Importance of Food:

 Growth
 Tissue repair
 Production of energy
 Protection against diseases
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Importance of Carbohydrates:
 Production of energy
 Stored in cells (plant- starch / animal-glycogen)
 Used in making plant cell walls (cellulose)
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Importance of Fats:
 Production of energy (2x carbs)
 Form a part of the cell membrane
 Stored in body (-Food reserve / -Protect certain organs / -An insulator)
 Form a water proof layer for the skin
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Importance of Proteins:
 Source of energy incase of starvation
 Growth and tissue repair
 Formation of enzymes and hormones
 Production of antibodies
 Formation of haemoglobin
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Importance of Water:
 Main component of blood plasma
 Secreted in form of sweat for cooling
 Environment for marine animals
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Importance of water as a solvent:

 Dissolved oxygen for marine animals
 Excretory products cannot be ejected except dissolved in water
 Enzymes and hormones can only be secreted and work when dissolved in water
 Digested food can be absorbed except when dissolved in water
 Plant cannot absorb mineral ions except when dissolved in water
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Uses of Glucose in plants:

 Converted into starch for storage (insoluble- won’t affect osmosis)
 Converted into cellulose for strength in cell wall
 Converted into fats+oils for energy storage in seeds
 Use in respiration to release energy
 Combined with nitrates (from soil) to form amino acids (for proteins)
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Pathway of Alimentary Canal

 Mouth
o -Mechanical digestion
o -Salivary glands that releases Amylase (Starch -> Maltose)
 Oesophagus
o -Peristalsis movement moves bolus down
 Stomach
o -Lining release gastric juice that has Pepsin (Protein -> Peptides)
o -Churning movement to turn food into liquid
 Duodenum
Receives:
o Bile from gall bladder
 -Emulsify fats
 -Neutralize the acid coming from stomach
o Pancreatic Juice
 -Contains Trypsin (Protein -> Peptides / Peptides -> Amino Acids) Amylase (Starch ->
Maltose) Lipase (Fats -> Fatty Acids & Glycerol)
 Ileum
o -Epithelial lining secretes extracellular enzymes, Maltase (Maltose -> Glucose)
Peptidase (Peptides -> Amino Acids)
 Colon
o -Absorbs water from undigested food and absorption of bile salts
 Rectum
o -Stores faeces
 Anus
o -Egest faeces
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Pathway of blood in human circulatory system

 Right Side:
o Deoxygenated blood coming from the body through vena cava flows into right atrium
o Right atrium contracts forcing tricuspid valve to open
o Deoxygenated blood flows into right ventricle
o Right ventricle contracts, making the tricuspid valve close, and forcing pulmonary valve to open
o Deoxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary artery to the lungs; pulmonary valve close

 Left Side:
o Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs through pulmonary vein to the left atrium
o Left atrium contracts forcing bicuspid/mitral valve to open
o Oxygenated blood flows into left ventricle
o Left ventricle contracts, making the bicuspid/mitral valve close, and forcing aortic valve to open
o Oxygenated blood flows through aorta to the body; aortic valve closes

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Blood Components

 Plasma
o Water
o Dissolved Substances
 Salts – Glucose – Amino acids – Hormones – Fibrinogen – Carbon dioxide – Urea

 Blood Cells
o Red Blood Cells
o Platelets
o White Blood Cells
 Phagocytes
 Lymphocytes
 B cells – T cells