ROMAN

ARCHITECTURE
ORDERS IN ARCHITECTURE:
Tuscan and composite,
Domestic - Structural forms,
materials and techniques of
construction

Presentation by-
Anshita Shukla
Anupam Pratap Singh
Anurag Anand
Archit Kulshrestha
Arjun Gupta
 “ROME IS NOT BUILT IN A
DAY,BUT THEY WERE LAYING
BRICKS EVERY HOURS.”

—JOHN HEYWOOD
 CONTENTS
• Orders In Architecture : Tuscan and composite
• Domestic - Structural forms
• Materials used
• Techniques of construction
 INTRODUCTION
• Classical Order, also called
order of architecture, any of
several styles of classical or
Neoclassical architecture that
are defined by the particular
type of column and
entablature they use as a
basic unit.
• An Order of Architecture is a
set or rules or principles for
designing buildings—sort of
like a building code
 ROMAN ORDERS

TUSCAN DORIC IONIC CORINTHIAN COMPOSITE

There are five distinct Orders of Architecture, each using a different type of
column and a different style entablature above the column.

The Roman Classical Orders (Tuscan And Composite) are based on

Combinations Of Ertuscan And Greek Classican Orders(Ionic, Doric, And
Corinthian)
 TUSCAN
• The Tuscan order was highly influenced by the simplicity of the
Greek Doric order but applied the ratios of the ionic order in
columns that were placed widely apart.

• The column of the tuscan order is typically 8 diameter high.

STYLE FEATURES
• has an unfluted shaft and a simple echinus-abacus capital and a
simpler entablature with no triglyphs or guttae, with his rusticated
frieze resting upon a perfectly plain entablature.

• A striking feature is Tuscan is often used for doorways and other

entrances where only a pair of columns are required like in military
architecture and in docks and warehouses when they were
dignified by architectural treatment.

EXAMPLES • The Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne in Rome,

by Baldassarre Peruzzi, 1532–1536.

• The pronaos portico to Santa Maria della Pace added

by Pietro da Cortona(1656–1667).
COMPOSITE
• The composite order is a mixed order,
combining the volutes of the ionic order
capital with the acanthus leaves of the
Corinthian order.
• The column of the composite order is typically
10 diameter high.

STYLE FEATURES
• Tall and slender columns.
• Capitals with acanthus leaves and big scrolls.
• Entablatures are the tallest.
• Decoration reflects Triumph.

EXAMPLES
• Arch of Titus Rome
• Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome
• Santa Costanza Rome, Church of Gesu, Rome
TOWN PLANNING
LAYOUT OF THE CITY

• Roman towns were planned by expert

town planners (or military engineers)
and were laid out in a very regular
chessboard-like pattern.
• Streets crossed each other and made
lots of blocks known as 'insulae’.
• In the centre were the most important
buildings - the basilica (town hall) and
forum (market place). In most towns
there were also temples to Roman
gods (and sometimes Celtic gods), and
outside the town an amphitheater for
entertainment.
WATER MANAGEMENT

• The water was transported in

concrete tunnels.
• The water flowed in a tube on the
top of the aqueduct called water
channel.
• The arches supported the water
channels.
 ROADS

• The Romans built roads over ancient

routes and created a huge number
of new ones.
• The need to move legions and trade
goods in all weather led to the
development of the best roads in the
world (to the 19th century).
• The network of public Roman roads
covered over 120,000 km, and it
greatly assisted the free movement
of armies, people, and goods across
the empire.
• Different materials were used in
different layers.
IMPORTANT STRUCTURES

BASILICA

FORUM
AMPHITHEATRE
BATHHOUSE
 COMMEMORATIVE ARCHES

ARCH OF MEDINACELI TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF BARA

SPAIN SPAIN
ARCH OF CAPERA INDIA GATE, INDIA
SPAIN
VAULT SYSTEM
Wagon/barrel/tunnel/vault:
Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel wall through its length
DOMUS
Single home with windows and balconies
facing the interior courtyards.
VILLA
Villas were the country house.
VILLA RUSTICA: in which lived the families of
the employees.
VILLA URBANA: in which lived the owners of
big farming estates.
 BUILDING MATERIALS AND TOOLS
• The Romans used many materials for construction of walls, floors and tunnels.
• Few of the materials are chalk, sand, pozzolanic concrete, broken pottery, pumice
stone, lime, sandstone, marble, granite, wood, terracotta, ceramics, tin, iron.
• Their cities were well planned, and water was transported through tunnels and water
channels supported by arches. These tunnels were lined with concrete.
 METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
• Walls were constructed through a number of different techniques. Opus
caementicium(concrete) was the core of every Roman wall after 2nd century B.C.
• The resulting walls were very solid but not nice to see, so some sort of facing was
applied.
• Roman concrete construction was identified according to it's facing and three methods
were used:

Opus Incertum Opus reticulatum Opus Latericium

 OPUS INCERTUM

• It's composed of various rock

chunks( irregular small stones)
mixed with cement
• Blocks were more carefully chosen
to match in size and the amount of
cement between them reduced.
• Was one of the earlier concrete
construction methods and the face
of the concrete was 8-10 cm in size.
OPUS RETICULATUM

• Pattern was regular and defined.

Stones were fixed at lines each
square in shape.
• Basically they are small square
blocks placed diagonally to form a
diamond shaped pattern.
OPUS TESTACEUM OR
LATERICIUM
• Opus latericium is a form of
construction in which bricks of thick
structure are used to face a core of
opus caementicium. The bricks had
rectangular, triangular, and even
round shapes, with each part of the
empire building the pieces with
different dimensions.
• Bricks could be used in original sizes
or broken up into regular pieces