Professional Documents
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PART-5
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SALIVARY GLANDS
MASTICATORY SYSTEM
PAIN PHYSIOLOGY
DEGLUTITION
SPEECH
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOLOGY
Concerned with the functioning of organism and the processes , function of all or part of an organism
STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM
Structures of the mouth and jaws considered collectively as they subserve the function of mastication ,
deglutition ,respiration and speech
Oral cavity also known as buccal cavity. Oral cavity opens anteriorly to the exterior through the lips
and posteriorly through fauces into PHARYNX.digestive juice present in the mouth is saliva which is
secreted by salivary glands
5. Speech
SALIVARY GLANDS
SALIVA
Saliva is the clear mucoserous secretion formed mainly in salivary glands and has lubricative,
cleansing & anti microbial, excretory and digestive functions.
Oral fluid also known as whole saliva or total saliva is composed primarily of saliva secreted by
major and minor salivary glands.
Anterior lingual/Glands
of
Posterior lingual
MUCOUS
Palatine
Anterior lingual
SEROUS
Parotid
MIXED
COMPOUND Submandibular
Parotid
Sublingual
system.
DUCTAL SYSTEM :
1.Intercalated duct
2.Striated duct
3.Excretory duct
-Nerve supply is from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of autonomic nervous
system.
FORMATION OF SALIVA
TWO STAGE HYPOTHESIS
OF SALIVA FORMATION
PROPERTIES OF SALIVA
• VOLUME-1000-1500 ML/DAYPH
• PH-6.35-6.85
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY-1.002-1.12
Applied Aspects
1) Ageing
2) Iatrogenic
Drugs
Irradiation
1) Disease
Infections
1) Dehydration
Drugs
-cevimiline
-physostigmine
-pilocarpine
Other conditions
-parkinson’s disease
Composition of saliva
PHYSIOLOGY OF GUSTATION
TRANSMISSION OF TASTE SIGNALS TO CN
TASTE PAPILLAE
TASTE BUDS
Which are 50-60 microns in height and 30-70 microns in width which are embedded in
epithelium
SALIVA-TASTE INTERACTION
Hence when the salivary output is affected adversely , taste function can concomitantly affected
TASTE DYSFUNCTION
NORMOGEUSIA
HYPOGEUSIA
DYSGEUSIA
ALIAGEUSIA
PHANTOGEUSIA
AGEUSIA
APPLIED ASPECTS
MASTICATORY SYSTEM
MUSCLE FIBER
Tendon fibers in turn collect into bundles to form the muscle tendon that inserts into the bone
Each myofibril in turn lying side by side, about 1500 myosin filaments and 3000 actin filaments, which
are large polymerized protein molecules that are responsible for muscle contraction.
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
As fibers of the masseter contract, the mandible is elevated and the teeth are brought into contact.
When the mandible is protruded and biting force is applied, the fibers of the deep portion stabilize the
condyle against the articular eminence.
When the temporal muscle contracts, it elevates the mandible and the teeth are brought into contact.
Contraction of the middle portion will elevate and retrude the mandible.
Posterior fibers below the root of the zygomatic process contraction will cause elevation and slight
retrusion.
Along with the masseter, it forms a muscular sling that supports the mandible at the mandibular
angle.
When its fibers contract, the mandible is elevated and the teeth are brought into contact.
When the right and left inferior lateral pterygoids contracts simultaneously
condyles are pulled down the articular eminences and the mandible is protruded.
Unilateral contraction creates a mediotrusive movement of that condyle and causes a lateral movement
of the mandible to the opposite side.
When this muscle functions with the mandibular depressors,the mandible is lowered and the condyles
glide forward and downward on the articular eminence
Although the inferior lateral pterygoid is active during opening, the superior remains inactive .Becoming
active only in conjunction with the elevator muscles.
The superior lateral pterygoid is especially active during the power stroke and when the teeth are held
together.
The powerstroke refers to movements that involve closure of the mandible against resistance, such as in
chewing or clenching the teeth together.
DIGASTRIC MUSCLE
Mylohyoid muscle
Purpose is to pull back the angle of the mouth and to flatten the cheek area –which aids in
holding the cheek during chewing
This action causes the muscle to push back the food on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth
HEAD IS MOVING VIGOROUSLY UP AND DOWN DURING RUNNING AND JUMPING STRETCH
REFLEXES
• CHEWING CYCLE
• Preparatory phase
MECHANORECEPTORS
When chewing western diets,jaw closing muscles exert only 30-40% of their maximum force
The maximum bite force of who have lost all their natural is decreased by 50% ,even when they
wear well fitting dentures
fiber composition
Biomechanics
Most muscles act via long tendons and insert onto bones - poor mechanical advantage
Eg-elbows ,knees
Where jaw muscles act directly across the temporomandibular joint - good mechanical
advantage and with no need of tendon
APPLIED ASPECTS
MUSCLE PATHOLOGY
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY –
DUCHENNE’S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
MYOSITIS - inflammation of the muscle that results from local causes such as traumatic injuries,muscular
strain,orodental infections
Myofascial pain syndrome - it is a pain disorder in which unilateral pain is referred from the trigger
points in myofascial stuctures to the muscles of the head and neck
Causes-
Phyisiological stress
Bad posture
Muscular tension
Bruxism
-MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
-LAMBERT-EATON SYNDROME
DEGLUTITION
DEGLUTITION
Phases of deglutition –
INFANTILE SWALLOW
MATURATION SWALLOW
Pharyngeal phase
Oesophageal phase
INFANTILE SWALLOW
Swallowing pattern is purely reflex in nature in newborn(involuntary)
The ability to feed from the breast is present in the newborn child by negative pressure
During swallowing-
Which is then possitioned in the vallecular space just infront of the epiglottis
Functionally continues tube from the nose through the larynx to the bronchi
The jaws are apart and the tongue is placed between the upper and lower gum pads
The swallow is guided and to large extent controlled by the sensory interchange between lips
and tongue
Mature swallow
It is voluntary stage
The anterior of the tongue is raised and pressed against the hard palate by superior
longitudinal and transverse muscles
The movement takesplace from anterior to posterior side
This pushes the food bolus into the posterior part
The soft palate closes down on to the back of the tongue and helps to form bolus
Next the hyoid bone is moved upwards and forwards by the suprahyoid muscles
The posterior part is supported by styloglossi
The palatoglossal arches are approximated by palatoglossi
This pushes the bolus through the oropharyngeal isthmus to the oropharynx
PHARYNGEAL PHASE
It is an involuntary stage
During this stage food is pushed from the oropharynx to the lower part of the laryngopharynx
Nasopharyngeal isthmus is closed by the soft palate by levator veli palatani and tenser veli palatani
Soft palate is pulled upward and prevents the reflux of food to nasal cavity
Palatopharyngeal folds are pulled medially to approximate each other – form a saggital slit
Muscular wall of pharynx contracts to push the food downward (propulsive contraction)
OESOPHAGEAL PHASE
This phage commences as soon as the food passes the cricopharyngeal sphincter
Peristalitic activity of the oesophageal walls occur to pass the food into the stomach
Tongue and palate return to their original position to start the next cycle
1° peristalsis:
2° peristaltic waves:
– results from the distention of esophagus
Gastro-esophageal sphincter
Valve-like mechanism: short portion of the esophagus that extends beneath the diaphragm
before opening into stomach
Applied aspects
BULIMIA NERVOSA
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
PLUMMER-VINSON SYNDROME
Speech vs language
LANGUAGE
Language comprises the central function associated with Processing of linguistic information in the brain
It denotes the peripheral processes that are needed to produce spoken language and to receive spoken
utterances
SLEEP APNEA
Central sleep apnea - which occurs when the brain fails to send important signals to the breathing
muscles
Obstructive sleep apnea - which occurs when air cannot flow through the nose or mouth even though
the body is still trying to breathe.
Obstructive sleep apnea is far more prevalent and easily treatable by the dentist.
This disorder causes significant morbidity, particularly in terms of daytime functioning and its impact on
quality of life.
Grays anatomy
Human physiology-a.k.jain
GUYTON-PHYSIOLOGY- 11 TH EDITION