Revision

GRAMMAR
 UNIT 7
1. USING “ MUCH / A LOT OF” IN COMPARISON
2. EQUAL COMPARISON ( AS …AS)
3. USING ” LESS” IN COMPARISON
4. ” ING” FORM AS NOUNS
5. ADJECTIVES ENDING WITH “ ED / ING”
 UNIT 7
1. Using “ MUCH/ A LOT” in comparison
• REMEMBER:
LESS is the opposite of MORE.
1. ______________
BEFORE
2. LESS is put _________________adjectives.
BEFORE comparative adjectives to
3. We use MUCH or A LOT OF _________________
BIG
say there’s a ______________ difference.
BIG
4. We use A LITTLE before comparative adjectives to say there ____________ a
ISN’T difference.
___________
• Ex1: Reading books is MUCH MORE INTERESTING than watching TV.
• Ex 2: Sam is A LOT TALLER than Helen.
• Ex3: She’s LESS TALL THAN I am.
• Ex 4: Mosquitoes are A LOT LESS DANGEROUS than scorpions.
 UNIT 7
2. Equal comparison
REMEMBER:
compare
• We use AS …AS to ____________ two people or things that are the
same
____________.
compare
• We use NOT AS … AS to ____________ two people or things that are
different
_____________ .
• Structure : … BE (NOT) AS + adjective ( noun) + AS…
… Verb + AS + MANY/ MUCH (noun) + AS …
Ex1: Today it’s 33 degree Celcius. Yesterday it was 37 degree
Celcius.
as hot as
àToday it is not ________________ it was yesterday.
hotter
àYesterday it was _______________ than it is today.
 UNIT 7
3. Using “ LESS” in comparison
Remember:
• LESS is the opposite of MORE
• LESS… has THE SAME MEANING as NOT AS… AS

• Less + adjective + than

• Not + as + adjective + as …
Ex1: My shoes are more expensive than yours.
àYour shoes are NOT AS EXPENSIVE AS mine.
àYour shoes are LESS EXPENSIVE THAN mine.

Ex2: His phone is newer than mine.

as NEW as
àMy phone is NOT ________________ his
less new than
àMy phone is ________________ his
 UNIT 7
4. ING - form as nouns
• Look at following examples:
1. Climbing mountains is more exciting than walking in the park.
2. He’s good at playing the guitar.
3. Flying makes me nervous.
4. He likes watching anime.

à Positions:
- At the beginning of a sentence
- After prepositions
- After some specific verbs ( like/ love/ enjoy/ avoid/ stop / keep/ mind/ can’t bear/ can’t
stand/ finish…)
 UNIT 7
5. ADJECTIVES ENDING WITH “ ED/ ING”
 UNIT 7
5. -ED/ - ING ADJECTIVES
- ED ADJECTIVE - ING ADJECTIVE

• Used to describe EMOTION, how people • Used to describe something/ someone

feel. that CAUSES EMOTIONS or FEELING

Ex1: He makes us feel bored whenever he
tells the jokes.
Ex2: We were disappointed with their
performance. We were not interested in it
at all.
Ex3: There are some points in this
presentation I don’t understand. I’m
confused.
Ex1: He’s a boring guy. He’s always making
plain jokes.
Ex2: Their performance was disappointing.
We expected something more interesting
than that.
Ex3: I find her presentation confusing.
 UNIT 9
1. VERBS FOLLOWED WITH GERUNDS/ TO - INFINITIVE
2. PASSIVE VOICE
3. MAKING QUESTIONS
 UNIT 9
1. VERBS FOLLOWED BY “ING” FORM

+ love, like, fancy, enjoy,

Verbs of LIKING & DISLIKING - hate, detest, dislike, can’t bear/ can’t stand

Verbs of SAYING & THINKING Admit ; deny ; suggest ; consider ; imagine

Avoid, finish ; keep; practice; miss; mind;

Others quit; start; begin…
 UNIT 9
1. VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE
Choose; decide; expect; forget; hate; hope;
intend; learn; like; love; mean
Verbs of THINKING & FEELING plan; prefer; remember; want
would like/love

Verbs of SAYING Agree; promise; refuse; threaten

Arrange ;attempt ; fail ; help ; manage

Others tend ; try
 UNIT 9
2. Passive Voice : Simple Present
People treat animals as objects.
 UNIT 9
2. Passive Voice : Simple Present
1.Vera Wang designs beautiful dresses.

2. Millions of people. watch the award ceremony.

 UNIT 9
2. Passive Voice : Simple Past
 UNIT 9
2. Passive Voice : Simple Past
1.They added sound to movies in 1927

2. Randy Newman wrote the song

 UNIT 9
3. Making questions
1. Who did Harry Potter date in his fifth year at Hogwarts?
àHe dated Cho Chang.
Object
2. Who played Jack in Titanic?
à Leonardo DiCaprio played Jack in Titanic.
Subject
 UNIT 9
3. Making questions
1. What’s the name of Jack Sparrow’s ship?
àIt’s Black Pearl.
2. What does each star on the flag of the United States
stand for?
à It stands for one state in America.
 UNIT 9
3. Making questions
1. Which song has the most views on YouTube?
àDespacito has the most views on YouTube.
Subject
2. Which song does Elsa sing as she builds the castle?
àElsa sings Let it go as she build the castle.
Object
+ Vo
What vs Which
 More examples
1. My sister usually helps me with my homework.
SUBJECT
àWHO usually helps you with your homework?
2. My dad likes the blue jacket best.
Verb OBJECT
àWHICH JACKET DOES YOUR dad LIKE the best?
3. He gave Harry a nice present.
verb object
àWHO DID he GIVE nice present?
4. They wrote down the address.
verb object
à WHAT DID they WRITE down?
 UNIT 10
1. PAST PERFECT TENSE
2. REPORTED SPEECH _ STATEMENTS
3. REPORTED SPEEECH _ WH – questions
4. REPORTED SPEECH _ YES/ NO questions
 UNIT 10
1. Past perfect tense

1. Go swimming at 7 a.m. 2. Have breakfast at 9 p.m.

PAST PERFECT TENSE is used to

talk about events that
happened BEFORE an event IN
THE PAST
STRUCTURE:
(+) S + HAD + Ved/3…
(-) S + HADN’T + Ved/ 3…
(?) HAD + S + Ved/ 3…
After he HAD GONE swimming,
he ATE breakfast
 Note
Comparing three following sentences:

1. When we came, Jane cooked some soup.

2. When we came, Jane had cooked some soup.

àExample 1: We came à Jane cooked.

àExample 2: Jane finished cooking à We came

 UNIT 10
2. REPORTED SPEECH_ Statement
PRESENT SIMPLE
Ex1: Joe said, “ I’m tired”.
Simple present
à Joe said that HE WAS tired.
Ex2: Carol said, “ I like eating vanilla ice – cream”.
Simple present
à Carol said that SHE LIKED eating vanilla ice –
cream.
 UNIT 10
2. REPORTED SPEECH_ statement
PRESENT SIMPLE
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

PRESENT SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

• AM/ IS/ ARE • WAS /WERE
• V ( s/ es) • Ved/ 2
• Don’t / doesn’t + Vo • Didn’t + Vo
Ex1 : Jane said, “ I come from New Ex1: Jane said SHE CAME from New
York”. York.
Ex2: Helen said, “ I’m tired”. Ex2: Helen said that SHE WAS tired.
Ex3: He said, “ David doesn’t have any Ex3: He said that David DIDN’T HAVE
children”. any children.
 UNIT 10
REPORTED SPEECH _ statement
SIMPLE PAST
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT

• WAS/ WERE • HAD BEEN
• V (ed/ 2) • HAD + Ved/ 3
• Didn’t + Vo • HADN’T + Ved/3
Ex1 : “ There was a good documentary on Ex1: Jerry said that there HAD BEEN a
TV yesterday”, said Jerry. good documentary on TV the day before.

Ex2: “ I got an A in my math exam Ex2: Helen said to me that SHE HAD
yesterday”, Helen said to me. GOTTEN an A in HER math exam THE DAY
BEFORE.
 UNIT 10
REPORTED SPEECH _ statement
SIMPLE PAST
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

PRONOUNS : 1st , 2nd PRONOUNS According to the subject & objects

3rd person 3rd person

Ex1 : My sister said, “ You wore my dress Ex1: My sister said to me that I HAD
without asking me”. WORN HER dress without asking her.

Ex2: Tommy said to me, “ They helped me Ex2: Tommy said to me that they had
to do my homework last week”. helped HIM to do HIS homework the
week before.
 SAY or TELL
Compare 2 sentences:
Sentence 1: John said that he had been ill the week before.
Sentence 2: John told me that he had been ill the week before.

àWe use SAY/ SAID when there is no object

àWe use TELL / TOLD when there’s an object

Ex 1: He said that they only took expensive things from rich people.
Ex2: He told the journalist that they only took expensive things from rich people.
 UNIT 10
3. Reported speech _WH - questions
“ Why didn’t you send them”, asked the editor.

The editor asked Isabel WHY SHE HADN’T SENT THEM.

“ What do you like doing in your free time, Fred?”, asked Mary.

Mary asked Fred WHAT he LIKED doing in HIS free time.

STRUCTURE
S1 + ASKED + Object + question words + S + V…
( cancel : DO/ DOES/ DID)
 3. Reported speech _WH- questions
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

CHANGE TENSES

- SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST

• AM / IS / ARE • WAS/ WERE
• V ( s/ es) • V ed/ 2
• DON’T / DOESN’T + Vo • DIDN’T + Vo
- PRESENT CONTINUOUS - PAST CONTINUOUS
• AM /IS /ARE V –ING • WAS /WERE + V – ING
- SIMPLE PAST + PRESENT PERFECT - PAST PERFECT
• WAS /WERE • HAD BEEN
• Ved/2 • HAD + Ved/3
• DIDN’T + Vo • HADN’T + Ved/3
• HAVE/ HAS ( not) + Ved/3 • HAD ( HADN’T) + Ved/3
 3. Reported speech _WH- questions
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
CHANGE PRONOUNS

Ex1: “Where is your book, Joe?”, asked the Ex1: The teacher asked Joe where HIS book
teacher. was.
Ex2: “ Why didn’t you call me last night, Ex2: Jane asked Tom why HE hadn’t called
Tom?”, asked Jane HER the night before.
CHANGE TIME

- NOW - THEN
- TODAY - THAT DAY
- YESTERDAY - THE DAY BEFORE/ THE PREVIOUS DAY
- LAST … - THE … BEFORE
- …AGO - … BEFORE
- TOMORROW - THE NEXT DAY/ THE FOLLOWING DAY
 UNIT 10
4. Reported speech _YES/ NO questions
“ Do you eat chicken sandwich every day?”, asked Helen.

Helen asked ME IF I ATE sandwich every day.

“Did you call me last night, Jim?”, asked Mary.

Mary asked Jim IF HE HAD CALLED HER the night before.

STRUCTURE
S1 + ASKED ( + Object) + IF/ WHETHER+ S + V…
( cancel : DO/ DOES/ DID)
 UNIT 12
1. USED TO
 UNIT 12
USED TO
We used USED TO to talk about activities we DID IN
THE PAST but DON’T DO IT ANYMORE IN THE
PRESENT

USED TO AFFIRMATIVE : S + USED TO + INFINITVE

NEGATIVE: S + DIDN’T + USE TO+ Vo
INTERROGATIVE: DID + S + USE TO + Vo…?

Ex1: He used to be overweight, but now he’s a super model.

Ex2: There used to be a big mango tree in the garden.
Ex3: They used to go fishing at the weekends.