Chapter-3 Metals and Non-Metals

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CHAPTER – 3
METALS AND NON - METALS
Classification Of Elements into Metals, Non – Metals And Metalloids
More than 114 different elements have been discovered to far. Many of them are found to
occur in nature whereas some of them have been made by artificial methods and are called
synthetic elements. Based on their properties, they have been mainly classified into two
categories, called metals and non – metals.
Metals: They are defined as those elements which lose electrons and form positive ions, i.e.,
they are electropositive elements (e.g., Na → Na! + e" ). A few examples are given below:
Sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) etc.
Non – Metals: are defined as those elements which may gain electrons and form negative ions,
i.e., they are electronegative elements (e.g., Cl+ e- → Cl - ). A few examples are given below:
Oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), chlorine (Cl) etc.
Besides these, there is a third category of elements which show properties of both metals and
non – metals. These elements are called metalloids. Their examples are given below:
Silicon (Si), germanium, (Ge), arsenic (As), antinomy (Sb) and tellurium (Te), Boron (B).
The majority of the elements (about 80%) are metals. There are only 22 non – metals and very
few are metalloids.
Importance of Metals
Metals have a great importance in our everyday life. They are used for a large number of
purposes. A few out of these are given below:
(i) Utensils used at home are made of aluminium copper, brass, stainless steel, etc.
(ii) In the construction of buildings and bridges.
(iii) In the manufacture of automobiles, aeroplanes, ships, trains, etc.
(iv) In making of coins.
(v) Silver and gold are used in making of jewellery.
(vi) In making of almost all types of machine parts.
(vii) Some metals such as titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), zirconium
(Zr), etc. have a great significance as they are used in country’s defence. Hence,
these metals are called strategic metals.
Importance of Non - Metals

Although the number of non – metals is small as compared to metals, yet they play an
important role in our daily life. For example,
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(i) Carbon is one of the most important non – metal because all the life on this earth is
made of carbon compounds. For example, a carbohydrate, proteins, oils and fats,
vitamins, enzymes etc. carbon, in form of graphite, is also used as electrodes in
electrolytic cells and dry cells.
(ii) Another important non – metal is hydrogen. It is present in almost all the
compounds of carbon (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, oils and fats etc). Which are
required for growth and development of life. It is used in the hydrogenation of
vegetable oils to make vegetable ghee. Large amounts of hydrogen are also used in
the manufacture of ammonia which is used as a refrigerant and also for making
fertilizers.
(iii) Oxygen is another non – metal which is equally important for existence of life and
combustion processes. It is present in air and is essential for breathing to maintain
life.
(iv) Nitrogen is an inert gaseous non – metal. Its presence in air reduces the rate of
combustion. Nitrogen is mainly used in the manufactured e of ammonia, nitric acid
and fertilizers. Compounds of nitrogen such as 2, 4, 6 – trinitrotoluene (TNT),
nitroglycerine etc. are used as explosives. Due to its inertness, nitrogen is also used
to preserve food.
(v) Another non – metal is sulphur. It present in many of the substances found in plants
and animals. Elemental sulphur is also used as a fungicide and in making gun
powder.
Physical properties of metals and non-metals
Physical Properties of Metals

1. Metals in the pure state possess luster, i.e., a shining surface.
2. Metals are generally hard. The hardness varies from metal to metal.
Exception. Lithium, sodium and potassium are metals but they are so soft that they can be
cut with a knife.
3. Metals are generally malleable, i.e., they can be beaten into thin sheets.
4. Metals are generally ductile, i.e., they can be drawn into wires.
5. Metals are good conductor of heat and possess high melting points.
Exception. Lithium, sodium, potassium, caesium and gallium are metals but have low
melting points. Silver is the best conductor of heat. Lead is the poorest conductor of
heat.
6. Metals are good conductor of electricity.
Ag > Cu > Au > Al > W > Hg
Silver copper Gold Aluminium Tungsten Mercury
Thus, silver is the best conductor of electricity whereas mercury is a very poor
conductor of electricity.
Copper and aluminium, being cheaper than silver and gold, are used for making
electrical wires.
7. Metals are sonorous, i.e., they produce sound on striking hard surface: School bell
is a living example of this property.
8. Metals have high density: This is mainly because in metals, atoms are closely packed.
Exception. Lithium, sodium, potassium are metals but have low densities.
9. They have high tensile strength. i.e., load bearing capacity before they break.
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It is due to this property that iron is used in the construction of bridges, buildings,
railway lines girders, vehicles, machinery etc.
10. All metals are solids (except mercury which is a liquid).
Physical Properties of Non - Metals

1. Non – metal do not possess any luster (except iodine which is a non – metallic solid
but has luster.
2. They are soft and brittle, i.e., they break into places when hammered. The only
exception is that of diamond, an allotropic form of carbon, which is a non – metal but
is the hardest substance known.
3. They are neither malleable nor ductile (but bras explained above).
4. They are generally bad conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite which is an
allotropic from of carbon and is a non – metal but a good conductor electricity and is
used in making electrodes).
5. They are non – sonorous, i.e., they do not produce any sound when hit with a hard
object.
6. They generally have low melting and boiling points (except boron, diamond and
graphite which are non – metals but have high melting points.
7. They have low densities, i.e., they are light elements. For example, the density of
phosphorus is about 1.8 g cm -3 while that of sulphur is about 2.0 g cm - 3 which are
quite low.
8. They have low tensile straight, i.e., they are easily broken.
9. They may be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature. For example, carbon, sulpur,
phosphorus and iodine are solid non – metals, bromine is a liquid non – metal while
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine are gaseous non – metals.
Distinguishing metals and non – metals on the basis of chemical

properties
Metals form oxides which are basic in nature whereas non – metals form oxides which are
acidic in nature or they are natural.
Experimental verification
The following reactions take place:
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2 Mg + O# ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2MgO
Magnesium Oxygen (from air) Magnesium oxide

MgO + H# O ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Mg(OH)2
Magnesium oxide water Magnesium hydroxide

S + O# ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. SO#
Sulphur Oxygen (from air) Sulphur dioxide

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H# O + SO# ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. H# SO)
Water Sulphur dioxide Sulphurous acid
Note. CO (an oxide of carbon), H2O (an oxide of hydrogen) and NO (an oxide of nitrogen) are
neutral.
Chemical properties of Metals
Metals have low ionization energy. Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to
remove the electrons from the valence shell (outermost shell) of an isolated gaseous atom so
as to convert into a positive ion.
M(g) + Ionization energy → M ! (g) e"
Na → Na! + e"
Mg → Mg #! + 2 e"
Al → Al)! + 3 e"
Hence, they are said to have electropositive character.
1. Reaction of metals with oxygen: most of the metals react with oxygen to form metal
oxides. Some characteristic properties of these metal oxides are as follows:
(a) Solubility in water.

Na# O(s) + H# O(l) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2NaOH(aq)
Sodium oxide Sodium hydroxide

K # O(s) + H# O(l) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2KOH(aq)
Potassium oxide Potassium hydroxide
(b) Basic/ Amphoteric nature.

MgO + H# SO* ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. MgSO* + H# O
Magnesium oxide Sulphuric acid
Magnesium sulphate water
CuO + H# SO* ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. CuSO* + H# O
Copper (II)oxide Sulphuric acid copper (II) sulphate water
However, some metal oxides, e.g., aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and zinc oxide (ZnO) show basic
as well as acidic character, i.e., they react with acids as well as bases. Such metal oxides are
called amphoteric oxides.

Al# O) + 6HCl ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2AlCl)
+ 3H# O
Aluminium oxide Hydrochloric acid Aluminium chloride water

Al# O) + 2NaOH ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2NaAlO#
+ H# O
Aluminium oxide Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Aluminate water

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Similarly,

ZnO + 2HCl ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. ZnCl # + H# O
Zinc oxide Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride water

ZnO + 2NaOH ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Na # ZnO#
+ H# O
Zinc oxide Sodium hydroxide Sodium zincate
water
A few examples are given below:
(i) Sodium and potassium: are most reactive metals.

In fact, the reaction is so vigorous that these metals catch fire if kept in the open
air. This is why they are always kept under kerosene oil.
(ii) Magnesium, aluminium, zinc and lead also combine with the oxygen of the air at
ordinary temperatures to form a protective layer of the oxide on their surface.
However, the reaction is much slower than that of sodium and potassium.
(iii) Iron does not burn in air even on strong heating but begins to glow with a bright
light. At high temperature, ti combines with oxygen of the air to form iron oxide
(called magnetic oxide of iron) with the formula Fe3O4.
(iv) Copper also does not burn in air even on strong heating. However, on heating in
air for a long time, it is covered with a layer of black coloured copper (II) oxide, ie.,
cupric oxide.
As prolonged heating is required, this shows that copper is less reactive than
iron.
(v) Silver, gold and platinum do not combine with the oxygen of the air even at high
temperature. This shows that they are least reactive.
2. Reaction of metals with water. A number of metals react with water to form a
hydroxide or an oxide along with the evolution of hydrogen gas. A few examples are
given below:
(i) Sodium and potassium react even with cold water very violently and the reaction
is highly exothermic. Hence, hydrogen evolved catches fire.

2 Na(s) + 2H# O(l) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2NaOH(aq)
+ H# (g)
Sodium water sodium hydroxide
Hydrogen
2 K(s) + 2H# O(l) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2 KOH (aq)
+ H# (g)
Potassium water potassium hydroxide
Hydrogen
(ii) Calcium also reacts with water at room temperature forming calcium hydroxide
but the reaction is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient for hydrogen
evolved to catch fire.

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Ca(s) + 2H# O(l) +⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯-
./01.
Ca(OH)# (aq) +
H# Calcium water calcium
hydroxide Hydrogen
(iii) Magnesium does not react with cold water. It reacts only with hot water forming
magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen.
Mg(s) + 2H# O(l) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Mg(OH) #
+ H#
Magnesium (Hot water) Magnesium hydroxide Hydrogen
(iv) Aluminum, zinc and iron neither react with cold water nor with hot water. They
react only with steam to form metal oxide and hydrogen.

2 Al(s) + 3H# O(g) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Al# O) (s)
+ 3H# (g)
Aluminium Steam Aluminium oxide

Hydrogen
Zn (s) + H# O(g) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. ZnO(s)
+ H# (g)
Zinc Steam
Zinc oxide Hydrogen
3Fe (s) + 4 H# O(g) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Fe) O* (s)
+ 4H# (g)
Iron Steam Iron (II, III) oxide Hydrogen
(v) Lead, copper, silver and gold do not react even with steam.
Thus, the order of reactivity of different metals towards water may be written as:
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Ag > Au
3. Reaction of metals with dilute acids. On the basis of their reactivity with dilute acids,
metals have been classified as (i) more reactive metals, and (ii) less reactive metals.
More reactive metals are those which react with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute
sulphuric acid and displace hydrogen of the acid forming salts. With hydrochloric acid,
the salts formed are called metal chorides wheras with sulphuric acid, the salts formed
are called sulphates. These metals include potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium,
aluminium, zinc, iron and lead.
Less reactive metals are those which do not react with the above acids to produce
hydrogen gas. There include copper, mercury and silver. Even the more reactive metals
do not react with the same vigour, some react vigorously; some react slowly whereas
some others react only on heating. A few examples sof the reactions of metals with
dilute hydrochloric acid are given below:
(i) Sodium and potassium: react very violently with dilute hydrochloric acid forming
their chloride along with the evolution of hydrogen gas.

2 K(s) + 2HCl(aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2 KCl (aq) + H# (g)
Potassium Hydrochloric acid
potassium chloride Hydrogen
2 Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2 NaCl (aq) + H# (g)
Sodium Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Hydrogen
(ii) Calcium also reacts vigorously though less than sodium and potassium.

Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. CaCl# (aq) + H# (g)
Calcium Hydrochloric acid calcium chloride Hydrogen
(iii) Magnesium reacts quite rapidly but the reaction is

less vigorous than with calcium
Mg (s) + 2HCl(aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. MgCl# (aq) + H# (g)
Magnesium Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride Hydrogen
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(iv) Aluminium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid slowly in the beginning because
the surface of aluminium is already covered with a protective layer of aluminium
oxide. However, after this layer gets dissolved in the acid, the reaction becomes
fast, as now attack takes place on fresh aluminium
surface.
2 Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2 AlCl) (aq) + 3 H# (g)
Aluminium Hydrochloric acid Aluminium chloride Hydrogen
(v) Zinc reacts slowly with dilute hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and giving
out hydrogen gas.

Zn (s) + 2HCl(aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. ZnCl# (aq) + H# (g)
Zinc Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride Hydrogen
(vi) Iron reacts slowly with dilute hydrochloric acid giving iron (II) chloride and
hydrogen gas.
Fe (s) + 2HCl(aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. FeCl# (aq) + H# (g)
Iron Hydrochloric acid Iron (II) chloride Hydrogen
(vii) Copper, mercury and silver do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric
acid as already mentioned.
Thus, the orders of reactivity of metals towards dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute
sulphuric acid, is in the order:
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu > Hg > Ag
(viii) Gold and platinum do not react with any pure and strong acid like hydrochloric
acid, nitric acid or sulphuric acid. That is why they are called noble metals.
However, these metals can dissolve in a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and concentrated nitric acid taken in the ration of 3 : 1 by volume. This mixture is
called aqua regia which in Latin means : royal water: It is highly corrosive and
fuming liquid.
The dissolution of gold and platinum in aqua regia is due to the formation of
nascent (newly born) chlorine which attacks gold and platinum.
3 HCl + HNO3 → NOCl + 2H2O + 2 Cl
Aqua regia Nitrosy chloride Nascent
Au + 3Cl → AuCl3
Gold Gold (III) chloric
Pt + 4 Cl → PtCl4
Platinum Platinum (Iv) chloride
4. Reaction of metals with hydrogen. Metals generally do not react with hydrogen. Only
highly reactive metals like sodium, potsssium, calcium and magnesium combine with
hydrogen to form compounds called metal hydrides.
3/4.
2 Na(s) + H# (g) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 2NaH(s)
Sodium Hydrogen sodium hydride
3/4.
Ca(s) + H# (g) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. CaH# (s)
Calcium Hydrogen calcium Hydride

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5. Reaction with other metals salts (Displacement Reaction). Already did in chemical
reactions and equations.
6. Reducing behavior. As metals can lose electrons, therefore they act as reducing
agents for example, sodium metal reduces chlorine to chlorine to chloride ion forming
sodium chloride as follows:
2 Na + Cl# ,⎯⎯. 2 NaCl
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(Na ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Na! + e"
Sodium ion
:/8&;.79(
Cl + e" ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Cl"
Chlorine ion

Na! + Cl" ,⎯⎯. NaCl)
ACTIVITY SERIES (OR REACTIVITY SERIES) OR METALS – REACTION

OF METALS WITH SOLUTIONS OF OTHER METALS SALTS
(DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS)
The arrangement of metals in a vertical column in order of their decreasing
reactivity downwards in called the activity series or reactivity series of metals.

Metal A + Salt solution of metal B ,⎯⎯. Salt solution of metal A +
Metal B
1. Reaction of zinc with copper sulphate solution. If a zinc plate or pieces of zinc are
dipped in copper sulphate solution, taken in a beaker, the blue color of copper sulphate
solution starts fading and reddish brown particles of copper are found to settle at the
bottom of the beaker.
Zn(s) + CuSO* (aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. ZnSO* (aq)
+ Cu(s)
Zinc copper sulphate Zinc sulphate Copper
(Blue coloured) (colourless) (Reddish
brown)
If copper plate is dipped in zinc sulphate

solution, no reaction is found to occur.
Cu(s) + ZnSO* (aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. No reaction
2. Reaction of copper with silver nitrate solution. If copper plate or wire is dipped in
the colourless silver nitrate solution, blue color
starts appearing in the solution.
Cu (s) + 2AgNO) (aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Cu(NO) )#
+ 2 Ag
Copper Silver nitrate Copper Nitrate silver
Colourless (Blue)
This shows that copper is more reactive than silver.
3. Reaction of iron with copper sulphate solution. If an iron wire or iron fillings are
put in copper sulphate solution taken in a beaker, the blue color of copper sulphate
changes into green color and reddish brown particles of copper settle at the bottom of
the beaker or are deposited on the iron wire or iron filings.

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Fe(s) + CuSO* (aq) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. FeSO* (aq)
+ Cu(s)
Iron copper sulphate Iron (II) sulphate Copper
(Blue coloured) (colourless) (Reddish
brown)
This shows that iron is more reactive than copper. No reaction takes place of copper wire is
dipped in iron (II) sulphate solution.
Reactivity or Activity series of some common metals

Potassium K → Most reactive Metal
Calcium Ca
Sodium Na
Metals more Magnesium Mg
Reactivity Decreases
reactive than Aluminium Al
hydrogen Zinc Zn
Iron Fe
Nickel Ni
Tin Sn
lead Pb
Hydrogen H
Copper Cu
Metals less Mercury Hg
reactive than Silver Ag
hydrogen Platinium Pt
Gold Au → Least Reactive Metal
Why some metals are more reactive while others are less reactive?
Metals are elements which can lose electrons and form positive ions. The more easily a metal
can lose electron, more reactive it is.
Why some metals are more reactive than hydrogen while others are less reactive?
Metals which can lose electrons more easily than hydrogen are more reactive than hydrogen.
Hence, they can displace hydrogen from the acids. Metals which can lose electrons les readily
than hydrogen are less reactive than hydrogen. Hence, they cannot displace hydrogen from the
acids.
Chemical properties of non – metals

Non – metals readily form negatively charged ions by the gain of electrons. Therefore, non –
metals are electronegative elements. For example,
Cl + e- → Cl- ; O + 2e- → O2-

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S + 2e- → S2- ; N + 3e- → N3-
Some important chemical reactions of non – metals are described below:
COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON - METALS

Comparison of Physical Properties of Metals and Non – Metals
PROPERTY METALS NON - METALS
1) Lustre Metals have luster and can also be Except iodine, n on – metals do
polished. not have luster and also cannot
2) Hardness be polished.
3) Malleability and Non – metals (except diamond
ductility Metals (except sodium and and boron) are generally soft.
potassium are generally hard.
Non – metals are neither
4) Conductivity Metals are malleable (can be malleable nor ductile. They are
hammered into thin sheets) and actually brittle.
ductile (can be drawn into wires).
Metals are good conductors of heat

5) Melting points
and boiling and electricity. Non – metals except graphite
points and gas carbon are bad
conductors of heat and
6) Sonorosity Metals (except mercury and electricity.
gallium) generally have high Non- metals are non – sonorous
7) Density melting and boiling points. (i.e., do not produce any sound
8) Tensile strength when hit with a hard object).
9) Physical state Metals are sonorous (i.e., produce Non – metals are non – sonorous
sound when hit with a hard object). (i.e, do not produce any sound
when hit with a hard object).
Non – metals generally have

Metals generally have high low densities.
density.
Non –metals generally have low
Metals generally have high tensile tensile strength and hence can
strength and hence cannot be easily be easily broken.
broken.
Non – metals (except bromine
Metals are generally solids which is a liquid) are either
(except mercury and gallium
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which are liquids) at room solids or gases at room
temperature. temperature.
SKILLS ASSESMENT – 1
1. Name one metal and one non – metal which exist in liquid state at room temperature.
2. Why metals are called electropositive elements whereas non – metals are called
electronegative elements?
3. (a) Name the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.
(b) Name the most abundant non – metal in the earth’s crust.
4. Name the metal which is the poorest conductor of heat.
5. State whether the following statement is true of false:
Non – metals react with dilute acids to produce a gas which burns with a ‘pop’ sound.
6. From amongst the metals sodium, calcium, aluminium, copper and magnesium, name
the metal:
(i) Which reacts with water only on boiling, and
(ii) Another which does not react even with steam.
7. What changes in the color of iron nails and copper sulphate solution do you observe
after keeping the iron ails dipped in copper sulphate solution for about 30 minutes?
8. What is aqua- regia? Name two special metals which are insoluble in common
reagents but dissolve in aqua – regia.
9. Give the names and formulae of (a) two acidic oxides, and (b) Two basic oxides.
10. Which property of copper and aluminium makes them suitable:
(a) For making cooking utensils and boilers?
(b) For making electric wires?
11. Name the two metals which are used:
(a) For making electric wires.
(b) For making domestic utensils and factory equipment.
(c) For making jewellery and to decorate sweets.
12. Name the non – metal which is used:
(a) To convert vegetable oil into vegetable ghee (solid fat).
(b) As a rocket fuel (in liquid form).
(c) To make electrodes of dry cells.
(d) To preserve food materials.
(e) In the vulcanization of rubber.
13. How would you show that silver is chemically less reactive than copper?
14. Name a non – metal having a very high melting point.
15. Name two non – metals which are both brittle and non – ductile.
16. Explain why, the surface of some metals acquires a dull appearance when exposed to
air for a long time.
17. Complete and balance the following equations:
(a) Na + O 2 →
(b) Na2O + H2O →
𝑹𝒆𝒅 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
(c) Fe (s) + H2O (g) ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯.
(d) Cu (NO3)2 (aq) + Zn (s) →
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18. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
(a) Magnesium liberates …………… gas on reacting with hot boiling water.
(b) The white powder formed when magnesium ribbon burns in oxygen is of
……………..
(c) Ordinary aluminium strips are not attacked by water because of the presence of a
lyres of …………on the surface of aluminium.
(d) A metal having low melting point is ……… but a non – metal having very high
melting point is ……….
(e) Calcium is a ……….reactive metal than sodium.
19. Name two metals which react violently with cold water. Write any three observations
you would make when such a metal is dropped into water. How would you identify
the gas evolved, if any, during the reaction?
20. (a) With the help of examples, describe how metal oxides differ from non – metal
oxides.
(c) Which of the following elements would yield: (i) an acidic oxide, (ii) a basic oxide,
and (iii) a neutral oxide?
Na, S, C, K, H
21. (a) What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides.
(b) Choose the acidic oxides, basic oxides and neutral oxides from the following:
Na2O; CO2; CO; SO2; MgO; N2O; H2O.
(c) Which f the following are amphoteric oxides:
MgO, ZnO, P2O3, Al2O3, NO2
22. (a) How do metals react with hydrogen? Explain with an example.
(b) How do non – metals react with hydrogen? Explain with an example.
23. (a) Why does aluminium not react with water under ordinary conditions?
(b) Name two metals which can displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
(c) Name two metals which cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
24. (a) Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?
(a) Why is white phosphorus kept immersed under water?
(b) Can we keep sodium immersed under water? Why?
25. (a) Write one reaction in which aluminium oxide behaves as a basic oxide and another
in which it behaves as an acidic oxide.
(b) What special name is given to substances like aluminium oxide.
(c) Name another metal oxide which behaves like aluminium oxide.
26. (a) Name two physical properties each of sodium and carbon in which their behavior
is not as expected from their classification as metal and non – metal respectively.
(b) Name two metals whose melting points are so low that they melt when held in the
hand.
27. Metals are said to be shiny. Why do metals generally appear to be dull? How can their
brightness be restored?
28. (a) What are metals? Name five metals.
(b) Name a metal which is so soft that it can be cut with a knife.
(c) Name the metal which is the best conductor of heat and electricity.
(d) What happens when a metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid? Explain with
the help of an example.
(e) Write the equations for the reactions of:
(i) Magnesium with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(ii) Aluminium with dilute hydrochloric acid.
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(iii) Zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(iv) Iron with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Name the products formed in each case. Also indicate the physical states of all the
substances involved.
29. (a) Define non – metals. Give five examples of non – metals.
(b) Name a non – metal which conducts electricity.
(c) Name a non – metal having luster (shining surface).
(d) Name a non – metal which is extremely hard.
(e) How do non – metals react with oxygen? Explain with an example. Give equation
of the reaction involved. What is the nature of the product formed? How will you
demonstrate it?
30. (a) What is meant by the reactivity series of metals? Arrange the following metals in
an increasing order of t heir reactivities towards water:
Zinc, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium
(b) Hydrogen is not a metal but still has been assigned a place in the reactivity series
of metals. Why?
(c) Name one metal more reactive and another less reactive than hydrogen.
(d) Name one metal which displaces copper from copper sulphate solution and one
which does not.
31. (a) State any three differences between the physical properties of metals and non –
metals.
(b) Differentiate between metals and non – metals on the basis of their chemical
properties.
(c) State three reasons (of which at least one must be chemical) for believing that
sodium is a metal.
(d) State three reasons (of which at least one most be chemical) for believing that
sulphur is a non – metal.
(e) Which non – metal has been placed in the reactivity series of metals?
32. An element E forms an oxide E2O. An aqueous solution E2O turns red litmus paper
blue.
(a) What is the nature of the oxide E2O.
(b) State whether element E is a metal or anon – metal.
(c) Give one example of an element like E.
33. Metal A burns in air, on heating, to form an oxide A2O3 whereas another metal B
burns in air only on strong heating to form an oxide BO. The two oxides A2O3 and BO
can react with hydrochloric acid as well as sodium hydroxide solution to form the
corresponding salts and water.
(a) What is the nature of oxide A2O3?
(b) What is the nature of oxide BO?
(c) Name one metal like A.
(d) Name one metal like B.
34. An element X forms two oxides XO and XO2. The oxide XO has no action on litmus
solution but oxide XO2 turns litmus solution red.
(a) What is the nature of oxide XO?
(b) What is the nature of oxide XO2?
(c) Would you call element X a metal or anon – metal? Give reason for your choice.
(d) Can you give an example of element like X?

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35. State and explain the reactions, if any, of the following metals with a solution of copper
sulphate:
(a) Gold (b) Copper (c) zinc (d) Mercury
36. (a) Give the names and formulae of one metal chloride and one non – metal chloride.
(b) State an important property in which these metal chloride and non – metal
chloride differ.
(c) Why do they differ in this property?
37. In a solution of lead acetate, a trip of metal M was dipped. After some time, lead from
the solution was deposited on the metal strip. Which metal is more reactive, M or
lead?
38. CuSO4 (aq) + Fe (s) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
FeSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Fe (s)
On the basis of the above reactions, indicate which is most reactive and which is least
reactive metal out of zinc, copper andiron.
39. Which of the following reactions will not occur? Why not?
(a) MgSO4 (aq) + Cu(s) → CuSO4 (aq) + Mg(s)
(b) CuSO4 (aq) + Fe (s) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
(c) MgSO4 (aq) + Fe (s) → FeSO4 (aq) + Mg (s)
40. In nature, metal A is found in a free state while metal B is found in the form of its
compounds. Which of these two will be nearer to the top of the activity series of
metals?
41. If A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K represent metals in the decreasing order of their
reactivity, which one of them is most likely to occur in a free state in nature?
42. (a) Name a metal for each case:
(i) It does not react with cold as well as hot water but reacts with steam.
(ii) It does not react with any physical state of water.
A zinc plate was kept in a glass container having CuSO4 solution. One examining it was
found that the blue color of the solution is getting lighter and lighter. After a few days,
when the zinc plate was taken out of the solution, number o small holes were noticed in
it. State the reason and give chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Why do Metals and Non – Metals React?
The most common compounds are between metal atom/s and non – metal atom/s, e.g., NaCl,
MgCl2, CaO etc. or they may be between non – metal atoms, e.g., HCl, H2O etc.
The force which holds a number of atoms together within the compound or the molecule is
called a chemical bond. Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. Do not combine with
other elements or with each other. in other words, they are chemically inert. That is why they
are called noble gases or inert gases and exist as monoatomic gases, i.e., as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Ze
and Rn.
We observe that except in case of helium, where there are two electrons present in the
outermost shell, all other noble gases have 8 electrons present in the outermost shell. The
presence of two electrons in the outermost shell is called s duplet whereas the presence of eight
electrons in the outermost shell is called an octet. Thus, the cause of stability of noble gases is
the presence of duplet of electrons in case of helium and presence of octet of electrons in case
of other noble gases.
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S. No. Element Symbol Atomic No. Electronic
configuration
KLMNOP
1) Helium He 2 2
2) Neon Ne 10 2, 8
3) Argon Ar 18 2, 8, 8
4) Krypton Kr 36 2, 8, 18, 8
5) Xenon Xe 54 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
6) Radon Rn 86 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8
Let us look at the electronic configuration of some common metals and non – metals,
as given in table.
Electronic configurations of some common metals and non – metals
Name of the metal Symbol Atomic No. Electronic configuration
atom
K L M
N
Lithium Li 3 2 1
Sodium Na 11 2 8 1
Magnesium Mg 12 2 8 2
Aluminium Al 13 2 8 3
Potassium K 19 2 8 8 1
Calcium Ca 20 2 8 8 2
Nitrogen N 7 2 5
Oxygen O 8 2 6
Fluorine F 9 2 7
Phosphorus P 15 2 8 5
Sulphur S 16 2 8 6
Chlorine Cl 17 2 8 7

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Thus, in case of all the above elements, we observe that their outermost shell has less
than 8 electrons. To acquire stability, they try to complete their octet or duplet in case of
elements having only one shell, i.e., K – shell. Thus, the cause of chemical combination is the
tendency of the atoms to complete their octet. (i.e., outermost shell with 8 electrons) or duplet
(i.e., outermost shell with 2 electrons in case of elements having only K – shell) so that they
acquire the stable nearest noble gas configuration.
Modes of Chemical Combination
When atoms combine, they complete their octets (or duplets) by any one of the
following methods:
1. By transference of electrons from one atom to another atom i.e., one atom may lose
electrons and the other may gain electrons. The bond thus formed between the two atoms
is called ionic bond (or electrovalent bond).
2. By sharing of electrons between the two atoms, i.e., the combining atoms may contribute
equal number of electrons which are then common for both the atoms. The bond thus
formed between the two atoms is called covalent bond.
Formation of Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed between two atoms by complete transference of electrons from one
atom to another so as to complete their octets (or duplet in case of elements having only K –
shell) and hence acquire the stable nearest noble gas configuration is called ionic bond or
electrovalent bond. The number of electrons lost o gained by the atom is called is electrovalent.
The compounds thus formed are called ionic compounds or electrovalent compounds.
A few examples are given below:
1. Formation of sodium chloride.
Atomic number of sodium (Na) = 11
∴ Its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1.
It has only one electron in the valence shell. It loses this electron to acquire the stable
electronic configuration 2, 8 (similar to that of neon) and form sodium ion (Na+):

Na6 ,⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Na! + e"
Sodium atom sodium ion
(2,8,1) (2, 8)
Atomic number of chlorine (cl) = 17 ∴ Its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7
It has 7 electrons in the valence shell. It gains one electron to acquire the stable electronic
configuration 2, 8, 8 (similar to that of argon) and form chloride ion (Cl-)
"
∶ C̈ ∙ + e" ,⎯⎯⎯. K: C̈: M
̈ ̈
Chlorine atom chlorine ion
(2, 8, 7) (2, 8, 8)
2. Formation of Potassium Chloride.
3. Formation of Lithium Fluoride.
4. Formation of Magnesium Chloride.
5. Formation of Magnesium Oxide.
6. Formation of Sodium Oxide.
Properties of Electrovalent (or Ionic) Compounds
1. Physical state. Most of the ionic compounds are crystalline solids. They are relatively
hard because of strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged
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ions. They are brittle and break into pieces on applying force. Solids in which the
constituent particles, have a regular arrangement in the three dimensional space are called
crystalline solids.
2. Solubility. They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents like benzene,
alcohol, ether, chloroform etc. the solubility of ionic solids in water is due to the polar
nature of water molecules. The water molecules attract the oppositely charged ions of the
ionic solid and cut off the forces of attraction between them.
As, a result, the ions are surrounded by water molecules and are said to hydrated.
3. Melting points and boiling points. They have high melting and boiling points. This is
because in the ionic compounds, the oppositely charged ions are held together y strong
electronic forces of attraction hence, they require a lot of heat to cut off these forces of
attraction and break them into ions.
Melting and Boiling points of some ionic compounds
Ionic LiCl NaCl CaCl2 MgCl2 KBr Kl CaO
compound
Melting point 878 1074 953 987 1007 953 2845
(K)
Boiling point >1570 1738 1600 1685 1708 1600 3123
(K)
4. Color in the flame. Most of the salts when brought into the flame, impart characteristic
solours to the flame.
5. Electrical conductivity. In the solid state, ionic compounds do not conduct electricity
because theoppositely charged ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of
attraction and are not free ions in the solution. As ions can conduct electricity therefore,
ionic compounds conduct electricity in the aqueous solution or in the molten state.
6. Ionic reactions. As ionic compounds produce free ions in the solution, therefore, reaction
between two ionic compounds is he reaction between their ions. As oppositely charged ions
combine very quickly, therefore, these reactions are quite fast.
SKILLS ASSESMENT - 2
1. Name a carbon containing molecule which has two double bonds.

2. What would be the electron – dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula
CO2?
3. What type of chemical bond is formed between:
(a) Potassium and bromine?
(b) Carbon and bromine?
4. (a) The atomic number of sodium is 11.what is the number of electrons in Na+?
(b) The atomic number of chlorine is 17. What is the number of electrons in Cl-?
5. Write the electron – sot structures for the following molecules:
(i) NaCl (ii) Cl2
6. What type of bonds a represent in water molecule? Draws their electron – dot
structure of water (H2O).
7. Give one example each of the following:
(i) A molecule containing a single covalent bond.
(ii) A molecule containing a double covalent bond.
(iii) A molecule containing a triple covalent bond.

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(iv) A compound containing an ionic bond.
8. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:
(i) Two atoms of the same element combine to form a molecule. The bond between
them is known as ……..bond.
(ii) Two chlorine atoms combine to form a molecule. The bond between them is
known as ……….
(iii) Informing oxygen molecule, ………..electrons are shared by each atom of
oxygen.
(iv) In forming N2 molecule, ……….electrons are shared by each atom of nitrogen.
(v) The number of ingle covalent bonds in C2H2 molecule are ………………..
(vi) Melting points and boiling points of ionic compounds are generally
…………than those of covalent compounds.
9. (a) What type of chemical bond is present in chlorine molecule? Explain your answer.
(b) Explain the formation of a chlorine molecule on the basis of electronic theory of
valency.
10. Explain why:
(a) Covalent compounds have generally low melting points.
(b) Ionic compounds have generally high melting points.
11. (a) Explain why, ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution whereas covalent
compounds do not conduct electricity.
(c) Which of the following will conduct electricity and which not?
MgCl2, CCl4, NaCl, CS2 Na2S
Give reasons for your choice.
12. Explain why, a solution of cane sugar doesnot conduct electricity but a solution of
common salt is a good conductor or electricity.
13. Give the formulae of the compounds that would be formed by the combination of the
following pairs of elements:
(a) Mg and N2 (b) Li and O2 (c) Al and Cl2 (d) K and H
14. What are noble gases? What is the characteristic of the electronic configuration of
noble gases?
15. What type of bonding would you expect between the following pairs of elements?
(i) Calcium and oxygen.
(ii) Carbon and chlorine
(iii) Hydrogen and chlorine.
16. What is the difference between a cation and an anion? How are they formed? Give
the names and symbols of one cation and one anion.
17. Draw the electron – dot structures of the following compounds and state the type of
bonding in each case:
(i) CO2 (ii) MgO (iii) H2O (iv) HCl (v) MgCl2
18. Draw the electron – dot structures of the following compounds and state the type of
bonding in each case:
(i) KCl (ii) NH3 (iii) CaO (iv) N2 (v) CaCl2
19. Explain why, a salt which does not conduct electric it in the solid state becomes a good
conductor in molten state.
20. (a) Write down the electronic configuration of (i) sodium atom, (ii) chlorine atom.
(b) How many electrons are therein the outer most shell of (i) a sodium atom, and (ii)
a chlorine atom?

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(c) Show the formation of NaCl from sodium and chlorine atoms by the transfer of
electron(s).
(d) Why was sodium chloride a high melting point?
(e) Name the anode and the cathode used in the electrolytic refining of impure copper
metal.
21. (a) Write the electron arrangement in (i) a magnesium atom, and (ii) an oxygen atom.
(b) How many electrons are there in the valence shell of (i) a magnesium atom, and
(ii) an oxygen atom?
(c) Show on a diagram the transfer of electrons between the atoms in the formation
of MgO.
(d) Name the solvent in which ionic compounds are generally soluble.
22. (a) What is the electronic configuration of (i) a sodium atom, and (ii) an oxygen atom?
(b) What is the number of outermost electrons in (i) a sodium atom, and (ii) an oxygen
atom?
(c) Show the formation of Na2O by the transfer of electrons between the combining
atoms.
(d) Why are ionic compounds usually hard?
(e) How is it that ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity but they
do so when in molten state?
23. (a) Write down the electron arrangement in (i) a magnesium atom, and (ii) a chlorine
atom.
(b) How many electrons are therein the valence shell of (i) a magnesium atom, and (ii)
a chlorine atom?
(c) Show the formation of magnesium chloride from magnesium and chlorine by the
transfer of electrons.
(d) State whether magnesium chloride will conduct electricity or not. Give reason for
your answer.
(e) Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductors of electricity?
24. Two non – metals combine with each other by the sharing of electrons to form a
compound X.
(a) What type of chemical bond is present in X?
(b) State whether X will have a high melting point or low melting point.
(c) Will it be a good conductor of electricity of not?
(d) Will it dissolve in an organic solvent or not?
25. A metal combines with a non – metal by the transfer of electrons to form a compound
Y.
(a) State the type of bonds in Y.
(b) What can you say about its melting point and boiling point?
(c) Will be a good conductor electricity?
(d) Will it dissolve in an organic solvent or not?
26. The electronic configurations of three elements X, Y and Z are as follows:
X 2, 4
Y 2, 7
Z 2, 1
(a) Which two elements will combine to form an ionic compound?
(b) Which two elements will react to form a covalent compound?
Give reasons for your choice.

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27. An element A has 4 valance electrons in its atom whereas element B h as only one
valence electron in its atom. The compound formed by A and B does not conduct
electricity. What is the nature of chemical bond in the compound formed? Give its
electron – dot structure.
28. In the formation of a compound XY2 and X give one electron to each Y atom. What is
the nature of bond in XY2? Give two properties of XY2.
29. An element ‘A’ has two electrons in the outermost shell of its atom and combines with
an element ‘B’ having seven electrons in the outermost shell, forming the compound
AB2. The compound when dissolved in water conducts electric current. Giving
reasons, state the nature of chemical bond in the compound.
30. The electronic configurations of two elements A and B are given below:
A 2, 6
B 2, 8, 1
(a) What type of chemical bond is formed between the two atoms of A?
(b) What type of chemical bond will be formed between the atoms of A and B?
31. Four elements A, B, C and D have the following electron arrangements in their atoms:
A 2, 8, 6
B 2, 8, 8
C 2, 8, 8, 1
D 2, 7
(a) What type of bond is formed when element C combines with element D?
(b) Which element is an inert gas?
(c) What will be the formula of the compound between A and C?
32. An element X of atomic number 12 combines with an element Y of atomic number 17
to form a compound XY2. State the nature of chemical bond in XY2 and show that
how the electron configuration s of X and Y change in the formation of this compound.
33. The electronic configurations of three elements A, B and C are as follows:
A 2, 8, 1
B 2, 8, 7
C 2, 4
(a) Which of these elements is a metal?
(b) Which of these elements are non – metals?
(c) Which two elements will combine to form an ionic bond?
(d) Which two elements will combine to form a covalent bond?
(e) Which element will form an anion of valency 1?
34. The electronic configurations of four particles A, B, C and D are given below:
A 2, 8, 8
B 2, 8, 2
C 2, 6
D 2, 8
Which electronic configuration represents:
(i) Magnesium atom?
(ii) Oxygen atom?
(iii) Sodium ion?
(iv) Chloride ion?
35. The atomic number of an element X is 12.
(a) What must an atom of X do to attain the nearest inert gas electron configuration?

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(b) Which inert gas is nearest to X?
36. The atomic number of element Y is 16.
(a) What must an atom of Y do to achieve the nearest inert gas electron arrangement?
(b) Which inert gas is nearest to Y?
37. You can buy solid air – fresheners in shop. Do you think these substances are ionic
or covalent? Why?
38. Give the formulae of the chlorides of the elements X and Y having atomic numbers of
3 and 6 respectively/will the properties of the two chlorides be similar or different?
Explain your answer.


Chapter-3 Metals and Non-Metals

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Chapter-3 Metals and Non-Metals

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Team Ink and Paper

Classification Of Elements into Metals, Non – Metals And Metalloids

Importance of Non - Metals

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Physical properties of metals and non-metals

Physical Properties of Metals

Physical Properties of Non - Metals

Distinguishing metals and non – metals on the basis of chemical

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Chemical properties of Metals

(b) Basic/ Amphoteric nature.

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A few examples are given below:

(i) Sodium and potassium: are most reactive metals.

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ACTIVITY SERIES (OR REACTIVITY SERIES) OR METALS – REACTION

If copper plate is dipped in zinc sulphate

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Reactivity or Activity series of some common metals

Chemical properties of non – metals

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COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON - METALS

Metals are good conductors of heat

Non – metals generally have

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Why do Metals and Non – Metals React?

5) Xenon Xe 54 2, 8, 18, 18, 8

6) Radon Rn 86 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8

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Formation of Ionic Bond

1. Name a carbon containing molecule which has two double bonds.

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STUDY CENTRES: E-5/1, Malviya Nagar Market 9811-279-786. (iQuest)

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