UČILIŠTE SESVETE- ustanova za obrazovanje odraslih

Trakošćanska 26, Sesvete

NASTAVNO PISMO

ENGLESKI JEZIK
4. RAZRED
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SADRŽAJ

1. Verbs + infinitive or –ing 3

2. „used to“ – past habits 4
3. Second conditional 4
4. Past perfect 5
5. Third conditional 6
6. I wish … 7
7. Passive 8
8. Reported speech 10
8.1 Statements 10
8.2 Questions 11
8.3 Imperatives 12
9. „Should“ and „ought to“ 13
10. „Should have“ and „ought to have“ 13
11. Texts 14

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1. VERBS + INFINITIVE or -ING

Read the dialogue.

Lara: Do you go to a gym, Anisha?

Anisha: Yes, I do. I try to go a couple of times a week.
There's one at the leisure centre near here.
Lara: Cool! But is it expensive?
Anisha: No, it costs about £3 to go swimming.
Lara: Well, let's go then. I really want to get fit.
Last winter I kept putting on weight, so I started dieting.
I gave up eating fatty food and avoided eating sweats.
I decided to do more exercise and I started going to a healh club.
Anisha: You look very fit now.

Iz ovog je dijaloga vidljivo da neki glagoli, ukoliko iza njih slijedi neki drugi glagol,
zahtijevaju da taj drugi glagol bude u infinitivu (to go) ili –ing obliku (going).

Iza glagola agree, decide, expect, happen, hope, manage, mean, promise, refuse, seem,
want… obavezno slijedi infinitiv.
Ukoliko se radi o negaciji, tada je struktura not to …
John managed to finish his homework.
She agreed not to call him.

Iza glagola avoid, can't face, can't help, can't stand, enjoy, fancy, feel like, imagine,
suggest, spend (time), practise, stop, give up, mind, keep… dolazi –ing oblik.
I avoided eating sweats./ Suddenly everybody stopped talking.

Iza glagola love, like, hate, prefer može doći infinitiv i –ing oblik.
I hate to get up early./ I hate getting up early.

PRACTICE
1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

0. Mick is trying to learn (learn) to play golf.

1. I keep ________ (lose) my front door keys.
2. Avoid ________ (go) through the town centre at this time of day.
3. My dad gave up ________ (smoke) last year.
4. I want ________ (buy) some clothes today.
5. I hope she decides ________ (come) on holiday with us.
6. They hope ________ (not arrive) late for the play.
7. My parents refuse ________ (buy) me a motorbike.
8. Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed ________ (lend) him some money.
9. Don't keep ________ (interrupt) me when I'm speaking.
10. He suggested ________ (do) more exercise.

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2. USED TO – PAST HABITS

Konstrukciju used to koristimo kad govorimo o navikama u prošlosti (nešto smo običavali
raditi, a sad to više ne radimo).

affirmative: USED TO + VERB

I used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
negative: DIDN'T USE TO + VERB
I didn't use to eat junk food.
interrogative: DID + SUBJECT + USE TO + VERB
Did you use to do sport? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

PRACTICE

1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to.

0. I didn't use to do (not/do) any exercise, but now I go to the gym every day.
1. She __________ (watch) a lot of TV, but now she doesn't watch any.
2. He __________ (buy) her flowers, but now he doesn't buy them any more.
3. They __________ (eat) fresh vegetables, but now they don't eat any healthy food.
4. I __________ (not/go) to the library, but now I go once a week.
5. We __________ (spend) our money on toys, but now we spend it on clothes.
6. How often __________ (you/eat) junk food?
7. __________ (she/smoke) as a teenager?
8. Aidan ________ (not/be) very tall, but now he is.

3. SECOND CONDITIONAL

Pogodbene rečenice 2. tipa koristimo kad govorimo o nerealnim ili zamišljenim situacijama u
sadašnjosti ili budućnosti. Veznik „if“ prevodimo „da/ kad bi“.

If I lived in the country, I would never go out.

If I didn't love him, I wouldn't be with him.
What would you do if you saw a ghost?

if rečenica – past simple

glavna rečenica – would/wouldn't + verb

Napomena:
- ako glavna rečenica dolazi prije zavisne, ne stavljamo zarez (I would never go out if I lived
in the country.)

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- iza if može se koristiti were umjesto was (if I were ….)

- would možemo skratiti u 'd (I'd scream if ….)

PRACTICE

1. Put the verb into the correct form.

0. If I knew (know) his number, I would phone him.

1. I __________ (help) you if I had enough time.
2. The soup would taste better if it __________ (not be) so salty.
3. If Peter __________ (not feel) so sick, he would go to school.
4. We'd visit you more often if you __________ (not live) so far away.
5. Tom would read more if he __________ (have) more time.
6. We __________ (not have) any money if we didn't work.
7. If you were in my position, what __________ (you, do)?
8. It __________ (be) useful if you could drive.

2. Finish the sentences.

1. If I had a lot of money, I ________________________________.

2. I'd be very happy if ____________________________________.
3. If the weather was better, ________________________________.
4. She would cry if _______________________________________.

4. PAST PERFECT

Past perfect je vrijeme koje koristimo kad govorimo o prošlosti i želimo reći da se nešto
desilo prije neke druge prošle radnje. Često ga koristimo uz after, before, when, by the time,
already, just, yet, because …

When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
After I had paid for the drinks, I joined David at the table.
She was sad because her boyfriend had left her.
When Jenny arrived at the party, Paul had already gone.

affirmative: HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

She had gone home.
negative: HADN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE
She hadn't gone home.
interrogative: HAD + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE
Had she gone home ….? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.

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PRACTICE

1. Join the sentences using the words in brackets.

0. I finished my homework. Then I watched TV. (after)

I watched TV after I had finished my homework.
1. She ate a sandwich. Then she didn't feel hungry. (after)
_____________________________________________________
2. I left my friend's house. It stopped raining. (by the time)
_____________________________________________________
3. They finished decorating their house. Then they went on holiday. (when)
_____________________________________________________
4. He bought a new car. He won the lottery. (because)
_____________________________________________________
5. We parked the car. The shop closed. (by the time)
_____________________________________________________
6. I phoned my mum. I missed the last bus home. (because)
_____________________________________________________

7. Pete broke the TV. Dad shouted at him. (because)

_____________________________________________________
8. I left the house. Then I locked the door. (after)
_____________________________________________________

5. THIRD CONDITIONAL

Pogodbene rečnice 3. tipa su složene rečenice koje koristimo kad govorimo o situacijama u
prošlosti koje se nisu desile jer se nije ispunio uvjet za njihovo ostvarivanje tj. stvarnost je
bila suprotna.

If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you. (I didn't know, so I didn't
visit you.)
I wouldn't have caught a cold if I hadn't gone out with wet hair. (I caught a cold because I
went out with wet hair.)
What would have happened if she had seen you with Jenny?

if rečenica – past perfect

glavna rečenica – would have/wouldn't have + past participle

PRACTICE

1. Put the verb into the correct form.

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0. I didn't see you when you passed me in the street. If I had seen (see) you, I would have said
(say) hello.
1. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If he __________ (miss) it, he __________
(be) late for his interview.

2. I didn't know Sue was in town. If I __________ (know) she was in town, I __________
(invite) her to the party.
3. We didn't get good seats. We __________ (get) better seats if we __________ (book) our
tickets in time.
4. I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York. If I __________ (have)
your address, I __________ (send) you a postcard.
5. I wasn't tired last night. If I __________ (be) tired, I __________ (go) home earlier.
6. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. It __________ (be) quicker if I
__________ (walk).
7. Zoe won the lottery and gave up her job. If she __________ (not win) the lottery, she
__________ (not give up) her job.

6. I WISH …

a) Kad želimo reći da nešto nije kako bismo mi to željeli (u sadašnjosti) koristimo
konstrukciju WISH + PAST SIMPLE. Wish prevodimo da bar …

I wish I had curly hair.

She wishes she knew his number.

PRACTICE

1. Write sentences beginning I wish …

0. I don't know many people (and I'm lonely). I wish I knew more people.
1. I don't have a key (and I need one). ________________________________________
2. It's cold (and I hate cold weather). _________________________________________
3. I live in a big city (and I don't like it). _______________________________________
4. I have to work tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed). ___________________________
5. I can't go to the party (and I'd like to). _______________________________________

b) Kad želimo reći da žalimo zbog nečeg što se desilo ili nije desilo u prošlosti koristimo
konstrukciju WISH + PAST PERFECT.

I wish I had gone to the match on Saturday. (I'm sorry that I didn't go.)
She wishes she hadn't left him. (She's sorry that she did.)

PRACTICE

1. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation write a sentence with

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I wish …

0. You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.

I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
1. You didn't apply for a job advertised in the newspaper. Now you're sorry.
______________________________________________________________

2. You didn't learn to play a musical instrument when you were younger. Now you regret this.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. You've painted the gate red. Now you don't like it.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. You would like to take some photos but you didn't bring your camera.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. You didn't know Gary was ill and you didn't visit him. Now you're sorry.
_________________________________________________________________________

7. PASSIVE

Proučite sljedeće rečenice:

Somebody built this house in 1930. (active)

This house was built in 1930. (passive)

Obje rečenice imaju isto značenje, no u drugoj rečenici glagol je u svom pasivnom obliku.
Kad koristimo pasiv, vršitelj radnje je često nepoznat ili nevažan.
Ako želimo reći tko je vršitelj radnje, koristimo by …:
This house was built in 1930 by my grandfather.

passive: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

present simple: am/is/are + past participle

past simple: was/were + past participle
present perfect: has/have been + past participle
past perfect: had been + past participle
present continuous: am/is/are being + past participle
past continuous: was/were being + past participle
simple future: will be + past participle
modal verbs: must/can/should … + past participle

U engleskom jeziku, svaku rečenicu koja ima objekt možemo pretvoriti u pasivnu.

John cleans this room every day. (active)

This room is cleaned by John every day. (passive)

Kako ćemo aktivnu rečenicu pretvoriti u pasivnu?

1. objekt aktivne rečenice postaje subjekt pasivne (this room)

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2. gl. „biti“ stavljamo u ono vrijeme u kojem je glagol u aktivnoj rečnici (is)
3. glavni glagol stavljamo u past participle (cleaned)
4. vršitelja radnje uvodimo s by ukoliko je bitan
5. prepisujemo ostatak rečenice – vrijeme, mjesto (every day)

Napomena:
Pasivna rečenica može biti negativna (This room isn't cleaned …) i upitna (Is this room
cleaned …?).

PRACTICE

1. Write sentences using the correct passive form and by if necessary.

0. They'll check your tickets at the airport.

Your tickets will be checked at the airport.
1. Someone has stolen my mobile phone.
_________________________________________________
2. The police are questioning a man.
_________________________________________________
3. People don't use this road very often.
_________________________________________________
4. They didn't pay Mike for the work he did.
_________________________________________________
5. They have sent out a lot of invitations.
_________________________________________________
6. They cancelled all flights because of fog.
__________________________________________________
7. Dangerous driving causes many accidents.
__________________________________________________
8. The Minister is opening the sports stadium.
__________________________________________________

2. Put the verb into the most suitable passive form.

0. There's somebody behind us. I think we _____________ (follow).

1. We didn't play football yesterday. The match ____________ (cancel).
2. I learnt to swim when I was very young. I ____________ (teach) by my mother.
3. Sometimes mistakes ____________ (make). It's inevitable.
4. Every time I travel by plane, my flight ____________ (delay).
5. Help! My bag ____________ (steal).
6. The company ____________ (probably, sell) next year.

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7. My car ____________ (repair) two days ago.

8. My sister ____________ (invite) to a party last weekend.

8. REPORTED SPEECH

Kad razgovaramo, često prenosimo nečije riječi nekoj drugoj osobi. Tada možemo doslovno
ponoviti nečije riječi – direct speech (Tom said: „I'm feeling ill.“) ili možemo koristiti
reported speech (Tom said that he was feeling ill.).
Kad koristimo reported speech, glavni glagol u rečenici (said, told) je obično u prošlom
vremenu, pa zbog toga dolazi do slaganja vremena (glagol u zavisnoj rečenici ne može biti u
budućem ili sadašnjem vremenu, već ide jedno vrijeme iza).

8.1 Statements

Usporedite rečenice:
Tom said: „I'm coming to Croatia next week.“ (direct speech)
Tom said (that) he was coming to Croatia the next week. (reported speech)

Iz ovog je primjera vidljivo da je u drugoj rečenici došlo do promjene u

vremenima, zamjenicama (tu se morate rukovoditi logikom) i vremenskim izrazima.
Glavnu i zavisnu rečenicu možemo povezati veznikom that, no možemo ga i izostaviti.

TENSE CHANGE
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Present simple Past simple
„I love her,“ he said. He said that he loved her.
Present continuous Past continuous
„She's sleeping,“ he said. He said she was sleeping.
Past simple Past perfect
„He fell over,“ he said. He said he had fallen over.
Present perfect Past perfect
„They've lost their money,“ he said. He said they had lost their money.
can could
„She can swim,“ he said. He said she could swim.
will would
„They will be late,“ he said. He said they would be late.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

today – that day

now – then

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tonight – that night

next week – the next week
yesterday – the day before
last month – the month before
tomorrow – the next day
this - that

PRACTICE

1. Write the sentences using reported speech.

0. He said: „I want to go to the beach tomorrow.“

He said that he wanted to go to the beach the next day.
1. She told me: „He'll be at home the next weekend.“
_____________________________________________________
2. They told us: „We can come and see you this afternoon.
_____________________________________________________
3. He said: „I'm meeting Carol outside school at four.“
_____________________________________________________
4. He said: „I'm sending a text message to my sister.“
_____________________________________________________
5. They said: „We often go to a club on Saturday nights.
_____________________________________________________
6. She said: „We went to work yesterday.“
_____________________________________________________
7. She told me: „I can't talk to him about it.“
_____________________________________________________
8. She said: „We've been out all day.“
______________________________________________________

8.2 Questions

Postoje dva tipa pitanja: ona koja počinju pomoćnim glagolom (yes/no questions) i ona koja
počinju upitnom riječi who, where, why, when, how … (wh- questions).

a) YES/NO QUESTIONS

Promotrite primjer:

I asked her: „Are you coming to the party next week?“ (direct speech)
I asked her if she was coming to the party the next week. (reported speech)

Pri pretvaranju upravnog u neupravni govor dolazi do sljedećih promjena:

- glavnu i zavisnu rečenicu povezujemo veznikom if (da li)

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- mijenjamo zamjenice, ovisno o tome tko je govornik, a tko onaj koji sluša
- pomiče se glagolsko vrijeme (prema tablici na str. 10)
- zavisna rečenica je u izjavnom obliku (S + VERB + …)
- mijenjaju se vremenski izrazi

B) WH- QUESTIONS

Usporedite rečenice:

He asked me: „Where are you going tomorrow?“ (direct speech)

He asked me where I was going the next day. (reported speech)

U drugoj je rečenici došlo do sljedećih promjena:

- upitna riječ (who, where, why, …) služi kao veznik
- mijenjamo zamjenice
- pomiče se glagolsko vrijeme (tablica, str. 10)
- zavisna rečenica je u izjavnom obliku
- mijenjaju se vremenski izrazi

PRACTICE

1. Write the questions using reported speech.

0. She asked me: „Can you come to the party?“

She asked me if I could come to the party.
1. „Do you like my new jeans, Jane?“ Mike asked Jane.
_______________________________________________________
2. Sally asked me: „Are you going to school today?“
_______________________________________________________
3. „Will you clean my room?“ Sean asked his mum.
_______________________________________________________
4. Amy's dad asked: „Have you done your homework?“
_______________________________________________________
5. Oscar asked Katie: „Can you help me?“
_______________________________________________________
6. „Do you like jazz?“ Lily asked Robert.
_______________________________________________________
7. We asked our mum: „What did he take?“
_______________________________________________________
8. „What's the time?“ he asked me.
_______________________________________________________

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8.3 Imperatives

He told me: „Open the door!“ (direct speech)

He told me to open the door. (reported speech)

Glavnu i zavisnu rečenicu povezujemo s to.

He told me: „Don't go there!“ (direct speech)

He told me not to go there. (reported speech)

Glavnu i zavisnu rečenicu povezujemo s not to, a don't nestaje.

9. SHOULD and OUGHT TO

Should i ought to su modalni glagoli i znače „trebati“. Koristimo ih najčešće kod davanja
savjeta (trebao bi …)

affirmative: SHOULD/OUGHT TO + VERB

I think you ought to put some cream on.
You should see a doctor.
negative: SHOULDN'T + VERB
You shouldn't sunbathe without protection.
interrogative: SHOULD + SUBJECT + VERB ?
What should I do?

PRACTICE

1. Read the situations. What advice would you give? Use should, ought to and shouldn't.

0. I'm really worried about my exams.

You should study harder.
1. Every weekend I stay in and watch TV. I never do anything.
______________________________________________________
2. There are books all over my desk and I can't find my homework.
______________________________________________________
3. I'm really hungry, but I don't want to cook anything.
______________________________________________________
4. I've got a terrible headache and I feel sick.
______________________________________________________
5. I haven't got any money and my parents give me only £5.
______________________________________________________

10. SHOULD HAVE and OUGHT TO HAVE

Should have i ought to have koristimo kad govorimo o stvarima/situacijama koje su se

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trebale desiti, ali nisu.

affirmative: SHOULD HAVE/OUGHT TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

You should have been more careful.
We ought to have gone by train.
negative: SHOULDN'T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
You shouldn't have put it on the counter.

11. TEXTS

Za ispit treba pripremiti i nekoliko tekstova koje treba znati pročitati, prevesti.

11.1 Phobias

Most people are afraid of something, but not everyone has a phobia. So what's the difference
between a fear and a phobia? Well, fears are often rational, but phobias are not. People with
phobias avoid situations which expose them to what they are afraid of. Phobias prevent
people from enjoying life and preoccupy their thinking so that they are unable to work, or
sleep, or do the things they want to do. We interviewed three people with phobias and asked
them about their problem.

Justin, 17, said he had a phobia of open spaces:

„I can't go anywhere where there's lots of sky. I have to stay in the city where I feel safe in the
middle of buildings. If I lived in the country, I would never go out! It used to be even worse
when I was a child – I couldn't go outside! Now I can, but if I had to cross a park to go
somewhere, I'd choose another route. I just wouldn't be able to do it. „

Erica, 17, told us about her phobia of flying:

„It's a really terrible phobia. It stops me going abroad on holiday because I'm too frightened to
get on a plane. It's also going to limit my choice of work when I leave school. You need to
travel for lots of jobs these days. If I had to fly for work, I wouldn't be able to do the job.
I'd be too afraid.“

Keith, 16, talked about his phobia of spiders:

„I can't stand spiders. They really give me the creeps. I mean, it makes me feel sick just to
look at them. I'd be terrified if I saw a spider now. If there was a spider in here, I'd have to
leave the room. I live in the city, so there aren't even many spiders in my house. I mean, what
would I do if I lived in the country?“

So what should you do if you have a phobia?

A common way of treating phobias is to gradually expose the person to the things or
situations which frighten them and, after a long period of time, the fear disappears. Another
technique is to teach people to physically relax when they are afraid. Some therapists even
use a virtual reality helmet, which a patient wears. It displays a phobic situation which is
controlled and monitored by the therapist. So the good news is that phobias can be treated.

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Explain the difference between fears and phobias. What kind of phobias do you know?
How do people with phobias behave? How can we treat phobias?

11.2 Stress

What is stress?
How one's body reacts to change can be called stress. These changes come from feelings,
situations and people. For example, going to a new school is a change that can cause stress.
Think about changes that have happened to you or will happen to you.

Stressors some signs of stress

Things that cause stress are called „stressors“. PHYSICAL (BODY)
For example: - headaches
- going to a new school - nervousness
- winning an award - rashes
- being sick - stomach-aches
- going out on a first date with someone - fast heartbeat
- taking an important exam - perspiration
- giving a presentation to a group of people MENTAL (MIND)
- entering a sports competition - lack of concentration
- having family arguments - forgetfulness
- bad school performance
Is all stress bad? - inability to study
Most people define stress as worry, tension and - carelessness
pressure, but all stress is not bad. Some stress can EMOTIIONAL (FEELINGS)
be exciting and challenging. We need stress in our - bored
lives; without it life would be boring. For example, - angry
right before an exam, most people always feel a - nightmares
little nervous. This stress helps them stay alert and - sad/depressed
prepared. Can you think of a time when stress - scared
helped you stay alert and prepared? - aggressive

What causes stress to be good or bad?

Our thoughts, feelings and beliefs about a situation can make stress good (pleasant) or bad
(unpleasant). Imagine, for example, that your mother told you that you were going to move to
a new city. Moving to a new place is a stressor that will automatically cause you some stress
since it is a change. If you are excited and happy about the move, then this will be considered
a good stressor for you.
On the other hand, if you are sad and scared about the move, then this will be considered a
bad stressor for you. Situations that make us feel happy, excited, surprised, etc. can be called
good stressors, and situations that make us feel sad, scared, angry, etc. can be called bad
stressors.

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Is too much stress bad?

Too much stress can have a negative effect on your body, mind, and feelings. When stress
becomes too frustrating and lasts for long periods, it can become harmful. Recognising the
early signs of stress and doing something about it can improve the quality of your life. If you
have signs of stress very often …WATCH OUT!

Answer the questions from the article in your own words.

11.3 To tattoo … or not to tatoo?

For many years tattoos were associated with sailors and soldiers, then in the 60s and 70s with
bikers and heavy metal rock stars. But today more people from all social classes are having
tattoos done and there has been a significant increase in the number of women who have
them. Many famous people have had tattoos done too. Footballer David Beckham, and his
wife, Victoria, both have tattoos of their first son's name, Brooklyn. David has one on his
back and Victoria has one on her arm. Other famous people with tattoos include singers
Robbie Williams, Cher and Britney Spears.

The traditional method of tattooing is to make a drawin on the skin and then trace the lines of
the final tattoo by injecting ink under the skin. But not as painful (or as expensive) as having a
tattoo removed! Modern laser surgery has improved the situation, but even with this method
there is no guarantee that a tattoo can be completely removed. So a lot of people have henna
tattoos, which are not permanent. These are fine if pure henna dye is used, but sometimes
artists use inferior dyes containing the chemical PPD, which can cause permanent skin
problems. There are also semi-permanent tattoos which can last for up to five years.

Tattoos have existed for more than 5,000 years. The word tattoo comes from the Polynesian
word tatau, meaning „symbol“. In Polynesia tattoos were a sign of social status and the
transition form childhood to adult life. They became known in the West when sailors on
voyages of discovery to the Polynesian islands had tattoos done beause they wanted to be
accepted by the native people or because they wanted a souvenir of their voyage.

Tattoos are most popular with people aged between sixteen and twenty-four. 52% of people in
this group say they like tattoos, compared with only 6% of people over the age of fifty-five.
Apparently 25% of people who have a tattoo hide it at work. Are they worried about their
colleagues' prejudice? And in a survey of children aged between six and sixteen the majority
of them associated tattoos with drug addicts and criminals. So you should think twice before
you have a tattoo done – you'll probably have to live with it for the rest of your life.

Who has tattoos? What are the different types of tattoo? Describe the traditional method of
tattooing. Where do tattoos come from? What do people think of tattoos?

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JEZIK

11.4 What is globalisation?

Globalisation describes the process by which individuals, groups, companies and

countries become interconnected. Globalisation is a modern reality and we are all part
of it. But there are many sides to globalisation, some potentially good and others
definitely bad.

Global companies
Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are the giants whose logos have become the most widely
recognised images on the planet. Some of these organisations have incomes greater than that
of the least developed countries. And with this economic power the companies have also won
political influence. Supporters of TNCs say that they bring jobs and new technology to
developing countries by building their manufacturing plants there, but critics say that TNCs
often control the economy of these countries and are only interested in making money for
themselves and their investors.

Global commerce
Both rich and poor countries have decided that if you want to solve the problem of
underdevelopment, you will have to export goods. So that's why we're used to seeing such a
variety of things from other countries in our shops: clothes, toys and electronics from China,
asparagus from Peru, sports shoes from Korea and Taiwan – the list is endless. This wouold
be a good thing for the poorer countries if the companies producing these goods didn't pay
very low wages and make people work long hours in terrible conditions. For example, a
designer jacket is sold in London for £100, but the Bangladeshi women who make it only get
51p. In some cases workers producing clothes in Indonesia only get 57p for a ten-hour day.

Global communication
Technology has changed the way people communicate worldwide. For example, phone calls
have become a lot cheaper – a three-minute call from New York to London cost $245 in 1930,
$3 in 1990 and today it costs only 35 cents. We're now used to the greater and faster exchange
of information with lower costs which is made possible by satellite Tv and the Internet.
Obviously the poorer people in the poorer countries haven't got these and so a „digital divide“
is being created. Thailand, for example, has more mobile phones than the whole of Africa.

Global community
Tourism has doubled over the last fifteen years and this has meant greater cultural contact
between people of different nations and in theory this should lead to greater global

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JEZIK

understanding. Critics, however, say that the rich variety of local cultures is disappearing and
being replaced by the bland corporate culture of the TNCs – especially among young people
of the MTV generation. Priests in Latin America have even been asked to baptise children
from poor families with names like Rangerover and Iloveny (I love New York).

If the rich countries stopped using globalisation as a way to take advantage of the poor
for their own benefit, then it could bring many advantages to all the countries of the
world. But for the moment the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following aspects of globalisation:
TNCs investing in underdeveloped countries, the import/export industry, information
technology, tourism?

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