Stephen Spender

Sir Stephen Harold Spender CBE (28 February 1909 – 16 July 1995) was an English poet ,
novelist and essayist whose work concent rat ed on t hemes of social injust ice and t he class
st ruggle. He was appoint ed Poet Laureat e Consult ant in Poet ry t o t he Unit ed St at es Library of
Congress in 1965.
 Sir St ephen Spender
CBE

Spender in 1933

Born Stephen Harold Spender

28 February 1909
Kensington, London, England

Died 16 July 1995 (aged 86)

St John's Wood, London, England

Occupation Poet, novelist, essayist

Nationality British

Alma mater University College, Oxford

Spouse Inez Pearn; Natasha Litvin

Early life

Spender was born in Kensingt on, London, t o journalist Harold Spender and Violet Hilda Schust er, a
paint er and poet , of German Jewish herit age.[1][2] He went first t o Hall School in Hampst ead and
t hen at 13 t o Gresham's School, Holt and lat er Charlecot e School in Wort hing, but he was
unhappy t here. On t he deat h of his mot her, he was t ransferred t o Universit y College School
(Hampst ead), which he lat er described as "t hat gent lest of schools".[3] Spender left for Nant es
and Lausanne and t hen went up t o Universit y College, Oxford (much lat er, in 1973, he was made
an honorary fellow). Spender said at various t imes t hroughout his life t hat he never passed any
exam. Perhaps his closest friend and t he man who had t he biggest influence on him was W. H.
Auden, who int roduced him t o Christ opher Isherwood. Spender handprint ed t he earliest version of
Auden's Poems. He left Oxford wit hout t aking a degree and in 1929 moved t o Hamburg.
Isherwood invit ed him t o Berlin. Every six mont hs, Spender went back t o England.

Spender was acquaint ed wit h fellow Auden Group members Louis MacNeice, Edward Upward and
Cecil Day-Lewis. He was friendly wit h David Jones and lat er came t o know William But ler Yeat s,
Allen Ginsberg, Ted Hughes, Joseph Brodsky, Isaiah Berlin, Mary McCart hy, Roy Campbell,
Raymond Chandler, Dylan Thomas, Jean-Paul Sart re, Colin Wilson, Aleist er Crowley, F. T. Prince
and T. S. Eliot , as well as members of t he Bloomsbury Group, part icularly Virginia Woolf.

Career

Spender began work on a novel in 1929, which was not published unt il 1988, under t he t it le The
Temple. The novel is about a young man who t ravels t o Germany and finds a cult ure at once more
open t han England's, part icularly about relat ionships bet ween men, and shows fright ening
harbingers of Nazism t hat are confusingly relat ed t o t he very openness t he man admires.
Spender wrot e in his 1988 int roduct ion:

In the late Twenties young English writers were more concerned with
censorship than with politics.... 1929 was the last year of that strange
Indian Summer—the Weimar Republic. For many of my friends and for
myself, Germany seemed a paradise where there was no censorship
and young Germans enjoyed extraordinary freedom in their lives[4]

Spender was discovered by T.S. Eliot , an edit or at Faber & Faber, in 1933.[5]

His early poet ry, not ably Poems (1933), was oft en inspired by social prot est . Living in Vienna, he
furt her expressed his convict ions in Forward from Liberalism; in Vienna (1934), a long poem in
praise of t he 1934 uprising of Aust rian socialist s; and in Trial of a Judge[6] (1938), an ant ifascist
drama in verse.

At t he Shakespeare and Company bookst ore in Paris, which published t he first edit ion of James
Joyce's Ulysses, hist oric figures made rare appearances t o read t heir work: Paul Valéry, André
Gide and Eliot . Hemingway even broke his rule of not reading in public if Spender would read wit h
him. Since Spender agreed, Hemingway appeared for a rare reading in public wit h him.[7]

In 1936, Spender became a member of t he Communist Part y of Great Brit ain. Harry Pollit t , it s
head, invit ed him t o writ e for t he Daily Worker on t he Moscow Trials. In lat e 1936, Spender
married Inez Pearn, whom he had recent ly met at an Aid t o Spain meet ing.[8][9] She is described as
'small and rat her ironic' and 'st rikingly good-looking'. In 1937, during t he Spanish Civil War, t he Daily
Worker sent him t o Spain on a mission t o observe and report on t he Soviet ship Komsomol, which
had sunk while carrying Soviet weapons t o t he Second Spanish Republic. Spender t ravelled t o
Tangier and t ried t o ent er Spain via Cadiz, but was sent back. He t hen t ravelled t o Valencia,
where he met Hemingway and Manuel Alt olaguirre. (Tony Hyndman, alias Jimmy Younger, had
joined t he Int ernat ional Brigades, which were fight ing against Francisco Franco's forces in t he
Bat t le of Guadalajara.) In July 1937 he at t ended t he Second Int ernat ional Writ ers' Congress, t he
purpose of which was t o discuss t he at t it ude of int ellect uals t o t he war, held in Valencia,
Barcelona and Madrid and at t ended by many writ ers, including Hemingway, André Malraux, and
Pablo Neruda.[10] Pollit t t old Spender "t o go and get killed; we need a Byron in t he movement ".
Spender was imprisoned for a while in Albacet e. In Madrid, he met Malraux; t hey discussed Gide's
Retour de l'U.R.S.S.. Because of medical problems, he went back t o England and bought a house
in Lavenham. In 1939, he divorced.

His 1938 t ranslat ions of works by Bert olt Brecht and Miguel Hernández appeared in John
Lehmann's New Writing.[11]

He felt close t o t he Jewish people; his mot her, Violet Hilda Schust er, was half-Jewish (her
fat her's family were German Jews who convert ed t o Christ ianit y, and her mot her came from an
upper-class family of Cat holic German, Lut heran Danish and dist ant It alian descent ). Spender's
second wife, Nat asha, whom he married in 1941, was also Jewish. In 1942, he joined t he fire
brigade of Cricklewood and Maresfield Gardens as a volunt eer. Spender met several t imes wit h
t he poet Edwin Muir.
Aft er he was no longer left -wing, he was one of t hose who wrot e of t heir disillusionment wit h
communism in t he essay collect ion The God that Failed (1949), along wit h Art hur Koest ler and
ot hers.[12] It is t hought t hat one of t he big areas of disappoint ment was t he Molot ov-Ribbent rop
Pact bet ween Germany and t he Soviet Union, which many left ist s saw as a bet rayal. Like Auden,
Isherwood and several ot her out spoken opponent s of fascism in t he 1930s, Spender did not see
act ive milit ary service in World War II. He was init ially graded "C" upon examinat ion because of his
earlier colit is, poor eyesight , varicose veins and t he long-t erm effect s of a t apeworm in 1934.
But he pulled st rings t o be re-examined and was upgraded t o "B", which meant t hat he could
serve in t he London Auxiliary Fire Service. Spender spent t he wint er of 1940 t eaching at
Blundell's School, t aking a posit ion t hat had been vacat ed by Manning Clark, who ret urned t o
Aust ralia as a consequence of t he war t o t each at Geelong Grammar.[13]

Aft er t he war, Spender was a member of t he Allied Cont rol Commission, rest oring civil aut horit y in
Germany.[14]

Wit h Cyril Connolly and Pet er Wat son, Spender co-founded Horizon magazine and served as it s
edit or from 1939 t o 1941. From 1947 t o 1949, he went t o t he US several t imes and saw Auden
and Isherwood. He was t he edit or of Encounter magazine from 1953 t o 1966 but resigned aft er
it emerged t hat t he Congress for Cult ural Freedom, which published it , was covert ly funded by
t he CIA.[15] Spender insist ed t hat he was unaware of t he ult imat e source of t he magazine's
funds. He t aught at various American inst it ut ions and accept ed t he Ellist on Chair of Poet ry[16] at
t he Universit y of Cincinnat i in 1954. In 1961, he became professor of rhet oric at Gresham
College, London.

Spender helped found t he magazine Index on Censorship, was involved in t he founding of t he

Poet ry Book Societ y and did work for UNESCO.[17] He was appoint ed t he 17t h Poet Laureat e
Consult ant in Poet ry t o t he Library of Congress in 1965.[18] During t he lat e 1960s, Spender
frequent ly visit ed t he Universit y of Connect icut , which he declared had t he "most congenial
t eaching facult y" he had encount ered in t he Unit ed St at es.[19]

Spender was Professor of English at Universit y College London from 1970 t o 1977 and t hen
became Professor Emerit us. He was made a Commander of t he Order of t he Brit ish Empire (CBE)
at t he 1962 Queen's Birt hday Honours,[20] and knight ed in t he 1983 Queen's Birt hday
Honours.[21][22] At a ceremony commemorat ing t he 40t h anniversary of t he Normandy Invasion on
6 June 1984, US President Ronald Reagan quot ed from Spender's poem "The Truly Great " in his
remarks:

Gentlemen, I look at you and I think of the words of Stephen Spender's

poem. You are men who in your "lives fought for life... and left the vivid
air signed with your honor".

World of art

Spender also had profound int ellect ual workings wit h t he world of art , including Picasso. The
art ist Henry Moore did et chings and lit hographs conceived t o accompany t he work of writ ers,
including Charles Baudelaire and Spender. Moore's work in t hat regard also included illust rat ions
of t he lit erat ure of Dant e, Gide and Shakespeare. The exhibit ion was held at The Henry Moore
Foundat ion.[23]

Spender "collect ed and befriended art ist s such as Arp, Auerbach, Bacon, Freud, Giacomet t i,
Gorky, Gust on, Hockney, Moore, Morandi, Picasso and ot hers". In The Worlds of Stephen Spender,
t he art ist Frank Auerbach select ed art work by t hose mast ers t o accompany Spender's
poems.[24]

Spender wrot e China Diary wit h David Hockney in 1982, published by Thames and Hudson art
publishers in London.[25]

The Soviet art ist Wassily Kandinsky creat ed an et ching for Spender, Fraternity, in 1939.[26]

Personal life

In 1933, Spender fell in love wit h Tony Hyndman, and t hey lived t oget her from 1935 t o 1936.[14]
In 1934, Spender had an affair wit h Muriel Gardiner. In a let t er t o Christ opher Isherwood in
Sept ember 1934, he wrot e, "I find boys much more at t ract ive, in fact I am rat her more t han
usually suscept ible, but act ually I find t he act ual sexual act wit h women more sat isfact ory, more
t errible, more disgust ing, and, in fact , more everyt hing".[14] In December 1936, short ly aft er t he
end of his relat ionship wit h Hyndman, Spender fell in love wit h and married Inez Pearn aft er an
engagement of only t hree weeks.[27] The marriage broke down in 1939.[14] In 1941, Spender
married Nat asha Lit vin, a concert pianist . The marriage last ed unt il his deat h. Their daught er,
Elizabet h "Lizzie" Spender, previously an act or, is married t o t he Aust ralian act or and sat irist Barry
Humphries, and t heir son, Mat t hew Spender, is married t o t he daught er of t he Armenian art ist
Arshile Gorky.

Spender's sexualit y has been t he subject of debat e. Spender's seemingly changing at t it udes
have caused him t o be labelled bisexual, repressed, lat ent ly homophobic or simply somet hing
complex t hat resist s easy labelling.[28] Many of his friends in his earlier years were gay. Spender
had many affairs wit h men in his earlier years, most not ably wit h Hyndman, who was called
"Jimmy Younger" in his memoir World Within World. Aft er his affair wit h Muriel Gardiner, he shift ed
his focus t o het erosexualit y,[14] but his relat ionship wit h Hyndman complicat ed bot h t hat
relat ionship and his short -lived marriage t o Inez Pearn. His marriage t o Nat asha Lit vin in 1941
seemed t o have marked t he end of his romant ic relat ionships wit h men but not t he end of all
homosexual act ivit y, as his unexpurgat ed diaries have revealed.[29] Subsequent ly, he t oned down
homosexual allusions in lat er edit ions of his poet ry. The following line was revised in a republished
edit ion: "What ever happens, I shall never be alone. I shall always have a boy, a railway fare, or a
revolut ion" t o "What ever happens, I shall never be alone. I shall always have an affair, a railway
fare, or a revolut ion". Nevert heless, he was a founding member of t he Homosexual Law Reform
Societ y, which lobbied for t he repeal of Brit ish sodomy laws.[30] Spender sued aut hor David
Leavit t for allegedly using his relat ionship wit h "Jimmy Younger" in Leavit t 's While England Sleeps
in 1994. The case was set t led out of court wit h Leavit t removing cert ain port ions from his t ext .

Death

On 16 July 1995, Spender died of a heart at t ack in West minst er, London, aged 86.[31] He was
buried in t he graveyard of St Mary on Paddingt on Green Church, in London.

Stephen Spender Trust

The St ephen Spender Trust is a regist ered charit y t hat was founded t o widen t he knowledge of
20t h-cent ury lit erat ure, wit h a part icular focus on Spender's circle of writ ers, and t o promot e
lit erary t ranslat ion. The t rust 's act ivit ies include poet ry readings; academic conferences; a
seminar series in part nership wit h t he Inst it ut e of English St udies; an archive programme in
conjunct ion wit h t he Brit ish Library and t he Bodleian; work wit h schools via Translat ion Nat ion; t he
Guardian St ephen Spender Prize, an annual poet ry t ranslat ion prize est ablished in 2004; and t he
Joseph Brodsky/St ephen Spender Prize, a worldwide Russian–English t ranslat ion compet it ion.[32]

Awards and honours

Spender was awarded t he Golden PEN Award in 1995.[33]

Bibliography
 Spiritual Exercises (1943, privat ely print ed)

Poems of Dedication (1947)

The Edge of Being (1949)

Collected Poems, 1928–1953 (1955)

Selected Poems (1965)

The Express (1966)

The Generous Days (1971)

Selected Poems (1974)

Recent Poems (1978)

Collected Poems 1928–1985 (1986)

Dolphins (1994)

New Collected Poems, edit ed by Michael Bret t , (2004)

Drama
…
Trial of a Judge[6] (1938)

Rasputin's End (opera libret t o, music by Nicolas Nabokov, 1958)

The Oedipus Trilogy (1985)

Novels and short story collections
…
The Burning Cactus (1936, st ories)

The Backward Son (1940)

Engaged in Writing (1958)

The Temple (writ t en 1929; published 1988)

Criticism, travel books and essays

…
The Destructive Element (1935)

Forward from Liberalism (1937)

Life and the Poet (1942)

 Citizens in War – and After (1945)

European Witness (1946)

Poetry Since 1939 (1945)

The God that Failed (1949, wit h ot hers, ex-Communist s' t est imonies)

Learning Laughter (1952)

The Creative Element (1953)

The Making of a Poem

The Struggle of the Modern (1963)

The Year of the Young Rebels (1969)

Love-Hate Relations (1974)

Eliot (1975; Font ana Modern Mast ers)

W. H. Auden: A Tribute (edit ed by Spender, 1975)

The Thirties and After (1978)

China Diary (wit h David Hockney, 1982)

Memoir
…
World Within World (1951). This aut obiography is a re-creat ion of much of t he polit ical and
social at mosphere of t he 1930s.
Letters and journals
…
Letters to Christopher: Stephen Spender's Letter to Christopher Isherwood (1980)

Journals, 1939–1983 (1985)

New Selected Journals, 1939–1995 (2012)

See also

List of Gresham Professors of Rhet oric

 References

1. John Sutherland (6 January 2005). Stephen Spender: A Literary Life (https://archive.org/details/stephe

nspenderli00suth) . Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 16 (https://archive.org/details/stephenspenderli
00suth/page/16) . ISBN 978-0-19-517816-6.

2. David Leeming (1 April 2011). Stephen Spender: A Life in Modernism (https://books.google.com/books?

id=GgMRDqgIbqEC&pg=PT19) . Henry Holt and Company. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4299-3974-4.

3. John Sutherland (6 January 2005). Stephen Spender: A Literary Life (https://archive.org/details/stephe

nspenderli00suth) . Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 44 (https://archive.org/details/stephenspenderli
00suth/page/44) . ISBN 978-0-19-517816-6.

4. Bozorth, Richard R. (1995). "But Who Would Get It? Auden and the Codes of Poetry and Desire". ELH.
62 (3): 709–727. doi:10.1353/elh.1995.0023 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Felh.1995.0023) .
S2CID 161250466 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161250466) .

5. Walsh, Review by John (5 May 2019). "Faber & Faber by Toby Faber review — the inside story of
Britain's most illustrious publishing house" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/faber-faber-by-toby-faber
-review-the-inside-story-of-britains-most-illustrious-publishing-house-hlhk9chlb) . The Times.
ISSN 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 4 August 2019.

. "Trial of a Judge: A Tragedy in Five Acts" (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28562871) .

questia.com. Retrieved 8 April 2015.

7. Beach, Sylvia (1991). Shakespeare and Company (https://books.google.com/books?id=fEmg2ZGajiYC&

q=Spender) . U of Nebraska Press. p. 211. ISBN 9780803260979.

. Isherwood, Christopher (2012). Christopher and His Kind. Vintage. ISBN 9780099561071.

9. Pace, Eric (18 July 1995). "Stephen Spender, Poet of Melancholic Vision and Social Conscience, Dies at
86" (https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/18/obituaries/stephen-spender-poet-of-melancholic-vision-and-
social-conscience-dies-at-86.html) . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/i
ssn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 8 October 2017.

10. Thomas, Hugh (2012). The Spanish Civil War (50th Anniversary ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 678.
ISBN 978-0-141-01161-5.

11. New Writing at Google Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=XdWHPDGHkNcC&dq=%22john+leh

mann%22+%22new+writing%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=7Yb_8GnoTG&sig=UOW_zfsg8o
NLOZ8K9UPFiHUdv3k#PPR5,M1) . Retrieved 21 March 2009
12. "Stephen Spender" (http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=7522) .
poetryarchive.org.

13. Stephen Holt, Manning Clark and Australian History, 1915–1963, St Lucia: UQP, 1982, p 60.

14. Sutherland, John (September 2004). "Spender, Sir Stephen Harold (1909–1995)" (http://www.oxforddnb.
com/view/article/57986) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University
Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/57986 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F57986) . Retrieved
21 December 2008.

15. Frances Stonor Saunders (12 July 1999). "How the CIA plotted against us" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20101111094740/http://www.newstatesman.com/199907120022) . New Statesman. Archived from
the original (http://www.newstatesman.com/199907120022) on 11 November 2010. Retrieved
21 December 2008.

1 . http://asweb.artsci.uc.edu/english/cw/elliston.html

17. Warwick McFadyen, review of John Sutherland's biography Stephen Spender, The Age, p. 3

1 . "Poet Laureate Timeline: 1961–1970" (https://www.loc.gov/poetry/laureate-1961-1970.html) . Library

of Congress. 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.

19. Sutherland, John (2004). "Spender, Sir Stephen Harold (1909–1995), poet" (https://www.oxforddnb.co
m/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-57986) . Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/57986 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F57986) . ISBN 9780198614128. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
(Subscription or UK public library membership (https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.)

20. "No. 42683" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42683/supplement/4316) . The London

Gazette (Supplement). 25 May 1962. pp. 4316–4317.

21. "No. 49375" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49375/supplement/1) . The London

Gazette (Supplement). 10 June 1983. pp. 1–2.

22. "No. 49575" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49575/page/16802) . The London Gazette.

20 December 1983. p. 16802.

23. "- Henry Moore: Prints and Portfolios" (http://webarchive.henry-moore.org/hmi/exhibitions/past-exhibiti

ons/2011/prints-and-portfolios) . webarchive.henry-moore.org. Retrieved 11 August 2019.

24. The Worlds of Stephen Spender ARTBOOK | D.A.P. 2018 Catalog Hauser & Wirth Publishers Books
Exhibition Catalogues 9783906915197 (https://www.artbook.com/9783906915197.html) .
25. Spender, Stephen; Hockney, David (1982). China diary: with 158 watercolours, drawings and
photographs, 84 in colour. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500012901. OCLC 490550105 (htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/490550105) .

2 . "Vasily Kandinsky. Plate (folio 9) from Fraternity (1939)" (https://www.moma.org/s/ge/collection_ge/arti

st/artist_id-2981_role-1_sov_page-142.html) . MoMA.org. Retrieved 11 August 2019.

27. Elizabeth Lake (2019). Spanish Portrait. The Clapton Press, London. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-9996543-2-0.

2 . "glbtq >> literature >> Spender, Sir Stephen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141009223250/http://www.

glbtq.com/literature/spender_s.html) . glbtq.com. Archived from the original (http://www.glbtq.com/lit
erature/spender_s.html) on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.

29. Paul Kildea, Benjamin Britten: A Life in the Twentieth Century, p. 216

30. Twitchell, Neville (2012). The Politics of the Rope: The Campaign to Abolish Capital Punishment in
Britain, 1955-1969 (https://books.google.com/books?id=tMkjUerXEsYC&q=Stephen+Spender+HLRS&pg
=PA311) . Arena books. p. 311. ISBN 9781906791988. Retrieved 4 June 2018.

31. Stephen Spender: A Literary Life

32. "The Stephen Spender Trust" (http://www.stephen-spender.org) . stephen-spender.org.

33. "Golden Pen Award, official website" (http://www.englishpen.org/prizes/golden-pen-award-for-a-lifetimes-

distinguished-service-to-literature) . English PEN. Retrieved 3 December 2012.

Further reading

Hynes, Samuel. The Auden Generation. 1976.

Spender, Mat t hew. A House in St John's Wood: In Search of My Parents. Farrar, St raus and
Giroux, 2015.

Sut herland, John. Stephen Spender: The Authorized Biography. 2004; U.S. edit ion: Stephen
Spender: A Literary Life. 2005.

External links

Wikiquot e has quot at ions relat ed t o: Stephen Spender

Wikimedia Commons has media relat ed t o Stephen Spender.

profile and poems at Poet s.org (ht t p://www.poet s.org/poet .php/prmPID/656)

profile and poems writ t en and audio at Poet ry Archive (ht t p://www.poet ryarchive.org/poet ryar
chive/singlePoet .do?poet Id=7522)

profile and poems at Poet ry Foundat ion (ht t p://www.poet ryfoundat ion.org/bio/st ephen-spend
er)

Pet er A. St it t (Wint er–Spring 1980). "St ephen Spender, The Art of Poet ry No. 25" (ht t p://www.
t heparisreview.org/int erviews/3346/t he-art -of-poet ry-no-25-st ephen-spender) . The Paris
Review. Wint er-Spring 1980 (77).

Ernest Hilbert reviews of St ephen Spender's aut obiography World Within World. Random
House Publishers (ht t p://www.randomhouse.com/boldt ype/0301/spender/essay.ht ml)

St ephen Spender Trust (ht t p://www.st ephen-spender.org)

"Spender's Lives" (ht t p://www.writ ing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/spender-in-1960.ht ml) – Ian

Hamilt on, The New Yorker

"St ephen Spender, Toady: Was t here any subst ance t o his polit ics and art ?" (ht t p://www.slat e.
com/id/2113164/) – St ephen Met calf, Slat e.com, 7 February 2005

St ephen Spender (ht t ps://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast -st aff/9589) at t he Int ernet

Broadway Dat abase

St ephen Spender (ht t p://lort el.org/Archives/Credit ableEnt it y/45623) at Int ernet Off-
Broadway Dat abase

St uart A. Rose Manuscript , Archives, and Rare Book Library (ht t ps://rose.library.emory.edu/) ,
Emory Universit y: St ephen Spender collect ion, circa 1940-1987 (ht t p://pid.emory.edu/ark:/255
93/8zwrx)
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