STS Now

What is Science,
Technology and
Society?
Introduction
The Group of Frogs (Encouragement)
As a group of frogs was traveling through

the woods, two of them fell into a deep
pit. When the other frogs crowded around
the pit and saw how deep it was, they told
the two frogs that there was no hope left
for them.
However, the two frogs decided to ignore

what the others were saying and they
proceeded to try and jump out of the pit.
Despite their efforts, the group of frogs at
the top of the pit were still saying that
they should just give up. That they would
never make it out.
t)
Eventually, one of the frogs took heed to
what the others were saying and he gave
up, falling down to his death. The other
frog continued to jump as hard as he
could. Again, the crowd of frogs yelled at
him to stop the pain and just die.
He jumped even harder and finally made it
out. When he got out, the other frogs
said, “Did you not hear us?”
The frog explained to them that he was
deaf. He thought they were encouraging
him the entire time.
Moral of the story:
People’s words can have a big effect on
other’s lives. Think about what you say
before it comes out of your mouth. It
might just be the difference between life
and death.
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Thank You
Contoso
Pharmaceuticals
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Lesson No. 01
Science, Technology and Society:
Historical Antecedents in the World
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE WORLD
ANCIENT SCIENCE [60,000BC to 650 AD]

Knowledge was built by means of pure thought.

It used experimentaLon to help theoreLcal understanding.

It was possible to find regulariLes and paNerns hidden in nature and
those regulariLes were the key to unlocking the secrets of the
universe.

It became evident that even nature had to obey certain rules and by
knowing those rules one could predict the behavior of nature.

SOURCE: www.ancient.eu.
MIDDLE AGES [3rd to 12th Centuries]

There was a stability in the intellectual world for long centuries.

All the scienLfic and philosophical expression was monitored
extensively by the church.

The church ruled conclusively on a number of truths about the
natural world which claimed to be undeniable.

Truth was based on biblical studies and the widely accepted
Aristotelian system.

It was believed that the human body contained four different kinds
of liquid and that illness was cause by their imbalance.
SOURCE: SparkNotes Editors. “SparkNote on The ScienLfic RevoluLon (1550-1700).” SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. Web. 24 Jun. 2018.
LATE MIDDLE AGES: RENAISSANCE PERIOD [1350s – 1650s]

The Renaissance period bridged between middle to modern ages.

There was a birth of geographical exploraLons. Botanists flourished
and begun to create quesLons regarding the accepted Aristotelian
norms.

The birth of Protestant ReformaLon. The church started quesLoning
which resulted to freedom of reconstrucLon of intellectual progress.

The birth of ScienGfic RevoluGon (1450 – 1630)

ScienGfic RevoluGon is a series of events that marked the emergence
of a modern science when developments in mathemaLcs, physics,
astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society
about nature.

It is during this era that the flawed set of “scienLfic” beliefs
established by the ancients and maintained by the church were tore
down.

It began near he middle ages when farmers began to noLce, study
and record the environmental condiLons that yielded the best
harvests.

ScienLsts sought to discover and convey the true laws governing the
phenomena they observe in nature in order for the flawed
knowledge to be replaced.

During this period, the church is not against the change in the
scienLfic approach because of the belief that studying the world was
a form of piety and consLtuted admiraLon od God’s work.

This gave birth to the Enlightenment Period.
MODERN AGES: 1650s - present

The birth to the Enlightenment Period.

It is during this era that he ScienLfic Method was established.

The concepts of inducLve and deducLve reasoning were also
introduced.

It was proven that scienLfic thought and methods could be applied to
non-scienLfic topics.

ScienLsts came to their own conclusions rather than deferring to
insLlled authority.

The influence of church to science started to decline.

There was an advancement of prevenLon and treatment of illnesses.

Astronomers unlocked the doors of the universe.

ExploraLon and imperialism began due to the advancement of
transport technologies.

Marked the emergence of the modern science.

There was an advancement of prevenLon and treatment of illnesses.

Astronomers unlocked the doors of the universe.

ExploraLon and imperialism began due to the advancement of
transport technologies.

Marked the emergence of the modern science.
FILM SHOWING:

World’s Greatest InvenLons of All Time
A Documentary by History Channel

Source: h*ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2DW9uY7k4A

INSIGHT
PARADIGM SHIFT
A scienLfic paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly

accepted views about a subject, convenLons about what direcLon
research should take and how it should be performed.

Science, like any other discipline, is subject to ideological,
idiosyncrasies, preconcepLon and hidden assumpLons.

A paradigm shih is a phenomenon explored by Thomas Khun, is not
just a small modificaLon to an exisLng scienLfic theory. Rather, it
completely changes the scienLfic theory itself and radically alters the
way in which it seeks to understand reality.

IT IS FINE TO MAKE A SHIFT!
SOURCE: hNps://explorable.com/what-is-a-paradigm
FILM SHOWING:

Aristotle versus Galileo

Newton Versus Einstein

h*ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HR5UmG0q0s

h*ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yyb_RNJWUM&t=322s
“Science Technology and Society Studies or STS is
an interdisciplinary field of academic teaching and
research with elements of a social movement,
having as its primary focus the explicaLon of science
and technology as complex social constructs with
aNendant societal influences entailing myriad
epistemological, poliLcal and ethical quesLons.” ~
Stephen H. Cutcliffe, Encyclopedia.com

STS as an explicit academic field of teaching and research

emerged in the United States in the mid-1960s, as scholars
and
academics alike raised doubts about the theretofore
largely unquesLoned beneficence of science and technology.
SOURCE: www.encyclopedia.com
DDT –
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Silent Spring began with a “fable for
tomorrow” – a true story using a composite of
It is a cyrstalline compound that was examples drawn from many real communiLes
originally developed as an insecLcide where the use of DDT had caused damage to
and pesLcide. wildlife, birds, bees, agricultural animals,
domesGc pets, and even humans.
It was promoted by the United States
ULlizing
her many sources in federal science
Government and the industry for
and in private research, Carson spent over six
agricultural and household use.
years documenLng her analysis that humans

were misusing powerful, persistent, chemical
There was no prior invesLgaLon of
pesLcides before knowing the full extent of
their environmental and health effect.
their potenLal harm to the whole biota.

SOURCE: www.wikipedia.com SOURCE: www.rachelcarson.org
FEW DRIVERS could imagine owning a car
these days that did not come with
airbags, anLlock brakes and seatbelts.
But 50 years ago motorists went without
such basic safety features.

That was before a young lawyer named
Ralph Nader came along with a book,
“Unsafe at Any Speed,” that would
change the auto industry. It accused
automakers of failing to make cars as safe
as possible. Less than a year aher the
book was published, a balky Congress
created the federal safety agency that
became the NaLonal Highway Traffic
Safety AdministraLon — an agency
“For over half a century the automobile whose stated mission is to save lives,
has brought death, injury and the most prevent injuries and reduce crashes.
inesLmable sorrow and deprivaLon to
millions of people.” ~ Ralph Nader
SOURCE: www.wikipedia.com www.nyLmes.com

INSIGHT
"Gaming disorder"
recognized as a mental
health condiGon by
World Health
OrganizaGon
Lesson No. 02
Science, Technology and Society:
Historical Antecedents
in the Philippines
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES
A BRIEF HISTORY ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PHILIPPINES
SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

1. Precolonial Science and Technology
Communities in the Philippines are numerous, scattered, thriving

but self-sufficient.
The level of technological development is simpler compared to

the Chinese and Japanese counterparts.
50,00 years ago, modern men from the Asian mainland settled in
the Philippines particularly in Batangas and Palawan.
40,000 years ago, early Filipinos made use of stones as their tools
and weapon.

3,000 years ago, early Filipinos started to produce seashell

ornaments and pottery of various designs. However, the pottery
industry did not the survive the competition against that of the
pots coming from China.
During the 2nd century BC to 3rd century AD, early Filipinos

engaged in extraction of iron from ore, smelting and refining.
However, the competition with the imported cast iron from
Sarawak and China.

1st Century AD: in addition to the pottery making and iron

smelting, early Filipinos also made glass ornaments, weaving of
cotton and started to practice agriculture and boat making.
10th Century AD: boat-building became a highly developed

technology which were usually used in inter-island trades.
Filipinos also started to do trades with Vietnam and China with
beeswax, cotton, pearls, tortoise shells, medicinal betelnuts,
coconut husk mats and yota cloth for Chinese porcelain, iron
pots, lead fishnet sinkers, colored glass beads, iron needles and
tin.

1st Century AD: in addition to the pottery making and iron

smelting, early Filipinos also made glass ornaments, weaving of
cotton and started to practice agriculture and boat making.
10th Century AD: boat-building became a highly developed

technology which were usually used in inter-island trades.
Filipinos also started to do trades with Vietnam and China with
beeswax, cotton, pearls, tortoise shells, medicinal betelnuts,
coconut husk mats and yota cloth for Chinese porcelain, iron
pots, lead fishnet sinkers, colored glass beads, iron needles and
tin.

Communities were found to have uneven distribution of

technological development.
Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos had a rich culture and

practices such as boat making, artillery making, agricultural
practices (planting rice and livestock raising), wine-, vinegar-, salt-
making, cloth weaving, beeswax and honey production and gold
mining. They wore colorful clothing and gold jewelries. Their
houses were made of bamboo, wood or nipa. They also have
their own system of writing, weights and measures. There were
no records on the use of calendars were seen but they used the
day and night pattern to count for days for the harvest period.

Pre-colonial Filipinos are highly superstitious.
There were no places of worships recorded by the Spaniards.
“Because of the abundance of natural resources, a benign

environment and generally sparse population, there seemed to
have been little pressure for invention and innovation among the
early Filipinos.”
“The Filipinos do not understand any kind of work, unless it be to

do something actually necessary.”

2. Developments of Science and Technology during Spanish Regime
The period wherein traces of modern science and technology in

the Philippines can be traced back.
Reduccion was practiced to established a more compact and

larger communities which became the foundation of our present
local government.
The first century of Spanish rule brought about serious socio-

economic dislocation and a decline kin agricultural production
and traditional crafts in many places.

Education system was established wherein primary education

was mainly a religious instruction.
Higher education system was also established but only the elite
members of the society took part of which leads them either to
priesthood or clerical work for the colonial government. Courses
such as chemistry, physics, natural history and mathematics as
part of the Bachelor degree curriculum.
Technical and vocational schools were also established during the

latter part of the century.

The University of Sto. Tomas was considered as the highest

institution for learning. It granted degrees on theology,
philosophy, humanities, pharmacy and medicine.
The Father of Philippine Pharmacy, Leon Ma. Guerrero, became

one of the first six (6) graduates of the Bachelor’s Degree in
Pharmacy. He had an extensive study on Philippine herbal
medicines and their uses.
There were no schools offering engineering at that time.

The creation of Nautical School included subjects on arithmetic,

algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, hydrography,
meterology, navigation and pilotage.
A School of Commercial Accounting and a School of French and

English Languages were established in 1839.
The Manila School of Agriculture was established was designed to

provide theoretical and practical education of skilled farmers and
overseers and to promote agricultural development in the
Philippines by means of observation, experiment and
investigation but Filipinos did not show much inclination for
industrial pursuits.
Science courses at the University of Santo Tomas were taught by

the lecture/recitation method. Laboratory equipment was limited
and only displayed for visitors to see. There was little or no
training in scientific research.
In spite of the small number of Filipino graduates from the UST in

medicine and the sciences they still faced the problem of
unemployment.

With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the consequent
ease in travel and communications that it brought about, the
liberal ideas and scientific knowledge of the West also reached
the Philippines.
In 1863, the colonial government had a decree on the

establishment of a new education system to include elementary,
secondary and collegiate schools, teacher-training schools, and
called for government supervision of these schools. However, the
decree did not reach its full implementation due to the coming of
the Americans.

A report during the American regime mentioned some drawbacks

on the Spanish education system such as its lack of library
facilities, the use of outdated textbooks, that no female cadaver
had ever been dissected and the anatomy course was a "farce",
that most graduates "never had attended even one case of
confinement or seen a case of Laparotomy" and that bacteriology
had been introduced only since the American occupation
and "was still taught without microscopes."

The Spaniards introduced the technology of town planning and

building with stones, brick and tiles. However, because of the lack
of skilled Filipinos in these occupations, the Spaniards had to
import Chinese master builders, artisans and masons.
Religious orders had established several charity hospitals in the

archipelago and provided the bulk of public service.

By the second half of the nineteenth century, studies of infectious

diseases such as smallpox, cholera, bubonicplague, dysentery,
leprosy and malaria were intensified with the participation of
graduates of medicine and pharmacy from UST. At this time,
native Filipinos began to participate in scientific research.
Spanish preoccupation with the Manila Galleon eventually led to

the neglect of agriculture and mining and the decline of native
handicrafts and industries in the Philippines. The local
shipbuilding industry continued to prosper because of
necessity. Agricultural development was left to the resident
Chinese and the Spanish friars.

The French Enlightenment paved the way for more government

attention to the economic development of the
Philippines. With this, enterprising Spaniards began to exploit the
mineral wealth of the islands, develop its agriculture, and
establish industries.
The establishment of Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del

Pais de Filipinas undertook the promotion of the cultivation
of indigo, cotton, cinnamon, and pepper and the development of
the silk industry. It was endowed with funds which it used to
provide prizes for successful experiments and inventions for the
improvement of agriculture and industry and to finance the
publication of scientific and technical literature.
In 1789, Manila was opened to Asian shipping. Foreign capital

was allowed to operate on an equal footing with Spanish
merchants in 1829. By this means agricultural production
particularly of sugar and hemp, was accelerated and modernized.
Local industries flourished in Manila and its suburbs -- weaving,
embroidery, hatmaking, carriage manufacture, rope-making, cigar
and cigarettes making.
The prosperity arising from expanded world trade and commerce

in the nineteenth century led to Manila's rapid development as a
cosmopolitan center. Modern amenities – a waterworks system,
steam tramways, electric lights, newspapers, a banking system --
were introduced.
Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded

the Manila Observatory in 1865. The Observatory collected and
made available typhoon and climatological observations which
lead to issue the first public typhoon warning in 1879.
The benefits of economic development during the nineteenth

century were unevenly distributed in the archipelago. This
inequality, coupled with abuses and injustices committed by the
Spanish friars and officials gave rise to Philippine nationalism and
eventually the Revolution of 1896.

At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines had evolved

into a primary agricultural exporting economy. Progress in
agriculture had been made possible by some government
support for research and education in this field. But it was largely
the entry of foreign capital and technology which brought about
the modernization of some sectors, notably sugar and hemp
production. The lack of interest in and support for research and
development of native industries like weaving, for example,
eventually led to their failure to survive the competition
with foreign imports. Because of necessity and the social
prestige attached to university education, medicine and
pharmacy remained the most developed science-based
professions during the Spanish regime.
3. Developments of S&T During the First Republic
There was very little development in science and technology

during the short-lived Philippine Republic (1898-1900).
The government took steps to establish a secular educational

system by a decree of 19 October 1898, it created the
Universidad Literaria de Filipinas as a secular, state-supported
institution of higher learning. It offered courses in law, medicine,
surgery, pharmacy and notary public.

4. Developments of S&T During the American Regime
Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly

during the American regime. This was made possible by the
simultaneous government encouragement and support for an
extensive public education system; the granting of scholarships
for higher education in science and engineering; the organization
of science research agencies and establishment of science-based
public services.

1901: Creation of the Department of Public Instruction in the

Philippines. It provided for the establishment of schools that
would give free primary education, with English as
the medium of instruction. This was followed by the setting up of
a Philippine Normal School to train Filipino teachers. Opening of
Manila Trade School for industrial and vocation courses but
Filipinos developed a disdain work against manual work over the
colonial period.
1902: Secondary schools were opened.

1905: Establishment of Philippine Medical School was established

and was followed by other professional and technical schools.
These were later absorbed into the University of the Philippines.
Establishment of Bureau of Science. It performed the needed
chemical and biological examinations for the Philippine General
Hospital and Bureau of Health.
1908: Creation of the University of the Philippines. Qualified

Filipinos were sent abroad for advanced studies in American
schools and later came back to the Philippines to teach.
1917: Establishment of Private School Act

1905: Establishment of Philippine Medical School was established

and was followed by other professional and technical schools.
These were later absorbed into the University of the Philippines.
Establishment of Bureau of Science. It performed the needed
chemical and biological examinations for the Philippine General
Hospital and Bureau of Health. Other bureaus for research
followed thereafter.
1908: Creation of the University of the Philippines. Qualified

Filipinos were sent abroad for advanced studies in American
schools and later came back to the Philippines to teach.
1917: Establishment of Private School Act

1933: Establishment of National Research Council for the

Philippine Island which promoted scientific research and actively
participated in the deliberations and drafting of provisions
affecting science and industry in the 1934 Constitutional
Convention.

“While Filipinos were provided opportunities for higher education

in the sciences and engineering, the economy remained basically
agricultural. To a great extent, Philippine economic development was
determined by free trade relations between the Philippines and the
United. As a result of this policy, the Philippine economy became tied
to that of the United States, remaining primarily an exporter of
agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of American
manufactured goods. Undoubtedly this delayed Philippine
industrialization.”

5. Developments of S&T During the Commonwealth Period
1935: The Commonwealth government acknowledged the

importance of scientific development in the economic growth of
a country.
The government continued to expand the public school system

and abolished the Grade VII as the terminal grade in the
elementary curriculum.
Higher education was mainly offered by private schools.
The National Economic Council was created to prepare economic

programs and advise the government on economic and financial
aspects.
5. Developments of S&T During the Commonwealth Period
The Commonwealth government likewise adopted measures to

encourage and provide assistance to private Filipino businessmen
in the establishment of industries and manufacturing enterprises.
The Commonwealth Government did not achieve the planned

economic growth which maybe attributed to the foreign trade
and tariff polices that are controlled by the American
Government.
1941: The Pacific War broke off and the Philippines was occupied
by the Japanese.

6. Developments of S&T Since Independence
State support for education continues to be concentrated at the

elementary school level; private colleges and universities provide
education for the majority of the collegiate population.
The number of states universities and colleges increased but the

partisan political considerations often determined the creation,
locations and staffing of the said institutions which resulted to a
poor standard including the poor distribution of faculty
development.
Private universities also increase in numbers but has varying

standards.

There are low enrolment in agriculture, medical, natural sciences

and engineering because they entail longer periods of study and
have generally been more expensive to pursue.
The majority of college students and graduates continue to be in

teacher training/education and commerce/business
administration courses. This situation results from the fact that
students tend to enroll in courses where there are perceived
employment opportunities and which their families can afford.
Professional organizations initiated changes in the collegiate

curriculum for their specialization and worked for
improvements in educational standards.
“Because of specialized training, vertical organization by disciplines and

lack of liaison between professions, professional associations have been
unable to perceive the dynamic relationship between science, technology
and society and the relevance of their training to Philippine conditions.”
1947: The Bureau of Science was reorganized into Institute of

Science. Creation of Institute of Nutrition.
1951: Institute of Science was renamed to Institute of Science

and Technology.
1952: Creation of Science Foundation of the Philippines and

Commission on Volcanology.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF R&D IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Creation of Bureau of Science under the American regime which

focused more on agriculture, health and food processing and the
creation of the University of the Philippines as a training ground
for scientists and inventors.
2. In 1946, Institute of Science was created but funding was
minimal. Researches were of no commercial outputs.
3. In 1970s, the Institute started to gear towards applied research.
4. In 1982, the National Science and Technology Authority was
created to increase the efficiency and affectivity of research
towards commercialization through the establishment of the S&T
Council System. Establishment of National Research Institute in
the UP campuses.
SOURCE: www.dost.com
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF R&D IN THE PHILIPPINES
5. After EDSA Revolution in 1986, the Bureau was reorganized to

Department of Science and Technology.
6. DOST was further restructured to Technology Application and

Promotion Institute (TAPI), Science Education Institute (SEI) and
Science and Technology Information Institute (STII).
SOURCE: www.dost.com

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What is Science,

As a group of frogs was traveling through

However, the two frogs decided to ignore

A scienLﬁc paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly

SOURCE: www.wikipedia.com www.nyLmes.com

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Communities in the Philippines are numerous, scattered, thriving

The level of technological development is simpler compared to

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

3,000 years ago, early Filipinos started to produce seashell

During the 2nd century BC to 3rd century AD, early Filipinos

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

1st Century AD: in addition to the pottery making and iron

10th Century AD: boat-building became a highly developed

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

1st Century AD: in addition to the pottery making and iron

10th Century AD: boat-building became a highly developed

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Communities were found to have uneven distribution of

Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos had a rich culture and

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre-colonial Filipinos are highly superstitious.

There were no places of worships recorded by the Spaniards.

“Because of the abundance of natural resources, a benign

“The Filipinos do not understand any kind of work, unless it be to

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

The period wherein traces of modern science and technology in

Reduccion was practiced to established a more compact and

The first century of Spanish rule brought about serious socio-

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Education system was established wherein primary education

Technical and vocational schools were also established during the

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

The University of Sto. Tomas was considered as the highest

The Father of Philippine Pharmacy, Leon Ma. Guerrero, became

There were no schools offering engineering at that time.

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

The creation of Nautical School included subjects on arithmetic,

A School of Commercial Accounting and a School of French and

The Manila School of Agriculture was established was designed to

Science courses at the University of Santo Tomas were taught by

In spite of the small number of Filipino graduates from the UST in

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

In 1863, the colonial government had a decree on the

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

A report during the American regime mentioned some drawbacks

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

The Spaniards introduced the technology of town planning and

Religious orders had established several charity hospitals in the

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

By the second half of the nineteenth century, studies of infectious

Spanish preoccupation with the Manila Galleon eventually led to

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

The French Enlightenment paved the way for more government

The establishment of Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del

In 1789, Manila was opened to Asian shipping. Foreign capital

The prosperity arising from expanded world trade and commerce

Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded

The benefits of economic development during the nineteenth

SOURCE: Caoili, Olivia. A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines had evolved

There was very little development in science and technology

The government took steps to establish a secular educational