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Theory and Technology of Instrument Transformers: Training Booklet: 2
Theory and Technology of Instrument Transformers: Training Booklet: 2
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
TRAINING BOOKLET: 2
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CONTENTS
1. Instrument Transformers |4 5. Other Instrument Transformers | 31
1.1. Definitions | 4 5.1. Combined Instrument
1.2. Objective | 4 Transformers | 31
1.3. General Points in 5.2. Capacitive Voltage
Current Transformers | 5 Transformers (CVT) | 32
1.4 General Points in
Voltage Transformers | 6
6. Dielectric insulation | 33
6.1. Insulation of instrument
2. Theory of Instrument Transformers |7
6.2.
transformers | 33
Insulation Testing | 34
2.1. Basics | 7
2.2. Equivalent Transformer | 8
2.3. Equivalent Transformer
circuit Diagram | 8
7. Standards | 35
7.1. Standards Consulted | 35
7.2. Insulation Levels | 35
3. Current Transformers |9 7.3. Environmental Conditions | 35
3.1. General Equations | 9 7.4. Current Transformers | 36
3.2. Vectorial Diagram | 9 7.5. Voltage Transformers | 43
3.3. Current & Phase Errors | 10
3.4. Current Transformers for Measuring | 12
3.5. Current Transformers for Protection | 14
3.6. Current Transformers for
Protection which Require
Transient Regime Response | 16
3.7. Burden | 18
3.8. Resistance to Short-circuits | 19
3.9. Operation of an Open Circuit
Current Transformer| 20
3.10. Special Versions of
Current Transformers | 20
3.11. Choosing a Current Transformer | 21
4. Voltage Transformers | 22
4.1. General Equations | 22
4.2. Vectorial Diagram | 22
4.3. Voltage & Phase Errors | 23
4.4. Voltage Transformers for Measuring | 24
4.5. Voltage Transformers for Protection | 24
4.6. Burden | 25
4.7. Special Versions of
Voltage Transformers | 26
4.8. Line Discharge
Voltage Transformers | 27
4.9. Overvoltages | 28
4.10. Operation of voltage Transformers
with Short-circuited Secondaries | 30
4.11. Choosing a voltage Transformer | 30
1.2. OBJECTIVE
The purpose of instrument transformers is to
reduce the voltage and current of an electrical
network to a standardized non hazardous level.
Voltage transformers are more like power VTs may be used to measure the voltage
transformers than current transformers are. between phases or between a phase and
earth. In this case one end of its primary
For reasons of construction and insulation, winding will be directly earthed, inside or
VTs are normally made with a rectangular outside the transformer. Fig. 1.5 shows two
core and the secondaries (if there is more types of VT. Beyond around 72.5 kV., all VTs
than one) are wound on the same core. are phase/earth type.
1b 2b
1a2 2a2
1a1 2a1
N i -N i
=φ
p p s s
________________
R
NpĪp = NsĪs + NpĪpo We can see that Rp /K2 and Xp /K2 are the
resistance and the reactance of the primary,
Dividing by Ns: seen from the secondary. corresponds to:
N Np Ū p
______
R p
______
Xp
p
______
Ī = Ī + ______ Ī ; K Īp = Īs + K Īpo = Ū'p ; ĪpK = Ī'p ; 2
= R'p y ______ = X'p
Ns p s Ns po K K K2
U'p Rf Xμ Es Us
› Fig. 2.3
Hμ L Hw L Is δ
Iμ = ________ Iw = ________
Ns Ns
› Fig. 3.3
The phase shift or phase error of a current Curve I is for an old material with a high
transformer, δi, is the phase difference silicon content, and is shown for the sake of
between the vectors of the primary and comparison. Curve II represents a material with
secondary currents, with vector directions a high saturation rate, and curve III one with a
being chosen so that the angle is zero for a low saturation rate but high permeability at
perfect transformer. low induction.
In practice, for loads with cos β = 0,8, phase Figures 3.5 and 3.6 show the values μ and 1/μ, for
shift is not a limiting factor, so transformers these materials. We can see that for a minimum
are calculated for the maximum ratio error, i.e. error we must use the minimum value of 1/μ, so
when Is and Io are in phase. plate I is of no interest.
In this case:
B
N l
s o
N l
s o II
εi = ____________
≈ ____________
Np lp Ns ls
H = Ns Io /L
› Ohm's Law:
0,5 1 1,5 2 H
LZ
t
εi (%) = 450000 ____________
2
N S
s μ [3.1]
where:
−∈i
2. As regards to apparent power:
With compensation
1,5
Without compensation
3.4.2. EXTENDED CURRENT Fig. 3.10 shows the ratio between the primary
and secondary currents for Fs ≤ 5.
RATINGS
In order for a current transformer to be able
These are current transformers for measuring
to reach a high accuracy rate with a low rated
whose accuracy and heating characteristics
safety factor, highly permeable, fast saturating
extend to more than 120% of the rated primary
magnetic plate must be used to construct
current.
the core. This is normally achieved, though it
is not always possible, using expensive high
150-200% of the rated primary current is
nickel content plate (e.g. Mumetal). Therefore
usually considered as the limit of the range.
before selecting Fs we must check if it really
needs to be applied. If so, the manufacturer
For special applications in CT with class
must be consulted considering possible
0.2 and 0.5 with Isn = 5A, accuracy may be
increases in transformer prices.
extended to 1% of Ipn, In this case the classes
are denominated 0.2S and 0.5S.
xIns
1
___ Zn
2
8
Fs ≥ 5
7
Zn
6
5
error > 10% 2 Zn
4
2 Fs ≤ 5
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x Ipn › Fig. 3.10
3.4.4. TESTING
Checking the class of a measuring current It is important to recall that the safety factor
transformer includes the measure of its depends on the secondary load, and increases
transformation ratio with a precision of 0.01%. proportionally to the reduction in total load.
This test can be performed only in specialized Note: Some standards permit both these test
laboratories. However, comparison with properly methods, but it must be taken into account
calibrated reference transformers via checking that the direct method measures the ratio
bridges will show the errors in transformers to a error and the indirect the compound error.
high enough standard of accuracy. However the figures for Fs obtained by
the two methods differ very little, and the
To check the rated safety factor two methods convenience of the application of the indirect
can be used: method is reason enough for using it.
› Powering the primary winding at the rated
safety current and checking that the error
in the secondary at its precision load is 10%
or more.
› Exciting the transformer via the second-
ary winding until Uo = Fs Isn Zt is obtained
at the secondary terminals and checking
that Io ≥ 0,1 Fs Isn.
› 420 kV Current
Transformers model
CA. CFE, Chicoasen
(Mexico)
The initial level of the non-cyclic component Fig. 3.11 shows icc (a) and CT flow (b). The
varies (depending on the voltage when the oversizing coefficient of the core of the CT (KTD)
short circuit occurs and on the characteristics is the ratio between φT and φA.
of the line) between 0 and √2 Icc, where Icc
is the effective symmetrical short-circuit From formula [3.2], bearing the reconnection
current. If we consider this maximum level, the in mind, it results that:
transient short circuit current is:
t' t'
(FRT + TD
_ ____________
)
_ ___
icc = √2 Icc (e-t/T1 - cos wt) wT T _ ___
KTD = 1 2
__________ T2 T1
+1 c T2
T2 - T1 e - e
where T1 = L/R is the time constant of the line.
T TD
_ ___
D _ ___
ip
(a)
φ
KTD
(b)
TD t' FRT TD
› Fig. 3.11
To learn how to oversize a normal protection Example: consider the oversizing factors
CT so that its behaviour during the transient of each type of CT, for T 1 = 0.1s, t' = 0.08s,
period can be studied, the following formula T D = 0.035s, FRT = 0.5s and f = 50 Hz.
can be used:
a. TPX. Consider T2 = 10s
Fn (Rs + Zn) KTD = 26.4.
K'TD = __________________
Kssc (Rs + R)
b. TPY. T2 = 0,5s
where: KTD = 14.7.
Fn = is the rated precision limit factor.
Rs = is the secondary winding resistance. c. TPZ. T2 = 0,07s
Zn = is the rated load impedance. KTD = 7.6.
Kssc = is the ratio between the symmetrical
short-circuit current (Icc) and the Fig. 3.12 shows how a TPZ secondary (1S1-
rated primary current. 1S2) and a secondary with normal protection
R = is the actual secondary resistance. (2S1-2S2) respond to a totally shifted primary
current.
If the actual load is not resistive, addend nº1 in
formula [3.3] can be replaced by 1/cos β where
Rs also intervenes in the calculation of β.
97 ms 400 ms 95 ms
29,200 A 28,400 A
I1
0.815 A 0.104 A
Ie (1S1 - 1S2)
267 A
I2 (1S1 - 1S2)
I2 (2S1 - 2S2)
173 A
› Fig. 3.12
3.7. BURDEN
This is the impedance in the outside circuit VA
connected to the secondary winding, expressed 50
in Ohms, with an indication of its power factor. 2
For instance: 35 mm
2.5
30VA precision burden for Isn = 5 A s=
30
30
Z= _______ = 1,2 Ohms 25 2
52 m
4m
s=
20
When secondary loads are calculated the load 2
15 mm
of the connecting cables must be added to s=6
that of the measuring apparatuses. Fig. 3.13 is
10 m2
a graph of consumption in VA for the cables s = 10 m
normally used. 5
› Fig. 3.13
Table 3.1. Consumption of some Apparatuses Powered by CTs
Apparatus VA at In.
Ammeters
Indicators 0.25 to 2
Recorders 1,5 to 9
Counters 0.5 to 3
Wattmeters
Indicators 1 to 3
Recorders 1.5 to 8
Phase meters
Indicators 2 to 6
Recorders 6 to 12
Maximeters 3
Power converters 3 to 6
Relays
Overcurrent, inv. time 5 to 8
Overcurrent, timed 1 to 5
Overcurrent, instantaneous 1 to 10
Directional 1.5 to 10
Power, timed 1.5 to 3
Trip switch 3 to 12
Distance 6 to 20
Regulators 10 to 150
Thermal effects make it necessary to size the Unless otherwise indicated, CT’s are constructed
CT’s primary correctly. All the heat produced with Ith = 80 In though they may be built up to
is considered as being stored in the primary Ith = 1000 In. However, bear in mind that in this
conductor, the maximum heating of which is case the power and precision class which can
laid down in each standard. be supplied by a particular type of apparatus
will be reduced, as the rated ampere-turns will
To prevent transformers from breaking under be lower (see 3.3).
the dynamic stresses caused in the primary,
a suitable mechanical attachment must be 3.8.2. RATED DYNAMIC
ensured in the primary. These mechanical
stresses are a function of the peak short- CURRENT (Idyn)
circuit current.
This is the peak of the first amplitude of the
The resistance to short circuits in current current which a transformer can withstand
transformers is determined by the thermal without damage when the secondary circuit
and dynamic limit currents. is shorted.
TRANSFORMERS
These are built for high voltages, and divide
the overall voltage into several steps.
› 800 kV Current
Transformers.
FSK (Russia)
Ūs = Ēs - Rs Īs - jXs Īs
δc
Ū'p = Ēs + R'p Ī'p + jX'p Ī'p
U’p ≈ Us ≈ Es
4.2. VECTORIAL
DIAGRAM
From equation [4.1] the vectorial diagram of a
voltage transformer can be obtained, as shown
in fig. 4.1.
Fig. 4.3 shows the errors given by the Kapp › Fig. 4.3
diagram according to cos β, starting from the
unloaded triangle at 0.8 Upn. 200 VA
cos β = 0.8
To obtain the Kapp diagram at 1.2 Upn, we have 200 VA
to start from point B on fig. 4.2, etc. If the F H cos β = 0.5
variation in load is considered, we get figure 200 VA
cos β = 1 50 VA
4.4, where it can be seen how errors vary G
cos β = 0.8
according to voltage, to load and to cos β of
the load.
A
Load errors are parallel lines whose angle OV
depends on cos β of the load, as shown in fig.
B 1.2 Upn
4.4. Since ratio error is negative, for a number A 0.8 Upn
of turns equal to the rated transformation
ratio, the error is usually centred by means of
a correction in the ratio of the number of turns
in order to make the best use of the core.
› Fig. 4.4
-∈
Fig. 4.5. shows how VT errors appear when
the transformation ratio is correctly modified. VA
200
Un
1.2
-δ +δ
Compensation
U n
0.8
VA
50
+∈
› Fig. 4.5
These are voltage transformers designed Precision classes for voltage transformers are
to power measuring devices, counters and 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 3.
similar equipment.
Guide to applications:
Class 0.1 - Laboratory.
4.4.2. PRECISION CLASS Class 0.2 - Laboratory, portable reference
patterns, high precision counters.
The precision class of a measuring voltage Class 0.5 - Normal counters and meters.
transformer is given by a number (class rate), Class 1 - Panel apparatuses.
representing the ratio error limit expressed Class 3 - Uses where great precision
as a percentage of the rated primary current, is not required.
when the transformer is running at its
"precision load".
These are voltage transformers for power Since the secondaries of a VT are inter-
protective relays. dependent, it must be specified whether the
precision powers are simultaneous or not, as
If a VT is going to be used for both measuring if one of the secondaries is under load only for
and protection, two separate windings are short periods of time, then loads can be taken
not normally necessary as in the case of as nonsimultaneous.
CTs, unless galvanic separation is required.
Therefore in IEC standards VTs for protection 4.5.2. ACCURACY CLASS
are required to have a precision class, the
same way as VTs for measuring. Except for residual voltage windings, VTs
for protection must also be specified as VTs
On the same type of VT, precision power is for measuring.
greater when there is a single secondary
than the sum of the precision power of each Accuracy class for protection VTs is given by
secondary if there are two, as the space given a number that indicates the maximum error
over to insulation of the two secondaries from expressed in percentage. 5% of the rated voltage.
each other must be considered. This number is followed by the letter "P".
The "residual voltage winding" is a winding The usual accuracy classes are 3P and 6P.
intended to form an open triangle (together
with the relevant windings of two other
single-phase transformers) to supply residual
voltage if there is a fault to earth.
4.6. BURDEN
It is defined at the same way as for current
transformers (see section 3.7).
this job well if they are sized properly. If not, imax = ____
e 4LW1
discharging may not be fast enough or the VTs LW1
may be damaged by heat or dynamic effects.
where
In a simplified study of this problem,
2
considering that when the VT is not saturated, 4L - R C
__________________
the discharge current is insignificant and the W1 =
2LC
line voltage is constant. When saturation takes
place, the reactance decreases to the value is the natural pulse of the circuit.
of the primary winding in air, L. In this case
the circuit to be considered is shown in figure To calculate the times t1 (saturation of the VT)
4.7.a, where C is the line capacity and R the and t2 the following formulae may be used:
resistance of the primary winding of the VT.
i
L
v c
a)
v,i
v
i
i.máx.
v
t
t1 t2
b) › Fig. 4.7
4.9. OVERVOLTAGES
Like other devices installed on the high voltage
side, voltage transformers are subjected to a
series of overvoltages. It must withstand these
without damaging its insulation. Remember
that all transformers (both voltage and current)
are tested for one minute at the test voltage
and at industrial frequency, and are able to
withstand the test voltage with shock wave,
that corresponds to their level of insulation.
U D
B
U2 C
A
U1 E
I1 I2 I'1 I'2 I
b)
› Fig. 4.8
T.T.
4.9.2. PARALLEL FERRO-
IC IL
RESONANCE I
R
› Fig. 4.10
› 123 kV Inductive
Voltage Transformers.
Transpower
zzvvv(New Zealand)
› 72.5 kV Combined
Transfores at
subestation line imput.
L'ONEE (Morocco)
› 550 kV Capacitive
Voltage Transformer.
UTE (Uruguay)
C1
LI TTI
UI
C2
Z
› Fig. 5.1
C1 + C2 X' R'p Rs Xs
X'p
U'p Rf Xμ Us
› Fig. 5.2
In medium voltage (e.g. up to 72.5 kV) for During drying vacuum is maintained, which
indoor use synthetic resins have enabled the brings the moisture content of the paper to
size of ITs to be reduced considerably as they below 0.2%.
both insulate the primary from the core and
the secondary and provide and insulating Without losing the vacuum, the paper is then
surface between HV and LV in air. impregnated with mineral oil which has also
been dried in a vacuum. This makes for partial
For outdoor use, cyclo-aliphatic resins have discharge levels well below the limits set by
come to replace porcelain in some cases due standards. Tg δ is less than 0.3%.
to their high resistance to surface currents
and the possibility of obtaining large leakage To improve the use of this dielectric, the
paths. Experience has shown that these resins electrical field must be studied carefully,
are suitable for outdoor service, except in avoiding areas with high gradients.
heavy conductive atmospheric pollution.
› Fig. 6.1
› Fig. 6.2
Table 7.1
IEC IEEE
Table 7.5
IEC standard
Table 7.6
IEC standard (Extended range)
Table 7.7
IEEE/ANSI standards
± Percentage current (ratio) error at percentage of ± Phase displacement at percentage of rated current
Accuracy class rated current shown below shown below
(*) The permitted ratio and phase errors are inter-dependent. With the data in the table a graph must be made up along the lines of fig. 7.2a,
and only those errors within the parallelogram must be admitted.
(**) These figures must be complied with also for RF (see 7.4.3).
The power factor may vary between 0.6 and 1.
› “High Accuracy Class 0.15” means that from 100% of nominal current
through the rating factor, accuracy is guaranteed to be ±0.15%, and
from 5% of nominal current through 100% of nominal current accu-
racy is guaranteed to be ±0.3%.
› “Accuracy Class 0.15S” means that from 5% of nominal current
through the rating factor, accuracy is guaranteed to be 0.15%.
› “High Accuracy, Extended Range Class 0.15” means that from 1% of
nominal current through the rating factor, accuracy is guaranteed
to be ±0.15%
0.6 1.2
+0.6
+0.5
0 0
0.5 1
-0.5
-0.6
-1
-1.2
δ δ
180 90 0 90 180 60 40 20 0 20 40 60
a) a)
ε ∈
+1.2
+1.5
+0.75
+0.5 +0.6
0 0
0.05 0.2 1 1.2 x In 0.1 1 x In
-0.5 -0.6
-0.75
-1.5
-1.2
b) Class 0.5 b) Class 0.6
δ δi
min
+90 +60
+0.45
+30 +30
0 0
0.05 0.2 1 1.2 x In 0.1 1 x In
-30 +30
-0.45
-90 -60
Therefore:
Table 7.8
IEC standard
Current error at rated Phase displacement at rated primary current Composite error at rated accuracy
Accuracy class
primary current % Minutes Centiradians limit primary current %
5P ±1 ± 60 ± 1.8 5
10P ±3 – – 10
IEC standards require all current transformers b. Power frequency withstand test on the
to show at least the following data: primary winding. The insulation must
withstand the power frequency voltage
a. Manufacturer’s name or an indication corresponding to its insulation level
enabling the manufacturer to be easily for one minute. This voltage is applied
identified. between the primary and the secondary
b. Serial number or type of apparatus and winding(s) connected to earth (see Table
manufacture date/year. 7.1). If the primary winding is subdivided
c. Rated transformation ratio in the following into two or more sections, each section
form: must withstand a rms voltage of 3kV
Kn = Ipn / Isn (e.g.: Kn = 100/5) between itself and all the other sections
d. Rated frequency. (Hz) for one minute.
e. Rated output, accuracy class and
corresponding terminal designation for c. Power frequency withstand test on
each winding. secondary windings. Each secondary
f. Highest voltage for equipment and its winding must withstand a rms voltage
rated insulation level. of 3kV between itself and the other
g. Rated short-circuit thermal and dynamic secondary windings connected to earth,
currents in kA. for one minute.
h. Weight in kg.
i. Service temperature. d. Inter-turn Overvoltage test. This involves
j. Mechanical class. checking the secondary winding(s) for one
minute at the induced voltage (if its peak
In low voltage transformers f) and g) are not value is less than 4.5 kV), supplying the
compulsory. primary winding at its rated current and
with the secondary open, or vice versa.
Current transformers for measuring must If the voltage appearing in the secondary
also indicate, if relevant, the instrument terminals is greater than 4.5 kV peak this
security factor (in the form Fs ≤ x) for the voltage is used for the test.
indicated burden.
Table 7.9
Table 7.10
Permissible PD level/pC
Type of transformer Type of earthing PD test voltage
Type of insulation
and connection of the system (kV rms)
Liquid Solid
Um 10 50
Earthed neutral
system
Phase-to-earth 1.2 Um / √3 5 20
voltage and current
transformers 1.2 Um 10 50
Isolated or
non-effectively
earthed 1.2 Um / √3 5 20
Earthed neutral
1.2 Um 5 20
system
Phase-to-phase
voltage transformers Isolated or
non-effectively 1.2 Um 5 20
earthed
Also it must be checked that the e. Internal arc test. This test is performed
transformer met the instrument security on a real transformer, equipped with all
factor using the overcurrent or excitation accessories and in service conditions. An
methods in a similar way as the accuracy internal fault in the transformer is made
limit factor of protective transformers. and a current that will cause the explosion
of the transformer is applied. Both the
In current transformers for protection the value and duration of this current, the type
checking of compound error by the primary of fault caused and criteria to pass this test
overcurrent method or by the excitation are set out in IEC 61869-1, but some other
method is treated as a type test. criteria agreed between customer and
manufacturer can be used.
7.4.12. SPECIAL TESTS f. Measurement of capacitance and tg δ.
Tests which must be arranged by the These two measurements are made
manufacturer and the buyer and are usually together, before and after dielectric test at
quite expensive. They are designer tests which 50 Hz and 10 kV and Um/√3. Capacitance
justify the behaviour of a certain transformer measurement test checks consistency of
family. According to the IEC standard, they production. There are no limits as each design
are the following: has its own value, acceptance criteria for this
test is that there should be no significant
a. Chopped lightning impulse. Two chopped variation in the different measures. The δ
waves are inserted in combination with the test checks quality of the drying process,
negative polarity lightning impulse test. which influence in new transformers, the
dielectric dissipation factor of the insulation.
b. Mechanical tests. The transformers must The recommended limit in the standard is
withstand static mechanical stresses (table 0.5%. In Arteche this test is a routine test for
7.11) which comprise service demands 100% of the production.
including those due to wind and ice.
1.2 Continuous
Between phase and earth in an effectively earthed neutral system (Sub-clause 4.23 a)
1.5 30 s
1.2 Continuous
Between phase and earth in a non-effectively earthed neutral system
(Sub-clause 4.23 b) with automatic earth fault tripping
1.9 30 s
1.2 Continuous Between phase and earth in an isolated neutral system without automatic earth fault
tripping (Sub-clause 4.20) or in a resonant earthed system (Sub-clause 4.21) without
1.9 8h automatic earth fault tripping
Table 7.14
Designation Voltamp. Power factor
W 12.5 0.10
X 25 0.70
Y 75 0.85
Z 200 0.85
ZZ 400 0.85
M 35 0.20
7.5.9. RESISTANCE OF
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS TO
SHORT CIRCUITS
When there is a short circuit in the secondary
terminals transformers suffer mechanical and
thermal stress.
› Fig. 7.4
Standards specify that all voltage
transformers must be able to withstand
a secondary short circuit for one second Table 7.16.Limits of voltage error and phase
without exceeding termperature limits when displacement
energized at rated voltage. Percentage Phase
Class voltage (ratio) displacement ±
error ± min.
3P 3.0 120
6P 6.0 240
The designation indicated in 7.4.8. for current Transformers between phases must
transformers under IEEE/ANSI also applies to withstand a test involving voltage applied
voltage transformers. between the two primary terminals, joined
together, and the secondary windings
connected to earth, and two further tests
7.5.11. DATA TO BE SHOWN ON with induced voltage.
THE ID PLATE
The two latter tests may be performed by
The IEC standard requires to show the applying voltage through the secondary
following data: or through the primary. In both cases the
voltage measured on the high voltage side
a. Manufacturer's name or an indication must be the same as the specified test
enabling the manufacturer to be easily voltage. During this test one terminal of
identified. the secondary winding should be joined to
b. Serial number and manufacture date/year. one terminal of the primary winding, and
c. Type of apparatus. both should be earthed.
d. Rated primary and secondary voltages.
e. Rated frequency. Transformers connected between phase
f. Rated output, the corresponding accuracy and earth are tested only via this second
class and terminal marking for each method, taking care that the primary
winding. terminal which is to be connected to earth
g. Highest system voltage for the material during service (N) is the one which is
and its rated insulation level, separated by connected to earth during the test. Also,
diagonal strokes. N terminal must be tested as if another
h. Rated voltage factor, and corresponding secondary was.
rated time if necessary.
i. Insulation class if different from class A. c. Power frequency withstand test on
j. Weight in kg. secondary windings and sections. Each
k. Service temperature. secondary winding or section must
l. Mechanical class. withstand an effective voltage of 3 kV
m. Capacitance of the transformer and each with all the other windings and sections
individual capacitor (only for CVT). connected to each other and to earth.
d. Partial discharges.
7.5.12. INDIVIDUAL OR
In general the comments above 7.4.10 f)
ROUTINE TESTS concerning current transformers apply
here also.
Standards regard the following:
When the operating voltage is well below
a. Verification of terminal markings.
the specified insulation level there may
be difficulties in performing this test due
b. Power frequency withstand test on the
to saturation of the core. An agreement
primary windings. As in the case of current
between manufacturer and user is required.
transformers, the insulation of the primary
windings must withstand the power
e. Accuracy tests. Check that the maximum
frequency voltage corresponding to its
admissible errors are not exceeded. This
insulation level for one minute.
can be done with a low number of voltages
and burdens.
Table 7.17
b. Lightning and switching impulse test. The mechanical stress which a TI must
withstand is shown in Table 7.18.
3 or 15 consecutive pulses are applied with
positive and negative polarity, with full
waves of 1.2/50 μs for lightning impulse
and 15 positive pulses of 250/2500 μs for
switching impulse test, depending on the
highest voltage of the material.
Table 7.18
Static withstand test loads
Static withstand test load FR
N
Highest voltage for
Voltage transformers with:
equipment Um
kV Voltage Through current terminals
terminals Load Class I Load Class II
72,5 a 100 500 1.250 2.500
123 a 170 1.000 2.000 3.000
245 a 362 1.250 2.500 4.000
≥ 420 1.500 4.000 6.000
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