Cephalic vein

• •Put a point in the delto-

pectoral groove below the
coracoid process
• •Mark a point infront of
the elblow in the
groovebetween the
brachioradialis and biceps
• •Join these points by a line
which first ascends up and
then arches towards the
first point.
 Radial artery
• Point opposite the neck
of radius on the medial
side of the tendon of
biceps
• •Point on the pulsation
of radial artery at the
wrist
• •Point on the pulsation
in the anatomical snuff
box
 Brachial artery
• Feel for the pulsation of
the axillaryartery
• Point on the axillaryartery
at its lower part on the
medial side of the arm in
front of posterior
axillaryfold
• Mark a point at the level
of neck of the radius in the
middle line of the limb
 Basilic vein

• •Put a point on the inner

side of the arm half a way
between the axilla and
the medial condyle
• •Mark a point on the
anterior surface of the
forearm below the elbow
towards the medial side.
• •Join the above two
points by a line.
 Inguinal canal
• Mark the internal
abdominal ring 1.25 cm
above the midpoint of
inguinal ligament
• Point above and lateral
to the pubic tubercle
• 2 parallel lines 3.75 cm
long
 Heart borders

• Point 1 : on the upper border of right

3rd costal cartilage (1.2 cm from the
margin of sternum)
• Point 2 : right 4th intercostal space 3.5
cm from medial plane
• Point 3 : on the sternal end of right
6rd costal cartilage
• Point 4 : on the xiphisternal junction
• Point 5 : 1.25 cm medial to
midclavicular line in the 5th left
intercostal space (apex beat)
• Point 6 : on the lower border of left
2nd costal cartilage (2.5cm from
sternal margin)
• Connect all points with outer convexity
 Valves of heart

• Pulmonary orifice (valve)

• Draw a horizontal line 2.5 cm long partly behind
the upper border of the left third costal cartilage
and partly behind the sternum.
• Aortic orifice(valve)
• Draw a line 3 cm long downwards and to the
right from the medial end of the left third
intercostal space.
• Left atrioventricular orifice or mitral valve
• Draw a line 3 cm long passing downwards and to
the right
• lying behind the left margin of the sternum
• opposite the left fourth costal cartilage.
• Right atrioventricular orifice or tricuspid valve
• Draw a line 4 cm long beginning in the median
plane
• opposite the fourth costal cartilage and
• passing downwards and slightly to the right.
 Apex of heart

• 1.25 cm medial to
midclavicular line in the
5th left intercostal
space
• Or
• a little infero-medial to
the left nipple
 Borders of lung,
• ANTERIOR BORDER- RIGHT LUNG
• Point 1 : Right sternoclavicular joint
• Point 2 : midpoint of sternal angle
• Point 3 : 6th right chondro-sternal
junction
• Draw a line connecting these three points
• ANTERIOR BORDER- LEFT LUNG
• Point 1 : left sternoclavicular joint
• Point 2 : midpoint of sternal angle
• Point 4 : 4th left chondro-sternal junction
• Point5 : 6th costal cartilage 2.5 cm from
left margin of sternum
• Draw a line connecting these four points.
In which the line connecting 4th and 5th
points should be concave to represent the
cardiac notch
• INFERIOR BORDER
• Point 3&5 : 6th costal cartilage 2.5 cm from
left margin of sternum for left lung and sixth
right chondro-sternal junction for right lung
• Point 6 : 6th rib where it cuts midclavicular
line
• Point 7 : 8th rib where it cuts midclavicular
line
• Point 8 : 2cm lateral to 10th thoracic spine
• Draw a line connecting these points which
goes slightly upwards on the back
• POSTERIOR BORDER
• Point 8 : 2cm from midline at the level of
spinous process of T10
• Point 9 : 2cm lateral to the 2nd thoracic
spine
• Draw a vertical line connecting these points
 Pleural reflection
• PLEURA
• Points to be marked
• Point 1 : on the junction of the medial and middle-third of the clavicle.
• Point 2 : on sterno-clavicular joint.
• Point 3 : between the above two points but 3.5 cm above the clavicle
• Point 4 : midpoint of sternal angle
• Point 5 : xiphisternal joint
• Point 6 : midline at the 4th costal cartilage
• Point 7 : left end of xiphisternal joint
• Point 8 : on 8th rib at mid-clavicular line
• Point 9 : on 10th rib at mid-axillary line
• Point 10 : tip of the 12th costal cartilage or the lateral border of sacro-spinalis muscle.
• Point 11 : 5cm lateral to the tip of spinous process of T12
• Point 12 : 5cm lateral to the tip of spinous process of T1
• CERVICAL PLEURA (apex)
• Draw a convex line Connecting 1,2 & 3rd points
• RIGHT COSTO-MEDIASTINAL REFLECTION (anterior border)
• Draw a line connecting 2,4 & 5th points
• LEFT COSTO-MEDIASTINAL REFLECTION (anterior border)
• Draw a line connecting 2,4,6 & 7th points. The line connecting 6th and 7th points should be concave to reach left sternal
margin
• COSTO-DIAPHRAGMATIC REFLECTION (inferior border)
• Draw a line connecting 5,8,9,10&11th points on the right side
• Draw a line connecting 7,8,9,10&11th points on the left side
Regions, planes of abdomen
Superficial ring and deep inguinal ring
 , Murphy’s point

• Draw a line joining the

umbilicus and right
anterior superior iliac
spine
• Mark a point on the line
at the junction of
medial 2/3 and lateral
1/3.
• This corresponds to the
base of appendix
 Mc Burney’s point
• Draw a line joining the
umbilicus and right
anterior superior iliac
spine
• Mark a point on the line
at the junction of
medial 2/3 and lateral
1/3.
• This corresponds to the
base of appendix
 Surface
anatomy
FEMORAL ARTERY
1. Mark the inguinal point A
2. Mark the adductor tubercle B
Popliteal artery
1. Mark a point at the junction of
middle and lower third of back of
thigh
2. Mark a point at the level of tibial
tuberosity at back of leg
Posterior tibial artery
1. Mark a point at the midline of the
leg at the level of neck of fibula
2. Mark a point midway between
the medial malleolus and
tendocalcaneus.
Mid inguinal point
1. Mark a point mid way between
anterior superior iliac spine and
pubic symphisis
Femoral nerve
1. Mark the mid inguinal point
2. Draw a line 2.5 cm length 2 cm lateral to mid inguinal point
 Great saphenous vein

1. Mark a point below the medial

malleolus ‘A’
2. Mark a point at adductor tubercle’B’
3. Mark a point at saphenofemoral
junction ‘C’
Sciatic nerve

1. Mark the posterior superior iliac

spine A and ischial tuberosity B
join the points
2. Mark a point lateral to mid point
of this line C
3. Mark the greater trochanter D join
the greater trochanter to ischial
tuberosity
4. Mark the apex of the popliteal
fossa in the thigh
Tibial nerve
Mark the upper limit of popliteal fossa
A lower limit of popliteal fossa B and
the point midway between medial
malleolus and tendo calcaneus
Common peroneal nerve
1. Mark upper limit of popliteal
fossa and neck of fibula
Deep peroneal nerve
1. Mark the neck of fibula
2. Mark the point midway between
the maleoli.
Dorsalis pedis artery
1. Mark a point mid way between
malleoli
2. Mark a point at the base of 1st
intertarsal space just lateral to
tendon of extenson hallucis
longus.
surface marking - Renal angle
surface marking - Renal angle
 kidney
• POSTERIOR MARKING
• –Draw 2 horizontal lines
passing through T11 and L3
spines
• –Draw 2 vertical lines 2.5 cm
and 9.5 cm from the median
plane
• –Mark the hilum of the
kidney opposite the lower of
L1 spine
• •THIS IS CALLED THE MORRIS
PARALLELOGRAM
surface marking - MORRIS PARALLELOGRAM
surface marking - MORRIS PARALLELOGRAM
 PAROTID GLAND
Join the following given points
• ANTERIOR BORDER
– Mandibular condyle
– Centre of masseter muscle
– A point 2 cm postero-inferior to angle of mandible
• UPPER BORDER- curved line below the external acoustic meatus
– Mandibular condyle
– Mastoid process
• POSTERIOR BORDER
– Mastoid process
– A point 2 cm postero-inferior to angle of mandible
PAROTID GLAND AND ITS DUCT
 PAROTID DUCT
• Point 1- tragus of ear
• Point 2- ala of nose
• Point 3- red margin(mucocutaneous junction) of
upper lip
• Point 4- midpoint of line joining ala of nose and
red margin of upper lip
• Draw a line connecting point 1 & point 4
• The middle third of the line joining these points
represents the parotid duct.
 PTERION
• A place where temporal, greater wing of
sphenoid, frontal and parietal bones meet.
• Not a visible of palpable surface landmark
• 3.5 cm posterior and 1.5 cm superior to fronto-
zygomatic suture
• Can also be located by placing the thumb behind
the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and 2
fingers above the zygomatic arch. The angle thus
formed lies on PTERION.
PTERION
 COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
• JOIN THE FOLLOWING POINTS
• Right common carotid artery
– Right sterno-clavicular joint
– A point on the anterior border of right sternocleidomastoid
at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage
• Left common carotid artery
– A point little left to centre of manubrium
– Left sterno-clavicular joint
– A point on the anterior border of left sternocleidomastoid
at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage
COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES
 FACIAL ARTERY IN FACE
• Join the following points
– A point at the antero-
inferior angle of the
Masseter (facial artery
can be palpated here)
– A point 1.2 cm lateral to
the angle of mouth
– A point at the medial
angle of eye
 INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
• A point on the lobule of ear
• Mark the medial end of
clavicle
• (join these points by
double line making a
dilatation at its lower end
between the sternal and
clavicular heads of
sternocleidomastoid to
represent the inferior bulb
of IJV)
 SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
• A point little medial to
the midpoint of lower
border of clavicle
• A point on the medial
edge of clavicular head
of sternocleidomastoid
• (join these points by a
double line convex
upwards)
 EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
• Join the following points
– A point below angle of
mandible
– A point on the upper
border of clavicle
immediately lateral to
the posterior border of
sternocleidomastoid
muscle
 SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE
• Join the following points
– Tragus
– Tip of transverse process of
atlas
– A point at the junction of
upper 1/3rd and lower 2/3rd
of the posterior border of
sternocleidomastoid muscle
– A point at the anterior
border of trapezius muscle,
6 cm above the clavicle