1958

1946 In 1959 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce showed that many
The UNIVAC I was the first general-purpose electronic
digital computer design for business application produced
in the United States. It was designed principally by J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the
ENIAC.
transistors, resistors, and capacitors could be grouped on a
single board of semiconductor material. The integrated circuit,
or microchip, came to be a vital component in computers and
other electronic equipment.

1947 1964
In 1959 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce showed that many transistors,
A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three
resistors, and capacitors could be grouped on a single board of
terminals for connection to an electric circuit. In the common
semiconductor material. The integrated circuit, or microchip, came
case, the third terminal controls the flow of current between the
to be a vital component in computers and other electronic
other two terminals. This can be used for amplification, as in the
equipment.
case of a radio receiver, or for rapid switching, as in the case of
digital circuits. The transistor replaced the vacuum-tube triode,
also called a (thermionic) valve, which was much larger in size
and used significantly more power to operate.

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley

1969
invented the first working transistors at Bell Labs, the point- The UNIX operating system is a family of multitasking,
contact transistor in 1947. Shockley introduced the improved multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the
bipolar junction transistor in 1948, which entered production original AT&T Unix. It was developed at Bell Labs by Ken
in the early 1950s and led to the first widespread use of Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others in the late 1960s and
transistors. early '70s.

1953
Hopper was involved in the creation of UNIVAC, the first
all-electronic digital computer. She invented the first
computer compiler, a program that translates written
instructions into codes that computers read directly. This
work led her to co-develop the COBOL, one of the earliest
standardized computer languages.
1970
Intel 1103 was the first commercially available DRAM IC in
1970. Due to its small physical size and low price relative to
magnetic-core memory, it replaced the latter in many
applications. Initial production yields were poor, and it was
not until the fifth stepping of the production masks that it
became available in large quantities.

1954
FP (short for functional programming) is a programming
language created by John Backus to support the function-
level programming paradigm. It allows building programs
from a set of generally useful primitives and avoiding named
variables. FP is also known as tacit programming or "point
free".
1971
A floppy disk is a thin and flexible disk of a magnetic
storage medium in a square or nearly square plastic
enclosure lined with a fabric that removes dust particles
from the spinning disk. Floppy disks are read from and
written to by a floppy disk drive (FDD).

PAGE 2
 1973
Ethernet/IP is the name given to the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP),
as implemented over standard Ethernet. ODVA publishes The
EtherNet/IP™ Specification and helps ensure compliance through
conformance testing. CIP and EtherNet are managed by ODVA and are
subject to IEC 802.3 and TCP/IP protocol suite.
1974-1977
The TRS-80 was a desktop microcomputer launched in 1977. It
is one of the earliest mass-produced and mass-marketed retail
home computers. Launched by Tandy Corporation through their
Radio Shack stores, it was initially called the Model I.
IBM 5100 Portable Computer introduced in September 1975. Six
years before the IBM Personal Computer, and eight before the
Compaq Portable. Evolution of SCAMP (Special Computer APL
Machine Portable) developed in 1973. Still needed to be plugged
into an electric socket.
IBM 5100 Portable Computer introduced in September 1975.
Six years before the IBM Personal Computer, and eight
before the Compaq Portable. Evolution of SCAMP (Special
Computer APL Machine Portable) developed in 1973. Still
needed to be plugged into an electric socket.
The Mark-8 is a microcomputer from 1974, based on the
Intel 8008 CPU. It was the world's first 8-bit
microprocessor. Designed by Jonathan Titus, a Virginia
Tech graduate student in Chemistry. Released as a 'loose
kit' in July 1974 issue of Radio-Electronics.
1975
The Altair 8800 was the first commercially successful
personal computer. The Altair is widely recognized as the
spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution. The
computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de
facto standard in the form of the S-100 bus.
1976
Steve Wozniak, byname of Stephen Gary Wozniak, (born
August 11, 1950, San Jose, California, U.S.), American
electronics engineer, cofounder, with Steve Jobs,
of Apple Computer, and designer of the first
commercially successful personal computer.
1978
VisiCalc (for "visible calculator") was the first spreadsheet
computer program for personal computers. It was originally
released for Apple II by VisiCorp in 1979 and is considered
to be Apple II's killer app. It sold over 700,000 copies in
six years, and as many as 1 million copies over its history.
1979
Released in 1979 by Micropro International
Inc., WordStar was the first commercially successful
word processing software program produced for
microcomputers and the best selling software program
of the early eighties.
1981
IBM PC was re-named the IBM PC in 1981. The
PC stood for "personal computer" making IBM
responsible for popularizing the term "PC" Lowe,
assembled in Boca Raton, Florida, to design and
build the "Acorn".
PAGE 3
 1983
Lisa was one of the first personal computers to present a
1993Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86 architecture-
compatible microprocessors produced by Intel. The original
graphical user interface in a machine aimed at individual
Pentium was released in 1993. After that, the Pentium II and
business users. Lisa was affected by the high price,
Pentium III were released as well as the current generation of
insufficient software, unreliable Apple FileWare floppy
Pentium IV processors.
disks, and the release of the cheaper and faster Macintosh.
Only 10,000 were sold in two years.

1985 Bill Gates and Paul G. Allen converted BASIC, a popular mainframe
computer programming language, for use on an early personal
computer. Shortly afterward, Gates and Allen founded Microsoft.
The company's name comes from the words microcomputer and
software, deriving the name from the word computer.

1994
The original Symbolics company pioneered computer
development. The Lisp Machine was the first
commercially available "workstation". Symbolics also
made significant advances in software technology. It
offered one of the premier software development
environments of the 1980s and 1990s. A line of
computers were designed and manufactured to run the
Lisp programming language.

1986 TOP HIT GAMES IN 1994

The Compaq Deskpro was a line of business-oriented personal
computers manufactured by Compaq, then discontinued after the
merger with Hewlett-Packard. Models were produced containing
microprocessors from the 8086 up to the x86-based Intel Pentium 4.
1996 Larry Page and Sergey Brin are the co-founders of
Google. They were studying for Ph. D.'s in computer
science at Stanford University.

1988 Microsoft Office was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1,

1988. Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled set of
productivity applications), the first version of Office contained
Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint.
Today, Office is being used by over a billion people worldwide.

1997
In August 1997, Microsoft invested $150 million in

1990
Apple. Although presented as an inexplicable gesture of
good faith, the investment actually benefits both
The first version of HTML was written by Tim Berners- companies.
Lee in 1993. The most widely used version throughout the
2000's was HTML 4.01, which became an official
standard in December 1999. Another version, XHTML,
was a rewrite of HTML as an XML language.

PAGE 4
 2009 Microsoft made a commitment to provide 10 years of
product support for Windows 7 when it was released on

2017
October 22, 2009. This 10-year period has now ended,
and Microsoft has discontinued Windows 7 support so
that we can focus our investment on supporting newer
technologies and great new experiences.

Finally, a team of researchers from the University of Maryland say

they have developed the first ever fully programmable and
reprogrammable quantum computer. It is made up of just

2010 The first iPad was released on April 3, 2010; the most

five ytterbium atoms standing as quantum bits or qubits of
information, which are electrically charged in a magnetic field.

recent iPad models are the eighth-generation iPad, released

Charles Q. Choi, “First Reprogrammable Quantum Computer
on September 18, 2020; the fifth-generation iPad mini,
released on March 18, 2019; the fourth-generation iPad Created,” Live Science, 3 August 2016.
Air, released on October 23, 2020; and the third-generation
11-inch (280 mm) and fifth-generation 12.9-inch
(330 mm) iPad Pro, released on May 21, 2021 (different
models and generations listed in the sidebar).

As the complexity and volume of global digital data grows,

so too does the need for more capable and compact means of
processing and storing data. To address this challenge,

2011 The first Chromebooks for sale, by Acer Inc. and

DARPA has announced its Molecular Informatics program,
which seeks a new paradigm for data storage, retrieval, and
processing. Instead of relying on the binary digital logic of
Samsung, were announced at the Google I/O conference computers based on the Von Neumann architecture,
in May 2011, and began shipping on June 15, 2011. Molecular Informatics aims to investigate and exploit the
wide range of structural characteristics and properties of
molecules to encode and manipulate data.

2015 Apple Watch was presented by CEO Tim Cook in

conjunction with iPhone 6, originally marketed as a
fashion accessory, focusing on the varying band and
body styles. It was officially released in April 2015 with
the focus shifting to the fitness-oriented features.

Windows 10 is a major release of the Windows NT

operating system developed by Microsoft. It is the
successor to Windows 8.1, which was released nearly
two years earlier, and itself was released to
manufacturing on July 15, 2015, and broadly released
for the general public on July 29, 2015

PAGE 6
 1999
WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) was invented and first released for
consumers in 1997 when a committee called 802.11 was
created. This lead to the creation of IEEE802.11, which refers
to a set of standards that define communication for wireless
local area networks (WLANs).
2001 macOS is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac
computers. It is the second most widely used desktop OS,
after Windows NT. It was invented and first released for
consumers in 1997 by a committee called 802.11. This
refers to a set of standards that define communication for
wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Windows XP was released to manufacturing on August 24,
2001, with retail sales beginning on October 25, 2001. It was
the direct successor to both Windows 2000 for professional
users and Windows Me for home users. The operating system
is part of the Windows NT family of operating systems
developed by Microsoft.
2002
Firefox was created in 2002 under the code name "Phoenix" by
the Mozilla community. It was praised for its speed, security,
and add-ons compared to Microsoft's then-dominant Internet
Explorer 6. Firefox is the spiritual successor of Netscape
Navigator.
2003The Athlon 64 is an eighth-generation, AMD64-architecture
microprocessor. It was released on September 23, 2003 and
competed with Intel's Pentium 4. Despite being natively 64-bit,
the AMD64 architecture is backward-compatible with 32-bit
x86 instructions.
Friendster was a social networking site that launched in March
2003. Users could share videos, photos, messages, and comments
with other members via profiles and networks. It is considered one
of the original social networks. The website was also used for
dating and discovering new events, bands and hobbies.
PAGE 5
2004 Facebook, American company offering online social
networking services. Facebook was founded in 2004 by
Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz,
and Chris Hughes, all of whom were students at Harvard
University. Facebook became the largest social network
in the world, with more than one billion users as of 2012,
and about half that number were using Facebook every
day. The company’s headquarters are in Menlo Park,
California.
The PlayStation Portable (PSP) was released in Japan
on December 12, 2004. It was first released in North
America on March 24, 2005, and in PAL regions on
September 1, 2005. It is the first handheld installment
in the PlayStation line of consoles.
2005 YouTube is an American online video-
sharing platform headquartered in San Bruno, California.
Three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve
Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in February
2005. Google bought the site in November 2006 for
US$1.65 billion; YouTube now operates as one of
Google's subsidiaries
The MacBook was a line of Macintosh computers sold
2006
by Apple from 2006 to 2012. It replaced the iBook
series as part of Apple's transition from PowerPC to
Intel processors. Collectively, the MacBook brand is
the "world's top-selling line of premium laptops".
200 The iPhone is the first smartphone designed and
marketed by Apple. It was officially announced in
January 2007 and released in the United States in June
8
that year. After 2008, Apple began referring to it as the
iPhone 1 after 2008 to differentiate it from its later
models.
Android is a mobile operating system based on a
modified version of the Linux kernel and other open
source software. It was unveiled in 2007, with the first
commercial Android device, the HTC Dream, launched
in 2008. Google's Android platform is designed
primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablets.
 189
0
1939
HISTOR Bill Hewlett and David Packard graduated with degrees in electrical
engineering from Stanford University in 1935. The company started in
a garage in Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with past
professor Frederick Terman at Stanford during the Great Depression, who

Y
The tabulating machine was an electromechanical machine designed to they considered a mentor in forming the company.
1800 assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards. Invented
by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for
the 1890 U.S. Census.

1936

Analytical Engine, generally considered the first computer,

designed and partly built by the English inventor Charles Babbage in
the 19th century (he worked on it until his death in 1871).
1942
The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first automatic
1801 Turing machines, first described by Alan Turing in Turing 1936–7, are simple electronic digital computer.[1] Limited by the technology of the day, and
abstract computational devices intended to help investigate the extent and execution, the device has remained somewhat obscure.
limitations of what can be computed. Turing's 'automatic machines', as he termed
them in 1936, were specifically devised for the computing of real numbers.

1943-44
1930-37

Invented by Joseph Jacquard and demonstrated in 1801, the Jacquard Loom

is an attachment for powered fabric looms.The Jacquard Loom is
important to computer history because it is the first machine to use
interchangeable punch cards to instruct a machine to perform automated
tasks.
John William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert are the scientists credited
with the invention of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC), the first general-purpose electronic digital computer
1822
By 1822 the English mathematician Charles
Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer in the 1930s
completed in 1946.
Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating
machine the size of a room, which he called at Iowa State College (now known as Iowa State University).
the Difference Engine. This machine would be
able to compute tables of numbers, such as
logarithm tables.

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