF-CHECK-5
DISCUSSION
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1. What are the types of sewage disposal system? Discuss the importance of the sewage
disposal system.
2. Discuss the classifications of public sewer line, give its importance.

3. Discuss the relationship of the size of a septic tank to sanitation.
4. Agree or disagree to the following statements and
Content 5
justify your answer.
Organization 3
1. The septic tank should be provided with a
manhole. Grammar 2
2. The concrete or masonry septic tank is usually Total 10

constructed in a rectangular form.
INFORMATION SHEET 6
THE WASTE PIPE
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1. Identify the three major components of plumbing system installation

2. Discuss the causes of pipe installation failure and breakups
3. Discuss the importance of correct size of waste pipe
In the study of plumbing, it is important

to know the different parts of the piping
installations and their functions. The
effectiveness of plumbing installation
depends upon the strict observance of the
natural laws of nature such as: gravity and the
atmospheric pressure that affect the whole
system. Most of the failures encountered in
plumbing installation, were due to the non-
observance of these natural laws, and the abuse of its function.
Generally, Waste Pipe is smaller in size than the soil pipe. Smaller because of the
kind of waste it receives from the various plumbing fixtures. Among the suspended
materials found in the water waste are: grease, lint, matches, hair, garbage, and many
other objectional substances.
Plumbing fixture are too often misused. Household’s refuse of all kinds, are
carelessly disposed of, by flushing them through the plumbing system. Indeed, the
improper use of plumbing fixture can only result in waste line stoppage, and
deterioration of the pipeline.
The drainage installation of a plumbing system comprises three
major component parts: the drainage, the waste and the vent, or
simply called DWV.
The Drainage Pipe refers to an installation that receives and
conveys discharges from water closet with or without waste coming
from another fixture.
The Waste Pipe is any pipe in a drainage installation that
receive the discharges pf any fixture except waste closet and
conveys the same to the soil branch, soil pipe or house drain.
Fixture refers to slop sink lavatory, urinals, bathtub and the like
except water closet.
The Vent Pipe in a plumbing system functions as air passage or
conduit to ventilate the drainage and waste pipe installation. As
already discussed, solid human waste is discharged by water
closet only to either the soil branch, soil pipe, soil stack or house
drain. Categorically, any pipe that receives and conveys human
waste is affixed by the word” soil” such as, soil branch, soil stack etc.
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Pipe installations that fail or break too soon, may have been due to any of the
following causes:
1. The use of too many fittings
2. The use of wrong type of fittings
Recommendation:
1. Do not use short radius fittings on a vertical to horizontal directions or horizontal to
horizontal changes.
2. Use long sweep fitting on horizontal changes
3. For vertical to horizontal direction of changes, the Y and 45º fitting are most
appropriate.
Waste Pipe and Other Fixture
Waste pipe is classified into two types depending upon the kind of fixture it will serve.
1. Direct Waste
2. Indirect Waste
Direct Waste is one with terminal directly connected to the plumbing system
Different Types of Fixture Served by Direct Waste
1. Urinals
2. Bathtub
3. Lavatories
4. Sink
5. Showers
6. Drinking Fountain
7. Laundry
8. Laboratory
9. Hospital Fixture
Indirect Waste refers to a connection with terminal not directly connected to the
plumbing system. Fixture served by indirect waste are:
1. Soda fountain
2. Bar waste
3. Refrigeration
4. Drinking fountain
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Recommended size of waste pipe

for a particular fixture either served by direct or indirect waste recommend the
following sizes:
1. Sink Waste. The minimum size of waste pipe for sink is 38mm or 1 ½ but because of
the materials suspended in it, the practice is to use 50mm or 2” pipe.
2. Slop Sink. Is tapped either on flour or walls. Traps on the floor shall be 75 and 100
mm. and 50 mm. for traps installed on the wall with a cleanout plug.
3. Scullery Sink 50mm
4. Pantry Sink 38mm
5. Factory wash up sink 50mm
6. Bathtub 38mm to 50mm
7. Lavatories 50mm
8. Shower Bath 50mm
9. Urinal 50mm
10. Laundry tub 38mm to 50mm
11. Drinking fountain 32mm
12. Lavatory waste 50mm
13. Hospital fixture 50mm
It is interesting to note that, some fixture could be served well by using waste
pipe of smaller diameter based on the volume of water it discharges in one minute
interval. The Code however, regulated the use and size of pipe drain to maintain good
sanitation through an efficient drainage system. One example is the urinal, wherein
large number of foreign materials are dumped, and subsequently lodged into short run
of the pipe.
SELF-CHECK-6
DISCUSSION
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LM-Plumbing
1. What are the three major component parts of plumbing system installation? Discuss
the difference in terms of functions.
2. What are the causes of pipe installation failure, cite some relevant solutions.
3. How the waste pipe size affects the plumbing system.
4. Discuss direct and indirect waste.
Content 5
5. Agree or disagree to the following statements and
Organization 3
justify your answer.
Grammar 2
1. The effectiveness of plumbing installation
depends upon the strict observance of the natural Total 10
laws of nature.
2. Plumbing fixture are too often misused.
INFORMATION SHEET 7
THE SOIL PIPE
1. Identify and discuss the plumbing code on soil pipe installation
2. Discuss the general conditions in installing soil branch
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By definition, any pipe that receives and

conveys discharges of water closet, with or
without the discharge coming from other
fixture to the house drain or house sewer is
called Soil Pipe.
The word soil is affixed to pipe
installation that carries human waste coming
from water closet. Minus the waste coming
from water closet, said installation is called soil
stack and soil branch when installed
horizontally.
The National Plumbing Code on Soil Pipe Provides:

1. That, at least one of the vertical stacks in the plumbing system must extend full size
through the roof for the following purpose:
a. To ventilate and dispose off the sewer gas above the roof
b. To prevent siphoning of water trap seal by force of suction
c. To prevent the possibility of back pressure which may force the water seal off
the fixture trap.
2. Any structure with a house drain installed,
must have a least on soil stack or stack vent,
extended full size above the roof not less than
30 cm long and should not be less than 75 mm
diameter or the size of the drain whichever is
smaller.
3. As a general rule, vent stack must be extended

and terminate through the roof of the building.
When the roof is to be used other than protection
from the elements of weather, the vent stack
should be extended no less than 2.00 meters above
the roof.
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Installation Requirements
To start with the soil pipe roughing-in, plan layout of the entire building
installation must be prepared. This includes the location of fixtures, size of the
partitions, location of doors and windows as well as the lowered ceiling that will conceal
the soil and waste pipe branches.
Building designers do not always use good judgement in indicating the location of
the soil pipe. Relocation of the soil or vent stack requires good judgement to
accommodate the runs of associated vent, waste and water pipes in a more practical
way. To do this effectively, the plumber’s knowledge of layout must be complete and
adequate.
The location of electric outlets and boxes, cabinets and other building necessities
has to be set up. The soil pipe is generally placed before the mounting of partitions.
Passing the soil pipe through any of this facility unit would be a reflection on the
mechanical ability of the plumber, and a fault that would be exceedingly hard to correct.
The plumbing Code on Soil Pipe Installation Provides that:

1. The soil pipe shall be properly concealed or embedded in columns, walls or partitions,
installed prior to the construction of the building.
2. The entire installations in building such as the location of fixtures, thickness of the
partitions, locations of doors and windows, drop ceiling, electrical layout and outlets
and their relations with each other shall be considered in the pre-planning stages prior
to the rough-in work.
3. The soil branch that will directly receive waste from water closet shall be short and
direct as practicable.
4. Soil pipe joints shall be tight and free from liquid or gas leak. Installation
workmanship shall be strictly in accordance with the standard practice o the trade
involved.
5. Soil pipes not embedded in concrete wall, columns or partitions shall be anchored
rigidly by means of metal hangers.
6. That changes from vertical to horizontal directions shall be done by using:
a. ¼ bend
b. long sweep ¼ bend
c. two 1/8 bend or
d. combination of Y and 1/8 bend
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Content 5
Organization 3
Grammar 2
Total 10
SELF-CHECK-7
DISCUSSION
1. What are the three purposes why plumbing system must extend full size through the
roof. Discuss each purpose.
2. Explain the national plumbing code on soil pipe.
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LM-Plumbing
3. Discuss the purpose of the soil pipe system by giving examples.

4. Discuss soil stack and soil branch.
1. Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at least one soil stack or stack
vent.
2. The soil pipe shall be properly concealed or embedded in columns, walls or partitions,
installed prior to the construction of the building.
INFORMATION SHEET 8
THE HOUSE DRAIN
1. Identify and discuss the four types of house drain
2. Discuss the two patterns in contracting a back flow valve
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House drain is that portion of the

plumbing system that receives discharges of
all soil and waste stacks within the building,
and conveys the same to the house sewer.
House drain is sometimes referred to
as the collection line of a plumbing system.
It can be installed under-ground or maybe
suspended below the floor or inside the
ceiling. In large building, house drain is
usually suspended from the basement
ceiling to avail of the gravity flow of waste
to the main sewer.
Many plumbers still believe that, by making the drain pipe larger than what is
necessary, will increase its efficiency. They may not know that scouring action will not
work effectively by increasing the size of the house drain. The solid wastes are carried
along the bottom of the pipe, and because the water flow within the larger pipe is
shallow, and slow, they become separated from the water, and remains at the bottom of
the pipe. The result is clogging of the drain branch, and ultimately, the entire house
drain. To assure scouring action, the house drain should be size correctly to have a flow
about 50% of the pipe diameter.
House Drain may be Classified into Four Types.

1. Combine drain
2. Sanitary drain
3. Storm drain
4. Industrial drain
Combined Drain- is a type house drain that receives

discharges of sanitary waste as well as storm water.
This is the older form of house drain when public
sewers are of the combination design. This type of
house drain however, is already phase out and no
longer permitted.
Sanitary Drain- This type of house drain receives the

discharges of sanitary and domestic waste only. The
waste is conveyed to a public sewer, or septic tank, by
the house sewer. Storm water is not allowed in the
sanitary drain.
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TABLE 7-1 SIZE OF SANITARY DRAIN

Diameter Maximum No. of Fixtures Units that may be connected to
Of Pipe
mm. In. 2% Slope 3% Slope 4% Slope
0.2 1¼ 1 1 1
88 1½ 2 2.5 3
50 2 5 7 8
63 2½ 12 13 14
75 3 18 18 21
100 4 84 96 114
125 5 162 216 264
150 6 300 450 600
200 8 990 1392 2220
250 10 1800 2520 3900
300 12 3089 4320 6912
Industrial Drain- is a house drain that receive discharges from industrial equipment
that contain some objectionable acid waste. Industrial drain that contains acid waste
terminates into a separate drainage basin.
Storm Drain- convey all storm clear water, or surface water waste except sanitary
wastes. Storm drains terminates into lake, river, dry run or natural basin.
Back Flow Valve
The back flow valve is a device used in a drainage system to prevent the reversal of
flow. It is installed in a house drain or branches of the house drain that are subjected to
reversal flow of liquid. The back flow valve is installed on the house drain, just near the
foundation wall or near the toilet room under floor. It is set in a level position to attain
its full effectiveness.
Back flow valves are constructed in two patterns and are classified as:
1. The Balance Valve
2. The Unbalance Valve
The Balance Valve is the most preferred, because it has the characteristics of non-
interferences in the movement of air inside the drainage system. The interior
mechanism consists of a brass-seat into which fitted a gate counter balanced with an
adjustable cast iron weight.
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The Unbalanced Valve is not illustrated here, but its appearance is similar to the balance
valve. This type of valve is not preferred because of its recorded poor performance in
the past.
Content 5
Organization 3
Open this site for your guide:
Grammar 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoWP_XHXteU
Total 10
SELF-CHECK-8
DISCUSSION
1. What are the four classifications of house drain, explain its functions and
importance.
2. Explain the importance of house drain in the plumbing system.
3. What are the two patterns of back flow valve and discuss using a Venn diagram.
PAGE53
LM-Plumbing
1. House drain is sometimes referred to as the collection line of a plumbing

system.
2. The Balance Valve is the most preferred, because it has the characteristics of
non-interferences in the movement of air inside the drainage system.
INFORMATION SHEET 9
THE STORM DRAIN
1. Identify the classification of storm drain
2. Discuss the different sizes of storm
3. Value the importance of the storm drains in drainage system
Storm drain is the unit of the

plumbing system that conveys rain or
storm water to a suitable terminal. Storm
water is normally discharged into street
gutter conveyed natural drain age
terminal like canals, rivers, lakes and the
like.
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As a general rule, storm drain in not permitted to discharge into a septic tank or to
the main sewer system. The collection and disposal of storm water is an important
phase of plumbing system that should not be ignored, otherwise, water coming from the
roof if not properly diverted might create problems like:
1. Settlement of the structure cause by erosion or washing away the soil from the
foundation.
2. Subjecting the basement floor and walls to unnecessary ground water pressure and
possible leakage.
3. Rundown water may create walls and windows leakage.
4. Water may spill on people passing by or approaching entry door.
5. Erode the surrounding grounds and cause disfiguring of the landscape areas.
The disposal of storm water has become a major concern of the local and national
government. Large amount of appropriation is regularly incorporated in the annual
budget for drainage purposes. Among the government’s priority program on
infrastructure, is towards flood control. The trend is to provide a storm sewer line, to
serve not only residential house in disposing off storm water. Laws and ordinances
were passed making the connections of storm drain to the storm sewer line compulsory.
Splash Pan is a collector of water coming down from the downspout leading the
accumulated water away from the house at a relatively low rate of flow.
Classification of Storm Drain
Storm Darin is classified into three types.
1. The Inside Storm Drian
2. Outside Storm Drain
3. Overhead Storm Drain
The inside storm drain is sometimes located under the basement floor or within the
walls of the building. This type of storm drain is commonly found in buildings
constructed along congested business district, or building the occupies the entire
frontage of the lot. The drainpipe is lain under the floor or walls of the structure. For
large building, storm drain is laid in two or more lines to convey not only the water
coming from the roof, but also those waters accumulated from the inside court or open
areas towards the street gutter or public storm drain.
The outside storm drain is installed outside the foundation wall of the building. This
type of drainage is possible on location where the lot is not totally occupied by the
building.
The overhead storm drain is adopted when the street drainage is higher in elevation
than the basement floor of the building. The purpose is to avail of the gravity flow of
water. The pipe is well fitted and suspended inside the ceiling by suitable hangers
spaced at closer intervals.
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Size of Storm Drain

The size of storm drain is determined under the following considerations:
1. Gauging the rainfall over a given period, whether it is constant or exceedingly heavy
shower of short duration.
2. Consider the varying roof areas, the slope and the distance of water traveled before it
reaches the conductors of the roof.
Content 5
3. Water drain faster on high pitch roof. Hence,
requires a larger drainage pipe than that of a flat Organization 3
roof. Grammar 2
4. The height of the building, contribute largely to Total 10
the velocity of water falling inside a vertical pipe
conductor. The velocity fall accelerate the flow of
water entering into the storm drain.
5. The use of improper fittings and short offsets that will affect the flow of water must
be avoided.
The conservative estimate of maximum rainfall in the Philippines is about 20 mm in a 5
minutes interval. Using this data, the approximate volume of water that will be
accumulated on the roof is one minute can be readily computed using table 9-1, Size of
Storm Drain.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMu3hDUo6S0
SELF-CHECK-9
DISCUSSION
1. What are the three classifications of storm drain? Explain the difference in terms of
location and function.
2. How to determine the sizes of the storm drain?
3. How the size of storm drain affects the function of the drain?
4. Discuss the importance of the storm drain.
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LM-Plumbing
1. The disposal of storm water has become a major concern of the local and
national government.
2. As a general rule, storm drain in not permitted to discharge into a septic tank
or to the main sewer system.
3. The use of improper fittings and short offsets that will affect the flow of water
must be avoided.
INFORMATION SHEET 10
TRAPS FOR PLUMBING FIXTURES
1. Identify and discuss two classification of water sealed P-trap
2. Discuss the national plumbing code on P-trap installation
3. Discuss the three classifications of fixtures
A trap used on plumbing fixture is a device

scientifically designed to prevent the back flow of
gases coming from the septic tank or sewer line
passing through the outlet of the fixture. These
gases are identified as hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide,
methane or carbon dioxide and even a small
amount of caron monoxide considered dangerous
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to human health. The physical and chemical properties of the many gases found in the
sewage system are known, and their effect to human body is sometimes serious.
The basic function of the trap in a drainage system is to prevent those

objectionable gases from entering the plumbing system. The principle is to form a
mechanical barrier against the passage of sewer air.
In 1856, when the first patented trap in the United States was innovated,
manufacturers offered various forms and design to the plumbing industry. Test of these
traps showed that, the most practical form ever developed is the P-trap. Originally, this
P-trap was called Gooseneck at tributed to its form like the neck of a goose.
Analyzing the mechanical function of the P-trap, it appears that the only
separation between the unhealthy gases in the sanitary drainage system, and the air
inside the room is the water caught in the trap every after discharge of the fixture.
The column of water that is retained between the overflow and the dip of the
trap is called Trap Seal or sometimes referred to as Water Seal.
Water Sealed P-trap in Classified into Two

1. The common seal
2. The deep seal
The common seal p-trap has 5 centimeters deep water seal between the overflow and
the dip, that will offer resistance against abnormal conditions, only to the amount of
pressure a 5 centimeters water will develop.
The deep seal p-trap has from 7.5 to 10 centimeters column of liquid content between
the overflow and the dip. This trap may be used under normal condition, but it is
purposely designed for abnormal situations such as:
a. extreme heat in the area
b. increase and decrease of atmospheric condition
c. circumstances where total ventilation cannot be obtained
One advantage of the deep seal over the common seal is its greater re-sealing
quality. Re-seal is a term used to the scientific principle that water at rest tends to seek
a level and maintain it.
When the liquid content of a deep seal is disturbed, the water tends to level itself
sufficiently to seal the trap even partially. Meaning, because of the considerable height
of the water seal up to 10 centimeters deep, even if disturbed by flushing from the
fixture discharge, by partial resealing up to 50%, the trap seal is still maintained.
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LM-Plumbing
The P-trap is the most common and practical shape available in various sizes
from 32 mm to 50 mm diameter. These are common sizes for fixtures that are
suspended from walls or supported on a pedestal such as:
1. Lavatories
2. Sinks
3. Shower bath with less amount of water discharge
4. Urinals
5. Drinking fountain
These are various forms of water sealed trap that could be used to serve plumbing
fixtures. But among these various types, some are classified as Permissible trap while
others are identified as Objectionable traps.
The Permissible Type of Traps
1. The p-trap
2. The drum trap
Other Types of Permissible Traps
1. Stand trap
2. Brass trap
3. High hub trap
4. Low hug trap
5. Extra heavy type
6. Sink or lavatory type
The National Plumbing Code on P-trap installation provides that:
1. All traps shall be self-cleaning. That is, capable on being completely flushed each time
the trap operates and no sediments will remain inside to decompose.
2. P-trap shall be installed as near the fixture as practical not to require too long vertical
leg between the trap and the fixture proper.
3. Short vertical leg eliminates high velocity of water discharge that creates siphon, the
major cause of trap seal loss.
4. P-trap shall ne installed within 60 centimeters of the fixture it serves. It shall be

accessible for cleaning through the bottom opening closed by a screw plug.
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LM-Plumbing
5. All traps are subject to stoppage, hence shall be provided with cleanout so designed
that could be assembled and disassembled with little efforts.
6. Long run horizontal pipe could be used only near the drain f the floor area or yard. It
is also called Running trap not provided with hand-hole cleanout.
7. The dip portion on the trap shall be as short as possible to avoid retarded flow of
water. Likewise, the horizontal leg connection to the waste pipe shall be reasonably
short for effective ventilation. Content 5
8. Overflow pipe from fixture shall be connected to Organization 3
the inlet side of the trap. Grammar 2
9. Each fixture shall have its own trap. The following Total 10
fixtures are exception to the rule.
a. Two laundry trays and a kitchen sink connected to a single trap.
b. Not more than 3 laundry trays using one trap.
c. Three lavatories on a single trap.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGofkKOP2SU
SELF-CHECK-10
DISCUSSION
1. Using a Venn diagram, discuss the two classifications of water sealed p-trap.
2. In the national plumbing code of the Philippines, number 9, explain the three fixtures
that are exempted in the national plumbing code. What makes them exempted? Discuss
its characteristics.
1. The basic function of the trap in a drainage system is to prevent those
objectionable gases from entering the plumbing system.
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LM-Plumbing
2. A trap used on plumbing fixture is a device scientifically designed to prevent

the back flow of gases coming from the septic tank or sewer line passing through
the outlet of the fixture.
3. When the liquid content of a deep seal is disturbed, the water tends to level
itself sufficiently to seal the trap even partially.
PLUMBING VENTILATON
1. Identify and discuss the general conditions in installing the main soil and
waste ventilation
Ventilation of a plumbing system, is the portion of the drainage pipe installation,

designed to maintain a balance atmospheric pressure inside the system to prevent
problems like:
1. trap seal loss
2. retardation of flow
3. deterioration of the materials
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LM-Plumbing
This portion of plumbing science is one of the

most important, and yet was not seriously regarded by
most average plumbing mechanics. Some forty years
ago, plumbing mechanics was of the opinion that to
have a functional plumbing installation, was to install a
waste pipe of sufficient size to discharge the waste
coming from the plumbing fixtures in a reasonable time.
Likewise, to provide the waste pipeline with some kind
of trap that will prevent sewer air from entering into
the building.
Plumbing during that early period was not yet
considered a scientific industry. The sanitary facilities
in buildings were still few, and no serious problems
arose from the improper waste disposal practices of the time. The owner as well as the
plumber regarded plumbing systems as a mean of waste disposal only. They did not
care about the health standard that could be affected by improper installation.
The average plumber did not know, or at least could not give intelligent reasons,
why trap has to be ventilated, despite of their working experience in ventilating traps
for many years. Plumbing practices during those periods, followed the traditional
patterns of installations, I the same manner, year after year.
Lately however, the construction of large buildings and the congestion in
growing cities played an important role in bringing plumbing practice to a scientific
level. The orthodox way of plumbing has changed radically and regarded plumbing as
the work of professionals and experts. Ventilating a drainage system requires a
thorough knowledge of the principles governing the natural laws of nature such as:
1. the principles governing the atmosphere
2. the principles of gravity
3. the principles of siphon, pressure and vacuum
Main Soil and Waste Vent
By definition, the main soil and waste vent is the portion of the soil stack above the
highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof. It serves as the terminal for
the main vent and other vents of the system.
General Conditions in Installing the Main Soil and Waste Ventilation
1. That, it must be installed as direct as possible.
2. Short radius fitting should be avoided, because it reduces the flow of air.
3. As much as possible, long horizontal line must be avoided
4. Generally, it should have the same diameter as the soil or waste pipe.
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LM-Plumbing
The National Plumbing Code on extension of soil or waste stack to the roof provides
that:
All roof extensions of soil or waste stack shall run full size at least 30 centimeters above
the roof and when the roof is used for other purposes than weather protection, such
extension shall not be less than 2.00 meters above the roof…the roof terminal of any stack
or vent, if within 3.00meters of any door, window, scuttle, or air shaft shall extend at least
1.00 meters above the same.
Content 5
Organization 3
Grammar 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffV8HYjj09w
Total 10
SELF-CHECK-11
DISCUSSION
1. Discuss the general conditions in installing the main soil and waste ventilation.
2. Discuss main soil and waste ventilation.
3. Explain the National Plumbing Code on extension of soil or waste stack to the roof.
1. Plumbing during that early period was not yet considered a scientific industry.
2. Plumbing science is one of the most important, and yet was not seriously
regarded by most average plumbing mechanics.
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LM-Plumbing
PLUMBING FIXTURES
1. Identify and discuss the different plumbing fixture
By definition, plumbing fixtures are

receptacles intended to receive water, liquid or
water-carried waste and discharge the into the
drainage system. The latest concept in the design
of plumbing fixture is to fit people rather than
making people fit the fixture. The trend is to
make the fixture an integral part of the room
decorations.
Plumbing fixtures comes in various of
style and accessories designed to match with the
room for cosmetic reasons. Concomitant with
this, it is imperative to buy plumbing fixtures of
the best quality. Best quality carries with it the name or brand or reputable
manufacturers. Quality fixtures are expected designed and build to take a lot of abuse
and yet expected to last for years.
PAGE64
LM-Plumbing
Quality is always associated with cost. But cost of this particular construction
item is always considered a good investment. Comparatively, cheaper fixtures wear out
faster than that cost higher but last for years.
Water closet
By definition, water closet is a plumbing
fixture used to convey organic body waste to
the plumbing. Water closet is classified
according to:
1. design
2. quality
3. shape
4. color
Lavatories
Lavatory is a bowl or basin used for washing

face and hands. The basin of lavatory may be of
the following:
1. rounded
2. square
3. oval
4. rectangular
5. triangular
Bathtub
Bathing as an activity, is becoming
gregarious. Bathtub which are large enough to
accommodate couple bathing together is flooding
the market. Even the traditional one-person bath
tub is equipped with seats, shelves for soap and
shampoo not to mention the non-skid safety
surfaces which had never been offered before.
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LM-Plumbing
The size of the tub, its form and design had been greatly improved, including the color
to suit the taste of the users. The lightest bathtub introduce in the market is the
Fiberglass tubs. Although it is not as durable as the porcelain, it is also easier to clean
and maintain. The surface is coated smoothly with attractive gel.
Urinals
Kitchen sink

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9i0w0Qvu70
PAGE66
LM-Plumbing
Content 5
Organization 3
Grammar 2
Total 10
SELF-CHECK-12
DISCUSSION
1. What are the different plumbing fixture? Discuss its function and importance.
1. Quality is always associated with cost.
2. Plumbing fixtures comes in various of style and accessories designed to match
with the room for cosmetic reasons.
3. Quality fixtures are expected designed and build to take a lot of abuse and yet
expected to last for years.
PAGE67
LM-Plumbing
POST-TEST
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the following questions carefully and write the letter that
best describes the statement.
1. Plumber wants to tighten and loosen pipes. What tool is appropriate?

A. Pipe Cutter C. Pipe Wrench
B. Flux D. Drywall Knife
2. A plumber wants to cut metal pipe. Which tool is appropriate?

A. Hacksaw C. Handsaw
B. Backsaw D. Drywall Knife
3. Metal with semi-rigid auger whose end is usually fitted with a hook or corkscrew is
called _______________________.
A. Plumber’s Snake C. Valve
B. Plunger D. Bushing
4. If your toilet has trouble, you use rubber funnel-shape instrument attached to the end
of the handle for unblocking. What is this tool?
A. Plumber’s Snake C. Plunger
B. Valve D. Bushing
5. Which plumbing tool is used for gripping large pipes and irregular objects?
PAGE68
LM-Plumbing
A. Monkey Wrench C. Yoke Vise

B. Chain Wrench D. Pipe Wrench
6. A plumber wants to create thread outside pipe by hand. Which tool is appropriate?
A. Pipe Cutter C. Yoke Vise
7. A plumber wants to cut pipes. Which holding tool is needed?

8. A plumber wants to hold pipe by hand. What tool is needed?

9. The following are good plumbing practice EXCEPT _________________.

A. Rainwater Harvesting C. Gray Water Recycling
B. Water Conservation D. Excessive Water Consumption
10. Water contaminants are being forced back into the water piping system. Which term
is referred to?
A. Water Flow C. Pressure
B. Back Flow D. Harvesting
11. The following are examples of plumbing fixtures EXCEPT __________________.

A. Water Closet C. Shower
B. Drainage D. Urinals
12. Which statement is NOT true about plumbing standards based on Republic Act 1378
which is known as Plumbing Law?
A. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a
water-sealed trap.
B. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the maximum quantity of water
consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
C. Water closet must be located in a room which is proper lighted and ventilated>
D. No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes
or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage disposal process shall be allowed to
enter the building drainage system.
13. A compartment that receives solid or liquid waste, located below the normal grade
of the gravity system is called________________.
A. Septic C. Trap
B. Sump D. Interceptor
14. Which is true toxic substance?

A. Hazardous to human health
B. A fixture drain for a laboratory
C. Not hazardous to human health
D. Bedpan washer and sterilizer drain
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LM-Plumbing
15. Water that is safe for drinking, cooking, and personal use is _______________.
A. Potable C. Clean
B. Purified D. Healthy
16. Which among the flowing best describes a toilet bowl?

A. A room or booth containing a toilet
B. The box type compartment holding water for flushing the toilet
C. An opening in the wall or ceiling near the fixture that allows access for servicing the
plumbing system.
D. The device that provides a supply of water and/or its disposal, e.g., sink, tubs, toilets
17. Plumbing ventilation means to _________________.

A. Carry sewer gas out relieve pressure of the drainage system
B. Discourage corrosion in the drainage piping
C. Maintain the tram seals
D. Give pressure differentials in the public sewer
18. Rainwater from the roof down to the ground passes through what pipe?
A. Down Spout C. Gutter
B. Conductor D. Vent
19. A pipe that conveys only liquid waste is called ____________.

A. Vent Pipe C. Main Pipe
B. Soil Pipe D. Waste Pipe
20. If you install water inside the building, what is the diameter of pipes needed?
A. 4 inches C. 0.75 inch
B. 1 inch D. 0.5 inch
21. In which type of pipes does portable water travel?

A. ABS pipes C. Cast Iron Pipes
B. Galvanized Pipes D. PVC Pipes
22. If your water system has leak, where can you shut off the flow of water?
B. Galvanized Valve D. PVC Pipes
23. A plumber wants to install a liquid seal to prevent sewer gasses from entering the
building. What device is needed?
A. Union C. Backflow Prevent
B. Trap D. Pump
24. A plumber wants to shut off the flow of water just 90 degrees turn. Which valve is
appropriate?
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LM-Plumbing
25. What do you call those flexible waterproof ribbon for covering threaded pipes joints
to prevent leakage?
A. Rubber Bond C. Teflon Tape
B. Masking Tape D. Tape
26. If the end of a PVC pipe a fitted with a male adopter, what fitting will be used to stop
the flow of the water?
A. Elbow C. Cap
B. Coupling D. Plug
27. How many PVC pipes can be installed in a 7.50meter distance?

A. 2pcs. C. 3 Pcs.
B. 2.5Pcs. D. 3.5 Pcs.
28. If the end of a PVC pipe is fitted with a female adopter, what fitting will be used to
stop the flow of the water?
A. Elbow C. Cap
B. Coupling D. Plug
29. A plumber wants to connect two length of pipes. Which fitting is necessary?
A. Coupling C. Tee
B. Elbow D. Pipe Wrench
30. If there is leaking in the water supply of lavatory, sink, and water closet, which vale
are you going to shut off?
31. I you install a soil pipe, what is the standard pitch or slope?
A. 5% C. 2%
B. 10% D. 1%
32. If you put source of potable water, what is the minimum safe distance from the
septic tank?
A. 15 meters C. 5 meters
33. No cesspool, septic tank or drain fields shall be located within how many meters
radius from the wall?
A. 15 meters C. 50meters
34. If you plan to drill for a well that can supply water for public use, what is the
minimum meter radius from a well to the residences?
A. 150meters C. 50meteres
35. Every trap for bath tubs, lavatories, sink, and similar fixture shall be ______________.
A. Self-Regulation C. Fix
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LM-Plumbing
B. Tight D. Self-Cleaning
36. There should be no concrete sanitary sewers existing within how many meters
radius from the well?
A. 15meters C. 50meters
37. The standard length of PVC pipe is _______________.

A. 12ft. C. 6.0 m
B. 2.0 m D. 10 ft.
38. If you want to estimate the number of G.I. pipes needed from your house to the main
supply, what is the standard length of a G.I. pipe that you are going to use?
A. 20.0 m C. 3.0 m
B. 6 ft. D. 20 ft.
39. If you want to estimate the number of PVC pipes needed from your house to the
main supply, what is the standard length of a PVC pipe that you are going to use?
A. 20.0 m C. 3.0 m
B. 6 ft. D. 20 ft.
40. All plumbing fixture must have P-trap EXCEPT ________.

A. Lavatory C. Sink
B. Water Closet D. Bath Tub
PAGE72
LM-Plumbing
REFERENCES
The national Plumbing Code of the Philippines
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Forest B Wright
Readers Digest Home Improvement Manual
Plumbing Design and Estimate

Second Edition
Max B Fajardo Jr.
Competency-based Learning Materials

Plumbing
Fourth Year
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS
Department of Education
PAGE73

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Plumbing

REY SERENIO MARTE

1. Plumber wants to tighten and loosen pipes. What tool is appropriate?

2. A plumber wants to cut metal pipe. Which tool is appropriate?

7. A plumber wants to cut pipes. Which holding tool is needed?

8. A plumber wants to hold pipe by hand. What tool is needed?

9. The following are good plumbing practice EXCEPT _________________.

11. The following are examples of plumbing fixtures EXCEPT __________________.

14. Which is true toxic substance?

16. Which among the flowing best describes a toilet bowl?

17. Plumbing ventilation means to _________________.

19. A pipe that conveys only liquid waste is called ____________.

21. In which type of pipes does portable water travel?

27. How many PVC pipes can be installed in a 7.50meter distance?

37. The standard length of PVC pipe is _______________.

40. All plumbing fixture must have P-trap EXCEPT ________.

PREPARE PLUMBING MATERIALS AND TOOLS

1. Identify the different types of pipes

Pipe a long hollow cylinder used chiefly to convey fluid.

Material the stuff from which a thing is made of or consisting of matter.

Tools is anything which is held by hands and assists a person to do

PLUMBING MATERIALS AND TOOLS

Steel Pipe Characteristics

Different Types of Pipes

SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually used externally.

MSS-refers to Manufacturer’s Standardization Society.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STAINLESS-STEEL PIPE FITTINGS

Polyethylene PE and Spigot Fitting

A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to an

Outlets and drains

Traps and vents

L-SQUARE/STEEL SQUARE TRY SQUARE PUSH-PULL RULE

HACK SAW CROSS CUT SAW PIPE REAMER

PIPE CUTTER PIPE THREADER

TESTING TOOLS-used in finding out how well the finished work.

DRILL PRESS SCREW DRIVER

ADJUSTABLE WRENCH CLAMP BENCH VISE

PIPE VISE ADJUSTABLE WRENCH

4. Make a slogan on how to value plumbing tools.

SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENT IN PLUMBING

1. Identify the different types of measuring tools

Outside Caliper is used to measure the external size of an object

Proper Handling of Measuring Instruments

Outside Caliper is a tool used to measure the external size of an object

TRY SQUARE is a wood

PULL PUSH RULE (Tape

2. Explain how the following tools are handled properly.

PERFORM PIPING LAYOUT ROUGH-IN PROCEDURE

1. Identify and discuss the piping layout rough-in procedure

6. Check the plumbness of the pipe using a spirit level

7. Secure the pipe properly by nailing short pieces of lumber underneath.

8. Cover the top of the pipe to avoid entry of foreign objects.

2. Agree or disagree to the following statements and justify your answer.

MEASURING, CUTTING AND JOINING PIPES

Cast Iron Pipe

Size Single Hub Double Hub

Table 3-2 Effective Length of Cast Iron Pipe

mm In Pipe with Hub Hub less Pipe

Cutting and Connecting Pipes

Determining the G.I. Pipe Diameter

Working with Plastic Pipes

Your answer will be rated using the rubric below

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM